基于滑动平均的等间隔线阵逆波束形成

逆波束形成算法与常规波束形成相比具有较高的方位分辨力和阵增益,抑制噪声能力强,但其旁瓣却较高,因此采用峰值统计信息作为输出。这样解决了高旁瓣下信号检测的问题,但却丢失了功率谱密度信息。本文在分析逆波束形成算法高旁瓣起因的基础上,提出了用滑动平均抑制旁瓣的方法。仿真分析结果表明,滑动平均方法在保留逆波束形成算法高分辨力的基础上,有效的抑制了旁瓣(第一旁瓣下降了2dB～3dB)。因此,可以采用传统的方法进行输出,以保留功率谱密度信息。海上试验数据的处理结果进一步验证了滑动平均方法的优点。     

超波束(HBF)用于波束锐化

介绍了一种波束锐化技术,即超波束形成技术（Hyper Beamforming,HBF）,可以在减小波束宽度的同时抑制旁瓣,提高目标检测性能及方位估计能力。该方法结合常规空间加权可以进一步降低旁瓣,从而可以利用较小规模的基阵尺寸,实现大基阵的检测性能。文中给出了恒定束宽HBF实现所需系数,并将该方法应用于CW及FM信号处理,给出了预期的仿真结果。     

改进的超波束形成算法探讨及性能研究

为进一步提高超波束形成(Hyper Beam Forming,HBF)算法的性能,在传统的HBF基础上提出一种改进的HBF(Improved Hyper Beam Forming,Im-HBF)算法。将基于半阵指向性函数高阶运算修正到基于全阵指向性函数的高阶运算。仿真结果表明,Im-HBF算法具有更窄的主瓣,并且对端射来波信号栅瓣抑制能力更强,进一步提高了对目标的检测能力。同时,Im-HBF算法对指数n具有更为广泛的适用性,当指数n2时也能获得优于常规波束形成(Conventional Beam forming,CBF)的波束性能。     

MVDR自适应波束形成技术在水声中的研究进展

高分辨波束形成器比常规波束形成具有更好的方位分辨力与干扰抑制能力。该波束形成器能够提高阵列输出信干噪比,从而提高声呐的探测性能。与多重信号分类、旋转不变子空间等方法相比,最小方差无畸变响应(Minimum Variance Distortionless Response,MVDR)波束形成器输出真实反映了观察方向的信号功率,同时可提供波束时间序列做后置处理,在水声阵列处理领域得到了快速发展和深入研究。对高分辨MVDR技术在水声阵列处理中的研究进展进行了回顾,重点介绍了其宽带处理、稳健性、运动补偿、解相干等国内外的研究热点和最新成果,同时给出其在各种水声阵列处理领域的应用前景。     

基于二阶锥规划的稳健低旁瓣自适应波束形成

针对水下成像时圆弧阵常规波束旁瓣级较高,当存在强干扰时容易带来较多虚警的缺点,提出一种基于二阶锥规划的稳健低旁瓣自适应波束形成方法。该方法通过对波束旁瓣进行优化设计,可以将波束旁瓣级进行严格控制,并进一步结合协方差矩阵重构法,使波束形成器的稳健性得到提高,最后将该波束优化问题转化为二阶锥规划问题进行求解。计算机仿真结果表明,相较于其他算法来说,文中算法在波束旁瓣级得到严格控制的同时,可以在存在各类失配的情况下获得更高的输出信干噪比,稳健性更高。水池实验进一步验证了该方法的有效性,该研究成果可以在声呐成像领域应用。     

波束锐化技术在多波束测深声呐中的应用

针对常规波束形成器的分辨性能和旁瓣性能间的矛盾,研究了超波束形成器的波束特征以及空间分辨性能。通过计算机仿真验证了加权超波束形成器既有较高的空间分辨力,又有良好的旁瓣特性。通过对外场实验数据的处理,验证了该算法对于多波束测深声呐测量结果中存在的"隧道效应"假象具有明显的抑制作用。针对算法实现结构进行了优化,进一步减小了算法复杂度。利用DSP进行了算法实现,算法具有较好的实时性和工程实用性。     

球谐域二次Dolph-Chebyshev波束形成的设计

提出了一种球谐域二次Dolph-Chebyshev波束形成方法,该方法在常规波束形成方法和Dolph-Chebyshev波束形成方法的基础上通过平方Chebyshev多项式来计算波束形成的权值.在保持主瓣最大增益不变的情况下,通过平方Chebyshev多项式可以降低旁瓣的最大增益.因此,这种改进的波束形成在保证与前两者具有相同主瓣宽度的同时,能有效地限制旁瓣,提高声场分辨率.且在低频时具有更高的白噪声增益,从而提高球阵处理噪声的能力.仿真实验通过将这三种波束形成方法进行比较,验证了球谐域二次Dolph-Chebyshev波束形成方法的有效性.     

