高频医用超声换能器的研究现状及发展趋势

超声换能器(也称超声探头)是医疗超声设备的关键部件之一,其特性的好坏直接影响甚至会限制到整个设备的性能。随着压电材料和微机电系统(简称MEMS)技术的不断发展,尺寸小、质量轻、频带宽、高分辨率、高频率、高灵敏度将是医用超声换能器未来主要的发展方向。综述目前国内外高频医用超声换能器的应用发展状况,重点探讨了其国内外发展的现状差异和主要问题,并根据高频医用超声换能器的现状对其未来的发展趋势进行展望。     

基于部分散射系数矩阵的缺陷识别方法研究

为了在相控阵超声成像检测时实现缺陷的定性分析,采用部分散射系数矩阵表征传感器采集到的部分散射场信息,并利用部分散射系数矩阵图进行缺陷识别。以相控阵超声全阵列采集获取到的全矩阵数据为基础,结合声波传播过程的衰减性,采用逆向补偿的方法将全矩阵数据补偿到以缺陷为中心的同一圆周上,以此获取缺陷的部分散射信息,并采用部分散射系数矩阵来表征。通过分析缺陷的部分散射系数矩阵图特征,对缺陷进行定性分析和判别。采用此方法对两种典型的缺陷进行仿真实验,结果显示,部分散射系数矩阵图不仅对圆孔和裂纹两类不同缺陷表现出差异性,对同类型不同尺寸和不同角度的裂纹也有明显的不同之处,表明利用该方法可实现缺陷的定性识别。     

高频超声脉冲的激光激发

测深测潜测波测冰综合检测声呐声基阵特点是小型多功能。根据总体方案设计要求,水下基阵共分两大系统:(一)90HZ测潜测波测冰收发系统及(二)20HZ、90kHz测深收发系统。并且对于两个声系统指向性开角均有特定的要求,如对系统(一),-3dB开角测波时为5°而测潜测冰时为15°,对系统(二),-3dB开角均为15°。所以,声基阵的结构设计是本研制项目的焦点。 为了达到声基阵大小开角合一、灵活、自由选择,我们采用复频声基阵结构。此外,根据可变作用距离特点,发射功率必须分挡选择可调。换能器振子,声基阵结构均能满足大功率条件下工作的一切要求。本…     

准实时高强度聚焦超声背向散射积分监控成像

提出一种基于超声背向散射积分(IBS)参数估计的减影成像方法,用于检测高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗过程中的组织损伤.在构建的HIFU/B超准实时治疗监控成像系统上,进行了离体猪肝组织实验.得到了不同组织深度下,IBS值随治疗时间的增加而变化的情况,以及不同治疗时间的IBS减影图像.比较了两种获得减影图像的方法,讨论了空化效应对IBS值的影响.此外还采用了一种双向彩色编码模式用以识别组织运动伪像.结果表明,IBS值能够较好地检测组织的损伤,还能一定程度地反映空化效应的情况,采用时间相邻的序列减影图像的叠加所获得的减影图像效果较好,双向彩色编码模式能够较有效地识别组织运动伪像.     

高频超声脉冲的激光激发

早在1880年Bell就发现了光激发声的光声效应,但直至1963年White和Asker’yan才分别提出利用光辐射在固体和液体中激发声波的理论。由于光激超声脉冲技术的非接触特点,以及能在各种形态的媒质中有效地激发高频声脉冲,光激超声脉冲技术已日益受到人们重视。 迄今为止,绝大多数光激超声脉冲的理论都是假设试样表面受到一阶跃的应力或几对偶极子力的作用而得到样品的位移场。因此,很难看出位移场与光一热一声之间的转换关系。本文将简要地介绍由双曲型热传导方程求得煤质内在δ(t)δ(r)光脉冲作用下的温度场,并对热厚不透光试样,由Navier-Stok…     

