Impact perforation behavior of CFRPs using high-velocity steel sphere

In order to investigate impact perforation behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRPs), a steel sphere having a velocity of 500–1230 m/s was impacted to several kinds of CFRP laminate specimens consisting of different carbon fibers, interlaminate sequence, configuration; cross-ply or woven cloths, or thickness. The perforation behaviors were evaluated by absorbed energies during perforation, morphological in situ observations using high-speed framing cameras and postmortem observations. Spheres penetrated specimens in a fluid manner on the front surface, and perforated them in an extrusive manner on the rear surface in case of thick specimens. In case of thin specimens, on the contrary, spheres perforated specimens in fluid manner on the rear surface. In the fluid manner energy absorption was independent of the static mechanical properties of the fibers. In extrusion the energy absorption depended on the static tensile fracture energy of the fiber: high fracture energy resulted in large energy-absorption. The boundary velocities in changing failure modes depended on the tensile moduli of the reinforced fibers. Failure modes were significantly affected by the mechanical properties of the fiber: with low strength or fracture strain of reinforced carbon fiber, the specimens showed plugging fractures on the rear surfaces. With high strength and fracture strain, the specimens showed larger delamination on both surfaces.     

碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)力阻效应的研究评述

碳纤维增强塑料(CFRP)作为一种先进结构材料,其力阻效应的发现引起了广泛关注。基于现有研究成果,分别概述了连续碳纤维增强塑料和短切碳纤维增强塑料的力阻行为,从微观力阻现象和电场传输物理模型两方面分析了力阻效应产生的机理,并对内嵌式CFRP力阻传感器和CFRP智能表层进行了介绍。在此基础上,总结了制约CFRP在传感领域应用的因素并指出了未来研究方向。     

基于电阻信号的CFRP纤维断裂识别实验及理论模型

碳纤维是决定CFRP复合材料性能的主要因素之一,因此为保证复合材料结构的健康状态、识别纤维的损伤与断裂就显得至为关键。文中通过加载电流并采集电阻信号的方式来识别CFRP复合材料中碳纤维的健康状态,通过实验和理论分析的方法进行了深入研究。实验针对2种不同铺层的试件进行测量:单向层合板[0]8和正交层合板[0/90]4。对试件端部进行了粘接铜箔处理以使试件稳定导电,使用KEITULEY2700数据采集仪测量试件电阻。实验内容包括静态电阻测量、拉伸受力状态下材料的电阻特性分析,并建立和推导了电阻-应变理论分析模型,进行了通电疲劳实验。研究结果表明,碳纤维的铺层角度对CFRP结构电阻有较大影响,[0]8铺层材料电导率和破坏强度约为[0/90]4铺层材料的2倍;CFRP材料受外载荷作用时,损伤程度与其电阻变化有对应的关系,其电阻信号变化可以作为反映材料损伤情况和识别纤维断裂的主要参数;实验结果与所建立的电阻-应变模型拟合结果吻合较好。文中研究的CFRP纤维断裂识别和航空复合材料结构健康监控及实时监测具有重要的意义。     

Impact and after-impact properties of carbon fibre reinforced composites enhanced with multi-wall carbon nanotubes

The goal of the present study was to investigate the influence of multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the impact and after impact behaviour of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. About 0.5% per weight MWCNTs were dispersed via a high shear device in the epoxy matrix (Bisphenol A) of carbon reinforced quasi-isotropic laminates. Subsequently, the modified CFRPs were subjected to low-energy impact and directly compared with unmodified laminates. In previous studies, the beneficial effect of the MWCNT inclusion to the fracture properties of CFRPs has been demonstrated. In terms of the CFRP impact performance, enhanced performance for the CNT doped specimens was observed for higher energy levels. However, the after-impact properties and more specifically compression after impact were improved for both the effective compression modulus and the compression strength. In addition, compression–compression fatigue after impact performance of the CNT modified laminates was also improved, by extending the fatigue life.     