抑制运动强干扰的稳健波束域目标方位估计方法

为了减小来自旁瓣区快速运动的强干扰对波束域高分辨方位估计方法的影响,提出一种稳健的波束域高分辨方位估计方法。该方法在形成多波束时,将稳健自适应波束形成与零陷扩宽技术相结合,有效地抑制了运动强干扰所造成的快拍失效和扫描方向误差引起的自适应波束图畸变,从而保证波束域方法能准确地估计目标方位。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

细线阵的频域自适应波束形成

常规波束形成技术包括时域波束形成技术和频域波束形成技术.由于实际空间采样的声阵是有限孔径的，常规波束形成的空间波束谱估计具有加窗效应，所以分辨力不高，另外由于它是固定旁瓣响应，所以不能有效的抑制强干扰。为克服常规波束形成的不足，本文利用广义旁瓣干扰抵消自适应阵处理的原理，仿真研究了自适应波束形成分辨力与抗干扰能力的提高.     

SAVSTMV波束形成算法研究

矢量阵常规波束形成(Vector array Conventional Beam Forming,VCBF)能够消除普通单线阵左右舷模糊现象,但VCBF波束宽度受到"瑞利限"的限制,不能分辨同一波束内的多个目标。矢量阵导向最小方差(Vector array STeered Minimum Variance,VSTMV)波束形成算法是一种宽带自适应波束形成算法,具有高分辨力和抗干扰性能。VSTMV波束形成直接在阵元域进行,计算量较大且稳健性差,不利于实时实现和应用。提出一种分子阵VSTMV波束形成算法(Sub-Array Vector array Steered Minimum Variance,SAVSTMV),可有效降低计算量,算法稳健性更强。通过理论研究和仿真计算,证明该算法比矢量阵常规波束形成算法具有更好的性能,有利于实际应用。     

线阵分裂波束处理技术在水声探测中的应用

声呐波束形成处理通常输出各个方位上的目标能量信息,利用指向性极大值位置给出目标的大致方位。为了得到更加精确的目标方位估计,需要寻找对目标方位微小变化作出灵敏反应的物理量。分裂波束处理所输出的各个方位二子阵的相位差信息,对方位变化十分灵敏,其测向精度接近于克拉美罗下界,不需增加太大运算量即可显著提高声呐系统测向精度,在水声中得到了广泛研究和应用。对线阵分裂波束处理在水声探测中不同的应用进行了梳理和总结,重点阐述了基于分裂阵半波束处理的被动声呐宽带相关检测、主动声呐相位单元化处理、超波束形成和水下慢速目标相位差空时方差自动检测跟踪(Automatic Detection and Tracking,ADT)技术的原理、处理流程和结果。     

Improved Hybrid Precoding Technique with Low-Resolution for MIMO-OFDM System

This paper proposes an improved hybrid beamforming system based on multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) system. The proposed beamforming system improves energy efficiency compared to the conventional hybrid beamforming system. Both sub-connected and full-connected structure are considered to apply the proposed algorithm. In the conventional hybrid beamforming, the usage of radio frequency (RF) chains and phase shifter (PS) gives high power and hardware complexity. In this paper, the phase over sampling (POS) with switches (SW) is used in hybrid beamforming system to improve the energy efficiency. The POS-SW structure samples the value of analog beamformer to make lower resolution than conventional system. The number of output data in POS is decided by the resolution of POS system. The limited number of POS decides the resolution of antenna array and the values of POSs are designed from maximum and minimum phase angle antenna array. Energy efficiency without the phase shifter is high although channel capacity is nearly similar with conventional system. Also, the amplifier with POS-SW system is proposed to improve the BER performance. According to the data bits, the output signals of POS are decided. The system with 2, 3 and 4 bits is simulated to prove the proposed algorithm. In order to overcome the loss of low-resolution system, the amplifier with POS-SW system using channel information is proposed. The average sum-rate of 4 bits system shows the similar performance with the conventional hybrid beamforming system. This structure can play an important role by increasing the energy efficiency of the wireless communication system that many antennas are used. It is shown that the BER, average sum rate and energy efficiency of the proposed scheme are more improved than the conventional hybrid beamforming system.     

Noncontact detection of ultrasonic waves using fiber optic Sagnac interferometer

This paper describes a fiber optic sensor suitable for noncontact detection of ultrasonic waves. This sensor is based on the fiber optic Sagnac interferometer, which has a path-matched configuration and does not require active stabilization. Quadrature phase bias between two interfering laser beams in the Sagnac loop is applied by controlling the birefringence using a fiber polarization controller. A stable quadrature phase bias can be confirmed by observing the interferometer output according to the change of phase bias. Additional signal processing is not needed for the detection of ultrasonic waves using the Sagnac interferometer. Ultrasonic oscillations produced by conventional ultrasonic piezoelectric transducers were successfully detected, and the performance of this interferometer was investigated by a power spectrum analysis of the output signal. Based on the validation of the fiber optic Sagnac interferometer, noncontact detection of laser-generated surface waves was performed. The configured Sagnac interferometer is very effective for the detection of small displacement with high frequency, such as ultrasonic waves used in conventional nondestructive testing (NDT)     

