基于稀疏贝叶斯学习的高分辨率Patch近场声全息

针对基于空间二维Fourier变换的近场声全息技术的重建效果受到测量孔径与测点数影响的问题,提出一种基于稀疏贝叶斯学习的高分辨率Patch近场声全息方法。利用高斯核函数和稀疏贝叶斯学习算法对全息面声压进行插值和外推,利用插值和外推后的全息面声压进行近场声全息重建。仿真和实验结果表明,所提方法可有效抑制小全息孔径测量对重建精度的影响,同时可以在测点较少的情况下极大提升全息重建的空间分辨率。另外,仿真结果还证明了插值过程具有较好的稳定性,可以在一定程度上提高测量数据的信噪比。     

利用支持向量回归插值减少全息面测量点数方法的试验研究

近场声全息要获得较高的重建精度必须在全息面上大孔径范围内进行密集的数据采集,需要大量的测量点,测量任务十分繁重。因此在保证重建精度的前提下研究如何有效地减少全息面测量点数对NAH的意义十分重大。提出一种利用支持向量回归对全息面进行插值的方法,该方法可以在全息面传声器数目较少时通过插值提高重建精度,因而可大幅地减少全息面的测量点数。试验表明该方法是有效的。     

近场声全息(NAH)中减少测量点数的研究

近场声全息（NAH）是一种进行噪声源分析的有效工具。但要获得较高的重建精度必须在全息面上大孔径范围内进行密集的数据采集,需要大量的测量点,测量任务十分繁重。因此在保证重建精度的前提下研究如何有效地减少全息面测量点数对NAH的意义十分重大。在总结前人工作的基础上,提出了一种利用支持向量回归对全息面进行插值的方法。该方法可以在全息面传声器数目较少时通过插值提高重建精度,因而可大幅地减少全息面的测量点数。对于两个矩形板声辐射数值计算中减少的测量点数都可高于70%,并得到了其它有意义的结论,达到了保证重建精度的前提下有效地减少全息面测量点数的研究目的。     

基于改进HELS方法的局部近场声全息技术研究

为实现复杂声源局部声场精确重建,提出基于改进的HELS法的局部近场声全息(PNAH)技术。将实际声场视为声源各部分产生相干声场的叠加,利用小全息孔径测量声压求解正交基函数的线性组合系数,实现全息声压近场外推;用外推所得数据进行声场重建。仿真及实验结果表明,该方法能有效重建复杂声源声场,且重建精度较高。     

有关循环平稳近场声全息的重建参数的若干确定准则

与普通近场声全息理论相比,循环平稳近场声全息理论可以更好地用于分析循环平稳声场.讨论了循环平稳近场声全息的重建参数的若干确定准则,包括:全息面孔径,相邻测点间距及全息面与声源间的距离等.仿真表明,在这些准则的指导下,可以确定合理的重建参数,提高循环平稳近场声全息理论的重建精度,提高其工程实用价值.     

圆柱壳辐射声场重构的波叠加方法

将声全息技术应用到水下结构的声场重建问题中。通过理论推导和数值仿真,分析一两端带半球帽的圆柱壳模型在不同激励作用下声场的重建效果及影响重建精度的因素。考虑到实际应用,全息面分别采用柱形全息面和平行的双平面全息面。仿真结果表明,该方法是一种稳健的全波数空间声场重构技术;其重建精度受到等效源面参数、全息面参数及测量环境信噪比等多因素的影响;在含有测量噪声的条件下,应用Tikhonov结合L曲线的正则化方法仍可以较精确地重构声场;相比于其它方法,波叠加方法具有测点少,计算速度快等优点,有很好的应用前景。     

基于改进统计最优近场声全息的空间多种声源声场重建

为获取空间多种声源声场信息,传统统计最优近场声全息需要较多高阶项数的波函数来重建声场,而随着波函数阶数的提高,该方法对误差的放大作用也越大;此外传统方法都采用与声源共形的全息测量面,限制了其应用范围。提出了一种基于平面测量的改进统计最优近场声全息方法,可在波函数阶数较低的情况下提高重建精度。首先通过分析空间多种声源的特点选取合适的波函数组合,然后用该组合求出声场传递矩阵,最后重建出目标声源声场。通过数值仿真验证了该方法的有效性和适用性。结果表明:该方法能够有效地降低重建所需波函数阶数,抑制高阶波数对误差的放大作用从而提高重建精度,即使全息面与声源不共形,也能准确地重建出目标声源声场。     