FEM-aided identification of gauge factors of unidirectional CFRP through multi-point potential measurements

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) has electrical conductivity in both the parallel and transverse directions of the fiber. Because an electrical network may be changed with the applied strain, the electrical conductivity of the CFRP will also be changed for the piezoresistivity. Strain monitoring of CFRP can therefore be conducted, not by using an additional sensor, but by measuring the change in electrical resistance. There have been many studies on the gauge factors of unidirectional CFRPs, although significant mutual differences have been determined in the results reported. It is thought that the differences may be caused by the strong electrical anisotropy and inhomogeneity of the unidirectional CFRP. In this study, a new concept was introduced to precisely measure the gauge factors of a unidirectional CFRP. A finite element analysis was utilized to take into consideration a non-uniform electrical potential field in a unidirectional CFRP. The gauge factors were obtained as a result of minimizing the error sum of the squares of the electrical potentials between the experimental and analytical results. The gauge factor in the fiber direction was affected by this factor in the thickness direction depending on the specimen configuration. The results of the finite element analysis showed the possibility of a unidirectional CFRP showing both positive and negative gauge factors in the fiber direction.     

Characterization of defects in carbon fiber-reinforced plastics by inverse heat conduction analysis using transfer matrix between layers

In this study, inverse analyses of the defects in carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) are performed using the transfer matrix approach. The material properties used in the calculation were obtained on the basis of mixture laws for epoxy resin and carbon fibers. The accuracy of the inverse analysis was confirmed by calculations employing numerical models of CFRP plates with PAN-based and pitch-based carbon fibers containing defects. The inverse analysis was conducted based on the temperature distribution of CFRP laminates with PAN-based carbon fibers, which was obtained by infrared measurements. The analyses successfully estimated the positions of defects, and the effectiveness of the transfer matrix method for CFRPs was demonstrated through the inverse analysis.     

A Flexible Conformal Piezoresistive Sensor Based on Electrospinning for Deformation Monitoring of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials are widely applied in various areas as key structure components. The structural health monitoring of the CFRP components is crucial to prevent catastrophic failure. However, the nonplane surfaces of CFRP components hinder the attaching of monitoring sensors with hard substrates. Therefore, the substrate conditions for sensor preparation are mainly considered in this study. To adapt the proposed sensors to the curved substrate, including nondevelopable surfaces, electrospinning method is used to prepare conformal piezoresistive fiber films, in which polymethyl methacrylate is served as the matrix and carbon nanotubes are utilized as the conductive filler. The piezoresistive fibers covered on CFRP substrates have a gauge factor up to 207.95 and can response to the strain less than 0.05%. Moreover, the sensor also has high durability and the ability to follow the dynamic excitation signals with as high as 50 Hz.     

Galvanic Corrosion and Mechanical Behavior of Fiber Metal Laminates of Metallic Glass and Carbon Fiber Composites

The possibility of galvanic corrosion typically prohibits the pairing of carbon fiber and aluminum in a fiber metal laminate (FML). In this study, the authors describe a new type of FML comprised of alternating layers of bulk metallic glass (BMG) and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite. The authors compare the galvanic coupling and mechanical behavior of an Al‐based FML and a BMG‐CFRP FML. Results show that when paired with CFRPs, BMG exhibits far less galvanic corrosion than aluminum paired with CFRP. In fact, the corrosion between BMG and CFRP is similar in magnitude to the corrosion between aluminum and glass fiber, the two constituent materials of GLARE, the most widely used FML. While interlaminar shear strength and flexural strength are similar for both FML types, the tensile strength and modulus of BMG‐based FMLs are greater than those of Al‐based FMLs.