Implementation of a non-zero-order joint-transform correlator by use of phase-shifting techniques

The implementation of non-zero-order joint-transform correlators (JTC's) is presented. The zero-order spectra (i.e., the autocorrelation power spectra) are removed from the joint-transform power spectrum by use of phase-shifting techniques by which the output diffraction and input spatial domain can more efficiently be utilized. Applications of the phase-shifting techniques to both conventional JTC's and phase-transformed input JTC's (PJTC's) are discussed. Compared with the conventional JTC, the PJTC has the advantages of higher light efficiency, a better signal-to-clutter ratio, and the simplicity to realize phase shifting. We anticipate that the proposed non-zero-order JTC's should have a significant impact on the future development of more efficient JTC's.     

Ka-band oscillator integrating a high-Q low-temperature co-fired ceramic circular resonator using zigzagged via posts and a λ/4 short stub

A Ka-band oscillator with a high-Q low-temperature co-fired ceramic circular resonator is presented. The resonator, including zigzagged dual-row via posts for tightly confined electromagnetic power as a metallic boundary wall, is presented. The unloaded-Q of the proposed resonator is improved by 22.1% compared to that of a conventional one with vertical via posts. Another resonator is fed with a lambda/4 short stub on a feeding via post in the circular resonator for effectively power transmission in the resonator to the output load without radiation loss. The measured unloaded-Q of the proposed resonator with zigzagged dual-row via posts and a lambda/4 short stub is improved by 45.1% compared with that of a conventional one. Approaches for enhancing Q-factors using two techniques are demonstrated. The Ka-band oscillator integrating a negative resistance generator monolithic microwave integrated circuit and the resonator with zigzagged dual-row via posts and the lambda/4 short stub shows an output power of 19.34 dBm at 26.98 GHz and phase noise of -102.17 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset. The figure-of-merit is -164.1 dBc/Hz, and the DC-to-RF conversion efficiency is 18.28%. It can be easily implemented without any additional processes to achieve the high resonator Q-factor. At the same time, it is also very suitable to implement in high-integrated systems for millimeter-wave applications.     

Design considerations of microprocessor-controlled multiphase battery charger with fast-charging strategy

A microprocessor-controlled multiphase battery charger, to enhance current utilisation of the power supply unit (PSU) and also avoid overvoltage problems during regenerative periods, is presented. The charger consists of a PSU and three sets of independent current-controlled buck-derived converters that adopt time-shifted pulse-charging current commands. Owing to the multiphase pulse-charging current control scheme, the output-current utilisation of the PSU can be improved remarkably. Moreover, the negative pulse-discharging current is recycled back to the next phase positive pulse-charging current, and thus compensates for the overvoltage of the PSU during this period. According to output voltage specification of the PSU, maximum output-power limitation, duty ratio and current ripples of the output inductor, the desired output voltage and maximum amplitude of the pulse-charging current command can be determined for the small capacity sealed lead-acid battery. The design procedures of the multiphase battery charger are given. Finally, some simulation and experimental results to show the overvoltage problem of the PSU, during negative discharging period, can be improved significantly by the proposed multiphase battery charging scheme     

Improvement of the dynamic characteristics in multiple-output dc-dc converter by using the magnetic coupling of the energy-storage reactor

The dynamic cross regulation characteristics of the improved forward-type multiple-output converter is examined and compared with that of the conventional one. In the conventional forward-type multiple-output converter, the regulation performance of the cross regulated output voltages is deteriorated by the dynamic change of the load even when the proportional gain of the feedback controller is sufficiently large. On the other hand, in the improved converter, the dynamic cross regulation performance is ameliorated along with the increase in the proportional gain. Further, it can be improved more satisfactorily by using the appropriate P-D control. In this case, the magnetic coupling of the energy-storage reactor plays a key role in the dynamic cross regulation. That mechanism is clarified theoretically through the equivalent circuit models.     

New interferometric fiber-optic gyroscope with amplified optical feedback

A novel interferometric fiber-optic gyroscope with amplified optical feedback by an Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is proposed and theoretically investigated (the proposed gyroscope is named the feedback EDFA-FOG, FE-FOG in what follows). The FE-FOG functions like a resonant fiber-optic gyro (R-FOG) because of its multiple utilization of the Sagnac loop; however, it is completely different because a low-coherence light source is used. In addition, the gyro output signal is pulsed because the modulation frequency of the phase modulator placed in the Sagnac loop is selected to match the total round-trip time delay of the light, which includes the Sagnac-loop delay plus that of the feedback loop of the fiber amplifier. The sharpness of the output pulse can be adjusted by both the gain of an EDFA and the modulation depth of the phase modulator. When rotation occurs the peak position of the output pulse is shifted as a result of the Sagnac effect. The resolution of the rotation measurement depends on the sharpness of the output pulse. The techniques of both the open-loop and closed-loop methods are described in detail, which shows the great advantage of the proposed gyroscope over the to the conventional interferometric fiber-optical gyroscope (I-FOG).