核电站凝汽器海水室铁阳极脱落原因分析及对策

核电站凝汽器海水室主体材料为奥氏体不锈钢和钛材,用于保护不锈钢和钛合金凝汽器的铁合金阳极在服役过程有个别铁脚断裂发生脱现象。通过失效断口部位腐蚀形貌分析、断口裂纹金相分析和腐蚀晶界扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析、晶间腐蚀产物X射线能谱（EDX）分析,研究确定铁阳极脱落失效原因。研究结果表明,铁阳极脱落的主要原因是其304不锈钢铁脚受到严重的敏化,在一定的条件下产生晶间型应力腐蚀而导致腐蚀断裂,并据此制定了处理方案。     

热轧铁素体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀

目前,关于铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀的评定还缺少依据及标准。利用化学浸泡法、扫描电镜及金相显微镜研究了热轧态430,409L,410S铁素体不锈钢及304奥氏体不锈钢在硝酸溶液中的耐晶间腐蚀性能、腐蚀形貌及特征。采用双环电化学动电位再活化法研究了4种不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性。结果表明:4种不锈钢耐晶间腐蚀性能大小依次是304430409L410S,增加Cr含量和添加Ti元素可以提高不锈钢的耐晶间腐蚀性能;相对304奥氏体不锈钢,3种铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀倾向明显;晶间腐蚀微观形貌与不锈钢金相组织相对应。     

304不锈钢弯头开裂失效分析

某公司304不锈钢弯头在使用5a(年)后出现周向裂纹而失效,通过宏观观察、金相检验、扫描电镜分析、化学成分分析、力学性能试验和晶间腐蚀试验等方法,对弯头失效原因进行了分析。结果表明:该304不锈钢弯头裂纹为应力腐蚀形成的沿晶裂纹。弯头暴露在空气中并附着有长期因雨水、盐分产生的弱腐蚀介质,再加上管道输送的氧气对管壁外表面产生的拉应力以及弯头材料本身抗晶间腐蚀性差,最终弯头发生开裂失效。     

原子力显微镜评价奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的研究

由13Cr可焊马氏体不锈钢(WMSGSS)制造的油气管线由于价格便宜,相对于昂贵的耐腐蚀合金来说是一个很有竞争力的选择。但是实验室试验和现场经历表明,13Cr马氏体不锈钢焊接接头热影响区发生了沿晶应力腐蚀开裂(IGSCC)。对于低等级的马氏体不锈钢来说,沿晶应力腐蚀开裂机理被认为是在晶界的碳化物附近存在贫铬区。对于中等级和高等级马氏体不锈钢来说,只在实验室试验发现有应力腐蚀开裂。它们的应力腐蚀开裂机理还没有明确,虽然最可能的应力腐蚀开裂机理也被认为和低等级马氏体不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂机理类似。原子力显微镜(AFM)已开始广泛用于材料显微组织和环境敏感断裂的研究中。高等级马氏体不锈钢焊接接头对晶间腐蚀/应力腐蚀开裂敏感性很有希望由原子力显微镜检测到。在原子力显微镜技术应用于这项研究之前,用由304不锈钢准备的不同敏化度的试样来确定它的适用性是十分有益的。本文用原子力显微镜研究了不同敏化程度的304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性并和SEM和EDS结果进行了对比。     

304不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的EPR法和H2SO4-CuSO4-Cu法对比测定

目前,将电化学动电位再活化(EPR)法和传统H2SO4-CuSO4-Cu法结合研究不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的报道较少。用EPR法和H2SO4-CuSO4-Cu法分别测试了不同敏化温度、时间下304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性。结果表明:EPR法和H2SO4-CuSO4-Cu法都能准确评价304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀倾向,二者结果一致;增加敏化时间和敏化温度都会加大304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀倾向;当敏化度高于19.4%时,304不锈钢易发生晶间腐蚀。     

使用电化学动电位再活化法研究热处理工艺对304不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的影响

采用电化学动电位再活化(EPR)法研究了不同加热温度、保温时间和冷却方式热处理后的304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性。结果表明:EPR法可定量评价304不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性;304不锈钢在500~800℃热处理会发生敏化,在650℃左右敏化度最高;304不锈钢在650℃以上热处理时,快速冷却能够有效地降低其晶间腐蚀敏化度,若采用炉冷则会提高其晶间腐蚀敏化度。     