     

弹体头部形状对碳纤维层合板抗冲击性能影响实验研究

为研究弹体头部形状对碳纤维层合板抗冲击性能的影响,利用一级气炮发射卵形头弹、半球形头弹和平头弹,对2 mm厚碳纤维层合板进行了冲击实验。利用公式拟合处理实验数据,揭示弹体头部形状对靶板弹道极限与能量吸收的影响,并且分析靶板冲击损伤形貌及机理特征。研究结果表明:平头弹弹道极限最高,半球形头弹次之,卵形头弹最低。弹体在低速度冲击时,弹体头部形状对靶板能量吸收率的影响更为显著。平头弹冲击时,靶板迎弹面受到均匀分布的环向剪切力,纤维同时被剪切,基体发生大面积剪切破坏。半球形头弹冲击时,靶板迎弹面受到非均匀分布的剪切力和挤压作用,纤维发生剪切断裂和拉伸断裂,基体发生剪切破坏和挤压破碎。卵形头弹冲击时,纤维发生单一的拉伸断裂,而基体则发生挤压破碎。弹体头部形状对靶板损伤的影响主要集中在迎弹面和中部纤维层。     

High velocity impact characteristics of MWNT added CFRP at LEO space environment

In this paper, multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWNT) added carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) composites are suggested as solutions to improve the impact energy absorbing capability of CFRP for spacecraft application because it was proven that the resistance against LEO environment and the quasi-static material properties of CFRP can be improved by adding MWNT in previous papers. To verify the effect of MWNT on the impact energy absorbing capability of composite materials, normal CFRP and MWNT-reinforced CFRP were prepared and tested by using a two-stage light gas gun that can accelerate an aluminum ball of a diameter of 5.56 mm to 1 km/s. And the applicability of MWNT against hypervelocity impact of space debris was studied. In addition, accelerated ground simulation experiments were performed for each material model to simulate the aging of composite materials to verify the effect of LEO environmental aging on impact absorbing capability of composites. For the aging experiment, the impact specimens were simultaneously exposed to high vacuum, atomic oxygen, ultra violet light, and thermal cycling. After being exposed to simulated LEO environment, high velocity impact tests were performed for each material. As a result, MWNT did not have a significant improvement on the impact energy absorbing capability of CFRP under high velocity impact, even though the quasi static material properties are improved by adding MWNT. This is caused by the early generation of fiber breakages on the impact surface before enough generation of progressive failure which is one of the impact energy absorbing mechanism. Similarly, MWNT has less effect on the impact energy absorbing capability of CFRP under LEO environment.     

Carbon fiber extraction from waste CFRP by microwave irradiation

The present paper proposes an effective method to extract carbon fibers from waste CFRPs with low energy consumption and low processing time. Carbon fibers were extracted from waste CFRPs by irradiating microwaves under different atmospheres. The effect of the atmosphere and field intensity of irradiated microwaves on the efficiency of extraction of carbon fibers was investigated. The mechanism of extraction through microwave irradiation was also studied. Finally, the tensile strength of extracted carbon fibers was investigated and compared with that of carbon fibers extracted using conventional methods. Test results showed that the carbon-fiber extraction through microwave irradiation can be considered to occur in three stages. First, the carbon fibers in CFRP were heated through the antenna effect by microwave irradiation. Then, the gasification of resin was promoted by the heated carbon fibers. Finally, the gasified resin was decomposed by spark glow plasma between carbon fibers.     

无环氧树脂基碳纤维束自监测功能

土木工程领域所用环氧树脂基碳纤维与工业化生产的碳纤维复合材料中的碳纤维存在状态有一定的差别, 即土木工程领域的环氧树脂基碳纤维束内部部分碳纤维实际常处于无环氧树脂基状态。对无环氧树脂基的碳纤维束的力-电性能进行了系统的试验研究, 试验结果表明, 无环氧树脂基碳纤维束的电阻变化率随应变增大而线性增加。对无环氧树脂基的碳纤维束的破坏过程进行了分析, 揭示了断裂碳纤维丝与非断裂碳纤维可能存在搭接和不搭接两种状态, 在单根碳纤维丝强度服从Weibull 概率分布的基础上, 建立了能够描述上述两种状态的变结构碳纤维束的力电本构关系模型。通过计算结果与试验结果的比较, 验证了所建立模型的正确性。      