少量测点条件下提高结构法向振速重建精度和分辨率的方法

为了解决少量测点条件下利用近场声全息技术重建结构表面法向振速精度和分辨率不高甚至失效的问题,提出了一种基于声压声辐射模态的全息面插值算法,可有效提高结构法向振速重建精度和分辨率。计算全息面声压声辐射模态向量;根据声压声辐射模态收敛性,求取截断声压声辐射模态展开系数的最小二乘解或Tikhonov正则化解,由此计算出插值点处的声压值;利用插值后的全息面数据重建结构表面法向振速。简支平板激励仿真和音箱实验均表明,少量测点条件下利用该方法能够有效提高结构法向振速重建精度和分辨率,验证了方法的有效性。同时音箱实验验证了方法的可行性。     

基于近场测量法的水声换能器声场重建方法研究

为了提高对水声换能器声场分析的效率,开展了基于近场测量法的水声换能器的声场重建方法研究,首先将水声换能器的全息测量面近似为等效声源面,通过积分得到声场重建模型,然后利用自主研发的水下声场测量系统获得发射换能器全息测量面的复声压,实现对其声场的重建,最后比较不同全息测量面的重建结果和实测数据,并分析全息测量面的位置对重建结果的误差影响,得到了重建方法的有效测量区间。该声场重建方法可快速得到水声换能器的声场分布,并且准确可靠。     

传声器通道和位置失配误差对平面近场声全息的影响

在综合考虑偏度误差与随机误差的基础上,分析了传声器通道失配误差和位置失配误差对平面近场声全息（NAH）分析的影响,从实空间和波数域两方面对全息面和重建面上引起的统计误差进行了详细的理论推导,并以理想点源作为研究对象对理论结果进行了验证。理论推导与数值仿真均表明：在偏度误差和随机误差取值相当的条件下,在波数域内,它们在全息面及重建面上产生的统计误差的偏差都较小,且偏度误差引起的归一化偏差要大于随机误差引起的归一化偏差,但两者在全息面及重建面上产生的统计误差的方差大相径庭,偏度误差引起的归一化方差很小可以完全忽略不计,而随机误差引起的归一化方差在辐射圆外呈指数倍数放大,会对NAH的重建结果将会产生严重的影响,综合考虑后,随机误差比偏度误差对NAH重建精度的影响更大。     

Design of computer-generated beam-shaping holograms by iterative finite-element mesh adaption

Computer-generated phase-only holograms can be used for laser beam shaping, i.e., for focusing a given aperture with intensity and phase distributions into a pregiven intensity pattern in their focal planes. A numerical approach based on iterative finite-element mesh adaption permits the design of appropriate phase functions for the task of focusing into two-dimensional reconstruction patterns. Both the hologram aperture and the reconstruction pattern are covered by mesh mappings. An iterative procedure delivers meshes with intensities equally distributed over the constituting elements. This design algorithm adds new elementary focuser functions to what we call object-oriented hologram design. Some design examples are discussed.     

Resolution and intensity distribution of output images reconstructed by sampled computer-generated holograms

We address reconstruction abilities of computer-generated holograms that are fabricated in a sampled form and designed for spherical-wave illumination. Our approach enables one to define the limit of resolution of the object reconstruction and the light-intensity distribution in an output plane. The analysis takes into account a hologram aperture, a sampling aperture, and a curvature radius of spherical illumination. Theoretical results are confirmed by experimental verification.     

Potential and limits of holographic reconstruction algorithms

For the purpose of ultrasonic nondestructive testing of materials, holography in connection with digital reconstruction algorithms has been proposed as a modern tool to extract crack sizes from ultrasonic scattering data. Defining the typical holographic reconstruction algorithm as the application of the scalar Kirchhoff diffraction theory to backward wave propagation, we demonstrate its general incapability of reconstructing equivalent sources, and hence, geometries of scattering bodies. Only the special case of a planar measurement recording surface, that is to say, a hologram plane, and a planar crack with perfectly rigid boundary conditions parallel to the hologram plane and perpendicular to the incident field yields a nearly perfect correlation between crack size and reconstructed image; the reconstruction algorithm is then referred to as the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld formula; it therefore represents the optimal case matched to that special geometrical situation and, hence, may be interpreted as a quasi-matched spatial filter. Using integral equation theory and physical optics, we compute synthetic holographic data for a linear cracklike scatterer for both plane and spherical wave incidence, the latter case simulating a synthetic aperture impulse echo situation, thus illustrating how the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld algorithm or its Fresnel approximation increasingly fail for cracks inclined to the hologram plane and excited nonperpendicularly. Furthermore, we point out how the physical data recording process may additionally influence the reconstruction accuracy, and, finally, guidelines for a careful and serious application of these holographic reconstruction algorithms are given. The theoretical results are supported by measurements.     