MIE散射系数的改进算法

提出一种新的计算MIE散射系数的算法。该算法使用了改进的后向递推公式,可对MIE系数中的消光系数Kext和散射系数Ksca进行精确计算。由于新算法能显著地减少计算循环次数,因此明显缩短了计算时间。对广泛运用的递推法和连分式法进行了比较详细的讨论。并且把新算法的计算结果和已有的成果进行了比较。结果表明:(1)计算的循环次数与粒子的复折射率基本没有关系;(2)连分式得到的结果通常最准确;(3)新算法在尺度系数较大时(>1000),计算时间仅为连分式算法的10-2~10-3,计算的误差小于10-5;(4)算法的适用范围广,对于尺度系数从10-6到106,复折射率从从10-6到106都能很好地进行计算。     

由混响衰减反演海底散射系数

1随机反演理论(高斯-马尔可夫原理) 设随机变量d与m,n有线性关系: d=Gm+n, (1) 其中d为数据矢量,m为未知参量,n为随机噪声,G为未知参量与数据矢量之间的关系. 假设m,n为零均值,其协方差矩阵分别为:     

高频超声检查小器官疾病的临床分析

目的:研究在检查小器官疾病中采取高频超声检查的临床效果与价值。方法:采取随机数字表法对我院自2016年4月至2017年4月期间收治的62例小器官疾病患者随机为参照组与实验组,每组各31例,将常规检查作为参照组,将高频超声检查作为实验组,分析对比两组患者疾病检出率。结果:实验组患者临床诊断检出率与参照组对比P0.05,统计学意义存在。甲状腺疾病检出率为87.5%;乳腺疾病检出率为100%;男性生殖器疾病检出率为100%。结论:将高频超声检查应用于小器官疾病诊断中效果显著,可提升诊断检出率,值得临床广泛应用。     

用于血管内超声成像的高频换能器研制

血管内超声(Intravascular Ultrasound,IVUS)成像技术可以精确评估血管腔口径、血管壁形态和其他相关血流和血管特性,在冠状动脉疾病的诊断、治疗指导和治疗后的评估中发挥着重要作用。文章设计并制备了一种用于血管内超声成像的高频超声换能器,并对换能器的电学和声学性能进行测试和表征。结果表明,所制备IVUS换能器的中心频率为38.9 MHz,-6 dB相对带宽为56.6%,在谐振频率42.3 MHz处的电阻抗为22.6Ω,在反谐振频率48.2MHz处的电阻抗为56.5Ω,有效机电耦合系数为0.48。使用该换能器进行线仿体成像实验的结果显示,换能器的纵向分辨率为54μm,横向分辨率为209μm。最后,将文中制备的超声换能器与国外同类型换能器进行比较,结果表明,该换能器的性能良好,能够满足血管内超声临床检测需求,未来有望能够突破技术瓶颈,实现国产替代。     

超声表观积分背散射系数与骨矿密度的相关性分析

用超声评价骨质状况是近年来骨质疏松诊断方面的研究热点之一。介绍了超声背散射法及其参量表观积分背散射系数(Apparent Integral Backscatter coefficient,AIB)的测量及与骨矿密度(Bone Mineral Density,BMD)的相关性研究。在体采集了1087位志愿者跟骨的超声背散射信号,并用双能X射线骨密度仪(Dual X-ray Absorptiometry,DXA)测得腰椎和髋骨的BMD值,然后对AIB与BMD进行相关性分析。实验结果表明,参数AIB与BMD显著相关(R=0.58～0.64,n=1087,p<0.05),可被应用于松质骨状况评价。     

Comparison of hydrophone calibration methods in the infra-to ultrasonic frequency range

An evaluation of the measurement reliability is made by a comparison of hydrophone calibration methods in the frequency range from 0.1 Hz to 63 kHz.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 12, pp. 39–43, December, 1995.     