Dynamic mechanical properties of polycrystalline graphites and a 2D-C/C composite by plate impact

In order to obtain dynamic mechanical properties of carbon materials, i.e., two kinds of polycrystalline graphites and a C/C composite, plate impact experiments with simultaneous three poly vinylidene difluoride (PVDF) stress gauges were conducted using a one-stage powder gun system. By this measurement system, Hugoniot curves, rarefaction wave velocities and stress–strain (S–S) curves could be obtained. The Hugoniot curves were valid, rarefaction wave velocities increased with the plateau stress in the specimen, and the slope of the S–S curve was consistent with that of the Hugoniot curve. These dynamic mechanical properties of the carbon materials are useful not only for the understanding of the dynamic behavior but also for impact fracture behavior.     

Mode I interlaminar fracture behavior and mechanical properties of CFRPs with nanoclay-filled epoxy matrix

The mechanical properties and fracture behavior of nanocomposites and carbon fiber composites (CFRPs) containing organoclay in the epoxy matrix have been investigated. Morphological studies using TEM and XRD revealed that the clay particles within the epoxy resin were intercalated or orderly exfoliated. The organoclay brought about a significant improvement in flexural modulus, especially in the first few wt% of loading, and the improvement of flexural modulus was at the expense of a reduction in flexural strength. The quasi-static fracture toughness increased, whereas the impact fracture toughness dropped sharply with increasing the clay content.Flexural properties of CFRPs containing organoclay modified epoxy matrix generally followed the trend similar to the epoxy nanocomposite although the variation was much smaller for the CFRPs. Both the initiation and propagation values of mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of CFRP composites increased with increasing clay concentration. In particular, the propagation fracture toughness almost doubled with 7 wt% clay loading. A strong correlation was established between the fracture toughness of organoclay-modified epoxy matrix and the CFRP composite interlaminar fracture toughness.     

Influence of Fabric Parameters on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Failure Mechanisms in Carbon-Fibre Reinforced Composites

The effects of fibre/matrix bonding, fabric density, fibre volume fraction and bundle size on microstructure, mechanical properties and failure mechanisms in carbon fibre reinforced composites （plastic and carbon matrix） have been investigated. The microstructure of unloaded and cracked samples was studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, respectively whereas the mechanical behaviour was examined by 3- point bending experiments. Exclusively one type of experimental resole type phenolic resin was applied. A strong fibre/matrix bonding, which is needed for high strength of carbon fibre reinforced plastic （CFRP） materials leads to severe composite damages during the pyrolysis resulting in low strength, brittle failure and a very low utilisation of the fibres strain to failure in C/C composites. Inherent fabric parameters such as an increasing fabric density or bundle size or a reduced fibre volume fraction introduce inhomogenities to the CFRP＇s microstructure. Results are lower strength and stiffness whereas the strain to failure increases or remains unchanged. Toughness is almost not affected. In C/C composites inhomogenities due to a reduced bundle size reduce strain to failure, strength, stiffness and toughness. Vice versa a declining fibre volume fraction leads to exactly the opposite behaviour. Increasing the fabric density （weight per unit area） causes similar effects as in CFRPs.     

Tool geometry based prediction of critical thrust force while drilling carbon fiber reinforced polymers

Carbon fiber reinforced polymers(CFRPs) are known to be difficult to cut due to the abrasive nature of carbon fibers and the low thermal conductivity of the polymer matrix.Polycrystalline diamond(PCD) drills are commonly employed in CFRP drilling to satisfy hole quality conditions with an acceptable tool life.Drill geometry is known to be influential on the hole quality and productivity of the process.Considering the variety of CFRP laminates and available PCD drills on the market,selecting the suitable drill design and process parameters for the CFRP material being machined is usually performed through trial and error.In this study,machining performances of four different PCD drills are investigated.A mechanistic model of drilling is used to reveal trade-offs in drill designs and it is shown that it can be used to select suitable feed rate for a given CFRP drilling process.     