纳米晶304不锈钢板材的深度轧制技术及其力学与腐蚀性能研究进展

介绍了采用深度轧制技术制备的纳米晶304不锈钢板材的力学与腐蚀性能。与普通304不锈钢相比,纳米晶304不锈钢的屈服和抗拉强度同时提高,且延伸率30%以上,拉伸性能提高。相同变幅度条件下,纳米晶304不锈钢应变疲劳的疲劳寿命和疲劳强度同时提高,抗应变疲劳性能提高。在650℃下、Na Cl-Na2SO4混合熔盐和不同浓度盐酸溶液中,纳米晶304不锈钢局部腐蚀阻力提高、腐蚀速度减少并形成致密氧化膜,耐腐蚀性能提高。从纳米晶和普通304不锈钢的价电子结构以及氧化膜电子结构的角度,分析了纳米晶304不锈钢耐腐蚀性能提高的本征因素。     

不锈钢硫酸-硫酸铜晶间腐蚀试验结果评定方法

本文采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及透射电镜(TEM)对不锈钢焊接件、不锈钢铸件晶间腐蚀试样弯曲裂纹进行分析,并与电化学动电位再活化法(EPR)试验结果进行对比,研究出晶间腐蚀所致弯曲裂纹不同于因机械破坏所致弯曲裂纹微观特征,进而总结出区分二者的方法,并结合GB 4334方法 E《不锈钢硫酸-硫酸铜晶间腐蚀试验方法》,对完善不锈钢焊接件和不锈钢铸件的晶间腐蚀结果评定方法进行了改善。     

16Cr奥氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀的敏感性

为了研究1Cr17Mn6Ni5N奥氏体不锈钢(16Cr奥氏体不锈钢)的晶间腐蚀行为,通过光学显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和晶间腐蚀试验研究了其在不同敏化温度和冷却方式下,晶间碳化物的析出和耐晶间腐蚀性能的变化。结果表明:16Cr奥氏体不锈钢在敏化温度区间内加热时,晶界碳化物随加热温度的上升而增加,加热温度为850℃左右时晶界析出碳化物最多,主要为Cr_(23)C_6和Cr_7C_3;在敏化温度区间内相同加热温度时,水冷可显著减少其晶界碳化物的析出;16Cr奥氏体不锈钢对晶间腐蚀不敏感。     

奥氏体不锈钢在石油精炼环境中应力腐蚀破裂

通过恒变形和恒载荷试验研究了敏化18—8型奥氏体不锈钢在连多硫酸介质中的应力腐蚀行为。研究表明,介质浓度在2.0～6.0％,PH 值在0.8～1.8范围是材料出现应力腐蚀破裂的敏感介质。断口分析表明,在该体系中破裂属晶间型。钢中晶界贫铬区的存在是产生晶间型应力腐蚀破裂的主要原因。     

S32101双相不锈钢晶间腐蚀试验裂纹判定

美标材料ASTM A240UNS S32101双相不锈钢板按照标准ISO 3651—2:1998中的方法 A(16%硫酸—硫酸铜法,16%为质量分数)进行晶间腐蚀试验后,弯曲受检面处出现裂纹,对空白对比试样实施冷弯后也发现裂纹,难以判定是否为晶间腐蚀所造成的裂纹缺陷。利用金相方法对裂纹形貌进行观察,并结合力学性能测试和化学成分分析,得出弯曲受检面产生的裂纹不是晶间腐蚀所造成的裂纹。     

Weld decay-resistant austenitic stainless steel by grain boundary engineering

This paper presents an example of grain boundary engineering (GBE) for improving intergranular-corrosion and weld-decay resistance of austenitic stainless steel. Transmission and scanning electron microscope (TEM and SEM) observations demonstrated that coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries possess strong resistance to intergranular precipitation and corrosion in weld decay region of a type 304 austenitic stainless steel weldment. A thermomechanical treatment for GBE was tried for improvement of intergranular corrosion resistance of the 304 austenitic stainless steel. The grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) was examined by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). The sensitivity to intergranular corrosion was reduced by the thermomechanical treatment and indicated a minimum at a small roll-reduction. The frequency of CSL boundaries indicated a maximum at the small roll-reduction. The corrosion rate was much smaller in the thermomechanical-treated specimen than in the base material for long time sensitization. The optimum thermomechanical treatment introduced a high frequency of CSL boundaries and the clear discontinuity of corrosive random boundary network in the material, and resulted in the high intergranular corrosion resistance arresting the propagation of intergranular corrosion from the surface. The optimized 304 stainless steel showed an excellent resistance to weld decay during arc welding.     