Method for reduction of background artifacts of images in scanning holography with a Fresnel-zone-plate coded aperture

Near-infrared scanning holography with a Fresnel zone plate (FZP) coded aperture has potential applications in imaging through turbid media. However, the nonnegative intensity-distribution function of the FZP coded aperture introduces the background artifacts into the reconstructed images, reducing the contrast and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the images. A novel method termed as the composite hologram is proposed to reduce the artifacts. The computer simulations showed that the contrast and the SNR of the reconstructed images had improvements of at least 50.2% and 5.58-dB, respectively, compared with the conventional method. The composite hologram of a metal ring with a 6.0-mm diameter made by a wire with a 0.4-mm diameter immersing in 1% intralipid solution was recorded, and the reconstruction was performed numerically. The experimental results demonstrated that the contrast and the SNR of the reconstructed image had improvements of at least 32.3% and 2.51-dB, respectively.     

Exact complex-wave reconstruction in digital holography

We address the problem of exact complex-wave reconstruction in digital holography. We show that, by confining the object-wave modulation to one quadrant of the frequency domain, and by maintaining a reference-wave intensity higher than that of the object, one can achieve exact complex-wave reconstruction in the absence of noise. A feature of the proposed technique is that the zero-order artifact, which is commonly encountered in hologram reconstruction, can be completely suppressed in the absence of noise. The technique is noniterative and nonlinear. We also establish a connection between the reconstruction technique and homomorphic signal processing, which enables an interpretation of the technique from the perspective of deconvolution. Another key contribution of this paper is a direct link between the reconstruction technique and the two-dimensional Hilbert transform formalism proposed by Hahn. We show that this connection leads to explicit Hilbert transform relations between the magnitude and phase of the complex wave encoded in the hologram. We also provide results on simulated as well as experimental data to validate the accuracy of the reconstruction technique.     

High resolution digital holographic microscopy with a wide field of view based on a synthetic aperture technique and use of linear CCD scanning

Theoretical analysis shows that, to improve the resolution and the range of the field of view of the reconstructed image in digital lensless Fourier transform holography, an effective solution is to increase the area and the pixel number of the recorded digital hologram. A new approach based on the synthetic aperture technique and use of linear CCD scanning is presented to obtain digital holographic images with high resolution and a wide field of view. By using a synthetic aperture technique and linear CCD scanning, we obtained digital lensless Fourier transform holograms with a large area of 3.5 cm x 3.5 cm (5000 x 5000 pixels). The numerical reconstruction of a 4 mm object at a distance of 14 cm by use of a Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integral shows that a theoretically minimum resolvable distance of 2.57 microm can be achieved at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analysis.     

Image-plane disk-type multiplex hologram

We demonstrate, both theoretically and experimentally, that a disk-type multiplex hologram can be fabricated as an image-plane hologram that is suitable for white-light line-source reconstruction. By adopting the method of direct object-image relationship, we build the theory based on the imaging property of lenses and on coordinate transformation. Numerical simulation shows the characteristics of this type of hologram. Experimental results reveal that the picket-fence effect that is encountered in the traditional multiplex hologram for images viewed at various distances has been eliminated. Using a reconstruction white-light line source of sufficient length, we observed an achromatic three-dimensional image.     

Ultrasound synthetic aperture imaging: monostatic approach

An ultrasound synthetic aperture imaging method based on a monostatic approach was studied experimentally. The proposed synthetic aperture method offers good dynamical resolution along with fast numerical reconstruction. In this study complex object data were recorded coherently in a two-dimensional hologram using a 3.5 MHz single transducer with a fairly wide-angle beam. Image reconstruction which applies the wavefront backward propagation method and the near-field curvature compensation was performed numerically in a microcomputer using the spatial frequency domain. This approach allows an efficient use of the FFT-algorithms. Because of the simple and fast scanning scheme and the efficient reconstruction algorithms the method can be made real-time. The image quality of the proposed method was studied by evaluating the spatial and dynamical resolution in a waterbath and in a typical tissue-mimicking phantom. The lateral as well as the range resolution (-6 dB) were approximately 1 mm in the depth range of 30-100 mm. The dynamical resolution could be improved considerably when the beam width was made narrower. Although it resulted in a slightly reduced spatial resolution this compromise has to be done for better resolution of low-contrast targets such as cysts. The study showed that cysts as small as 2 mm by diameter could be resolved