Absolute backscatter coefficient over a wide range of frequenciesin a tissue-mimicking phantom containing two populations of scatterers

The acquisition and interpretation of in vivo ultrasonic measurements in tissue encounter problems associated with limited access to the region of interest, intermixed scattering structures with different characteristic dimensions, and system-dependent effects. This work addresses these problems by adapting and testing a technique for measuring the absolute attenuation and the absolute backscatter coefficient (effective backscatter cross section per unit volume of material), as a function of frequency, in a single-transducer backscatter configuration. The frequency-dependent attenuation and backscatter coefficients of a tissue-mimicking gelatin phantom containing a random distribution of two populations of scatterers were measured, Three transducers with different center frequencies and focusing characteristics were used in order to verify that system-dependent effects were removed by the technique and to investigate the change in the measured parameters across a broad range of frequencies (2 to 60 MHz). A spherical autocorrelation model was applied to measurements of the backscatter coefficient in order to estimate the size of scatterers. Measurements demonstrate that the backscatter and attenuation properties of a mixture of two distinct intermixed scatterer-size populations change as a function of the frequency range across which the model is applied. Comparison of both the magnitude and the frequency dependence of the experimental results with the theoretical prediction of the backscatter coefficient showed good agreement     

基于运动补偿的机械扫描式高频超声成像技术

由于高频相控阵超声成像系统和多阵元高频超声探头工艺复杂,成本较高、实现难度大,单阵元的机械扫描式高频超声成像探头因其结构简单、实现方便、成本低的特点仍具有较高的理论研究和实际应用价值。但目前机械扫描式成像系统的机械扫描的非均匀性是阻碍其性能进一步提升的主要问题,因此文章设计了一种高精度运动补偿的机械扫描式高频超声成像探头和系统,通过理论计算分析、运动系统结构设计加工、扫描成像系统搭建实现了高精度的扫描成像。最后,线靶和仿体的成像实验结果显示,经运动补偿后,系统能够有效克服传统机械扫描成像的伪影和失真,实现的横向几何位置精度误差为1.34%,纵向几何位置精度误差为1.33%,面积测量精度误差为3.15%,为高精度、高频超声成像算法和系统研究提供了一种有效的手段。     

Quantitative real-time imaging of myocardium based on ultrasonic integrated backscatter

The integrated backscatter calculation over the full, two-dimensional echocardiographic sector is implemented to produce images from closed-chest dogs. This new real-time integrated backscatter measurement system allows a continuous determination of integrated backscatter from all myocardial regions in the ultrasonic view. By replacing the conventional video processor in a commercial two-dimensional echocardiographic imager with this new real-time backscatter measurement system, it is possible to produce real-time two-dimensional images based on integrated backscatter.     

Piezoelectric films for high frequency ultrasonic transducers in biomedical applications

Piezoelectric films have recently attracted considerable attention in the development of various sensor and actuator devices such as nonvolatile memories, tunable microwave circuits and ultrasound transducers. In this paper, an overview of the state of art in piezoelectric films for high frequency transducer applications is presented. Firstly, the basic principles of piezoelectric materials and design considerations for ultrasound transducers will be introduced. Following the review, the current status of the piezoelectric films and recent progress in the development of high frequency ultrasonic transducers will be discussed. Then details for preparation and structure of the materials derived from piezoelectric thick film technologies will be described. Both chemical and physical methods are included in the discussion, namely, the sol-gel approach, aerosol technology and hydrothermal method. The electric and piezoelectric properties of the piezoelectric films, which are very important for transducer applications, such as permittivity and electromechanical coupling factor, are also addressed. Finally, the recent developments in the high frequency transducers and arrays with piezoelectric ZnO and PZT thick film using MEMS technology are presented. In addition, current problems and further direction of the piezoelectric films for very high frequency ultrasound application (up to GHz) are also discussed.     

Focused high frequency needle transducer for ultrasonic imaging and trapping

A miniature focused needle transducer (<1?mm) was fabricated using the press-focusing technique. The measured pulse-echo waveform showed the transducer had center frequency of 57.5 MHz with 54% bandwidth and 14?dB insertion loss. To evaluate the performance of this type of transducer, invitro ultrasonic biomicroscopy imaging on the rabbit eye was obtained. Moreover, a single beam acoustic trapping experiment was performed using this transducer. Trapping of targeted particle size smaller than the ultrasonic wavelength was observed. Potential applications of these devices include minimally invasive measurements of retinal blood flow and single beam acoustic trapping of microparticles.