不锈钢晶间腐蚀弯曲评价方法的影响因素

用嵌含有GTN延性损伤模型的ABAQUS有限元法,模拟研究了不锈钢晶间腐蚀弯曲评价方法中材料力学性能、弯曲角度和压头直径对弯曲试样塑性应变分布、延性损伤和裂纹起裂的影响规律,分析了其对晶间腐蚀弯曲评价结果的影响。结果表明：随着试样弯曲角度的增大和弯曲压头直径的减小,试样拉伸面的塑性应变增加,试样越容易产生弯曲开裂;在晶间腐蚀弯曲评价标准中,当固定弯曲角度和压头直径时,对于塑性、韧性和抗断裂综合力学性能较低的不锈钢材料,在弯曲过程中材料本身会发生开裂;因此,需要考虑材料力学性能对晶间腐蚀弯曲评价结果的影响;对于该研究中的典型的奥氏体不锈钢材料,当其弯曲断裂应变低于0．51左右时,在弯曲过程中材料本身会发生开裂,不宜用弯曲方法来评价其晶间腐蚀敏感性。     

On the stress corrosion cracking mechanisms of austenitic stainless steels

In this paper, experimental results on stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steels are described. Crack growth data in sodium chloride solution for AISI 304 steel obtained for different metallurgical conditions, acoustic emission data recorded during crack growth and fractographic observations have been discussed with a view to identifying the operating mechanism. Some of the experimental observations such as crack propagation occurring in discontinuous jumps of the order of a few microns, lowering of the threshold stress intensity andJ-integral values on sensitization and cold working, typical transgranular fractographic features, transition in mode of fracture from transgranular to intergranular in sensitized conditions and activation energies of the order of 50 to 65 kJ/mol can all be accounted by hydrogen embrittlement mechanism. Hydrogen generated at the crack tip by corrosion reaction diffuses ahead of the crack tip under hydrostatic stress and influences the deformation process at the crack tip and also leads to the brittle component of the crack advance in jumps.     

304不锈钢氩弧焊焊剂的研究

研制了一种用于奥氏体不锈钢焊接的氩弧焊焊剂 ,并对该焊剂进行了不锈钢对接板的焊接工艺试验。试验结果表明 ,采用氩弧焊焊剂可以大幅增加熔深 ,能够一次焊透 8mm厚 30 4不锈钢对接板 ,所获得的焊接接头具有良好的力学性能及耐晶间腐蚀性能     

低铬铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的测试方法及性能

研究了爆炸复合板复层06Cr13R低铬铁素体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性测试方法及性能。结果表明：电化学动电位扫描法（双环EPR法）适合用于爆炸复合板复层06Cr13R低铬铁素体不锈钢晶间腐蚀敏感性的检测,其试验结果与草酸电解侵蚀法对应较好;06Cr13R低铬铁素体不锈钢的晶间腐蚀敏感性与铬-镍奥氏体不锈钢不同,其晶间腐蚀敏感性出现在910℃正火处理后,甚至强制吹风急冷条件下也无法避免,而经过800℃退火处理后,其晶间腐蚀敏感性可减轻。     

含硅奥氏体钢管的晶间腐蚀裂纹分析

针对输送管产生的晶间腐蚀裂纹，采用光学显微镜观察其显微组织，并用直读光谱仪和透射电子显微镜对材料的成分和腐蚀产物进行了分析，找出了产生晶间腐蚀裂纹的原因。可采用超低碳含Mo的不锈钢来提高输送管使用寿命，经两年多的运行结果表明效果良好。     

Grain boundary engineering for improving stress corrosion cracking of 304 stainless steel

Grain boundary engineering (GBE) via low strain tension and annealing was used to enhance the resistance to stress corrosion cracking of a 304 stainless steel. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis exhibited that the GBE steel had a higher fraction of low-∑ coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries, larger grain-clusters, longer twin boundary chains, and fewer paths of connected non-twin boundaries with a more zigzag shape. Slow strain rate tests in high-temperature water showed that the GBE steel performed better plasticity, higher tensile strength, and similar yield strength compared to conventional steel. The low fraction of random boundaries in GBE steel resulted in a lower frequency of intergranular crack initiation, and the zigzag paths of non-twin boundaries made the intergranular crack propagation more difficult.     

Failure prevention by short-time corrosion tests

Short-time corrosion testing of perforated sheets and wire meshes fabricated from type 304L stainless steel, alloy 600, and C276 showed that 304L stainless steel perforated sheet should perform well as the material of construction for dissolver baskets. The baskets will be exposed to hot nitric acid solutions and are limited-life components. The corrosion rates of the other alloys and of wire meshes were too high for useful extended service. Test results also indicated that corrosion of the dissolver should drop quickly during the dissolutions due to the inhibiting effects of the corrosion products produced by the dissolution processes.