Modeling of mechanical damage detection in CFRPs via electrical resistance

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) are inherently multifunctional materials that, in addition to their primary function as a structural material, allow for the sensing and monitoring of in situ damage nucleation and evolution by the measurement of the material electrical resistance. Here an analytic model is developed for the transverse (perpendicular to the fibers) electrical resistance of pristine and damaged unidirectional composites, complementing earlier work on the longitudinal resistance. The ratio of transverse to longitudinal resistance for undamaged materials provides a direct measure of the internal density of fiber–fiber electrical contacts, a key material parameter in linking to the response of damaged materials. Under uniaxial loading with evolving fiber breakage, the normalized transverse resistance versus strain is predicted to have exactly the same form as that for the longitudinal resistance. Numerical studies show this agreement for uniform fiber–fiber contact distributions but, for random contact distributions, the longitudinal resistance is larger than predicted while the transverse resistance is smaller; these differences are shown to arise as a result of the statistically-preferential breaking of longer fiber segments. Analysis of multiple numerical simulations shows that variations in the electrical resistance are not directly correlated with variations in the stress–strain response. Thus, statistical methods are required to relate resistance to strain or damage. The Weibull modulus of the resistance change increases with increasing applied strain, with values exceeding 10 and 20 for the transverse and longitudinal resistance, respectively, demonstrating increasing reliability at higher damage levels and good correlation of average resistance change to applied strain. The present study shows that both longitudinal and transverse resistance changes are sensitive to damage in a predictable manner and can be used together to improve the reliability of damage assessment during loading of CFRPs.     

Investigation of galvanic corrosion between AISI 1018 carbon steel and CFRPs modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes

In this article, we investigate the effect of modified carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites when galvanically coupled with AISI 1018 carbon steel. Two different resins were used to manufacture the CFRPs: neat epoxy resin, and epoxy resin modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The specimens of composite (the cathode of the galvanic cell) and metal (the anode of the galvanic cell) were paired and immersed in electrolyte (NaCl solution, 2 % by weight) at 40 °C, to simulate a corrosive environment and accelerate the electrochemical reaction. Results of corrosion rate (CR) and mass loss rate (MR) were obtained, and the electrical resistances of the CFRPs were also measured. This new study shows that the MWCNTs do not have a statistically significant impact on the corrosion and mass loss rate results, and that both types of CFRP composites have statistically the same electrical resistance. Therefore, common methods used in the engineering practice in conventional hybrid CFRP/steel joints and repairs may be sufficient to delay galvanic corrosion, as there is no increased liability.     

Improved mechanical properties of PMMA composites: Dispersion,diffusion and surface adhesion of recycled carbon fiber fillers from CFRP with adsorbed particulate PMMA

In this study, composite materials were fabricated using the thermoplastic resin poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and recycled carbon fibers obtained by pulverizing carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP). PMMA particles were adsorbed on the carbon fiber surfaces via electrostatic interactions, to promote the interfacial adhesion between the carbon fibers and the PMMA resin and thereby improve the dispersion of the fibers in the resin. This enhanced the mechanical properties of the composites; the yield stress and elastic modulus of the composite. As a result, the yield stress and elastic modulus of the composite improved owing to the prevention of void formation in the composite resulting from the chemical incompatibility between the filler and the resin and better dispersion of the PMMA-adsorbed carbon fibers in the resin compared to that in the unmodified fibers. This method can be applied to fabricate high-quality composites consisting of a combination of other resins and fillers.     

The effect of low temperatures on the intermediate and high velocity impact response of CFRPs

The influence of low temperature on the damage produced on CFRPs by intermediate and high velocity impacts is analyzed. Spherical projectiles were launched against different carbon fiber/epoxy laminates (tape and woven). Experimental tests were done at temperatures ranging from 25 to −150 °C. The extension of the damage was measured by C-Scan. Results show a clear dependence of damage on temperature, impact velocity and the type of the laminate.