超高速撞击声发射信号在加筋壁板中传播的模态转换现象研究

为应对空间碎片对载人密封舱的撞击威胁,一种基于声发射的在轨感知系统被应用于载人密封舱,通过采集撞击产生的声发射信号,感知撞击事件并定位由此产生的气体泄漏源或潜在泄漏源。载人密封舱舱壁通常由周期性加筋板焊接而成,声发射信号在筋体处会发生复杂的散射现象。针对散射现象中的模态转换现象,采用数值仿真手段,研究了超高速撞击声发射信号所含各模态板波在筋体处的模态转换特性,结果表明:S0、A0、S2阶板波经过筋体后会分别部分转换为A0、S0、A1阶板波;A1阶板波经过筋体后会部分转换为S0阶板波。     

兰姆波在裂纹处的模态转换及散射特性研究

该文采用散射矩阵表征兰姆波在缺陷处的模态转换和散射特性,研究了S0模态兰姆波与亚波长级槽形裂纹的交互作用。由板中导波模态位移场的特性,提出了只存在零阶模态时的模态分离方法。求解了S0模态在不同尺寸裂纹处的多模态散射矩阵。结果表明,S0模态入射到裂纹时,散射波动场周向分布不均,与入射角度相关;散射特征的强弱由裂纹长度决定,长度越短,散射特征越明显;各散射模态的能量分配由裂纹的深度决定,随着裂纹深度增加,散射的S0和SH0模态能量增加,而A0模态先增加后急剧减小。     

低雷诺数的孔板计量数值模拟及其应用

以计算流体力学为工具，详细分析计算了流体流过孔板的层流流场分布以及压力降。计算了β=d/D=0．5时的流出系数，并根据计算结果拟合出流出系数与Re的关系式。在以往孔板的层流流场模拟中，雷诺数不超过150，而作者所编的计算程序能够计算雷诺数从0～500之间所有孔板流场，从而为实际应用奠定了良好的基础。     

空中近距爆炸下加筋板架的毁伤模式仿真研究

为研究导弹战斗部近距爆炸下舰船舷侧板架结构的毁伤模式及其转化规律,通过有限元模拟,研究了柱状炸药在矩形加筋板架中心正上方爆炸时加筋板架的毁伤模式及不同毁伤模式之间转化的临界爆距,分析了比例距离r和损伤因子Df对毁伤模式的影响,得到了关于D0f.5和r的毁伤模式判别图,提出了不同毁伤模式的判别方法,给出了预测不同毁伤模式之间转化的临界爆距的计算公式。结果表明,对于给定的药量和板架结构,若(rD0f.5)>0.023 3 m/kg1/3,则随爆距的减小,加筋板架依次经历模式Ⅰ(仅出现塑性大变形)、模式Ⅱ(长边中间出现拉伸撕裂)和模式Ⅲ(中央出现破口)这3种毁伤模式;若(rD0f.5)0.023 3 m/kg1/3,则随爆距的减小,加筋板架仅依次经历模式Ⅰ和模式Ⅲ。     

离心式冷水机组油温智能控制系统的设计研究

介绍一种离心式冷水机组油温智能控制系统,以西门子S7-200系列PLC和ProFace文本显示器组成控制系统的核心,以电子膨胀阀代替传统意义的孔板控制冷却油温的制冷剂流量,达到精确控制油温的目的。与传统油温控制系统相比,该系统对离心式冷水机组运行过程中精确控制油温、降低压缩机壳体表面温升、减小机组振动幅度有显著作用。     

球形壳体障板声散射近场矢量特性

为了实现矢量水听器在水面或水下载体上的工程应用,研究了球形壳体障板声散射近场矢量特性。采用弹性薄壳理论结合边界条件导出了球形壳体障板声散射的声压和质点振速表达式,给出相应的声强表达式。数值计算了球形壳体障板声散射的近场特性,重点关注其近场矢量特性。理论分析和数值计算结果表明,由于球形壳体障板的散射作用,声压场和质点振速场表现为复杂的干涉结构;质点振速方向和声源方位不一致;声压和质点振速不再同相;声强方向也不再反映声源方位。本文结果为矢量水听器在球形载体和球形障板条件下的工程应用提供理论依据。     

三维摄影测量用于露天深孔爆破设计初探

精细爆破要求精确控制炸药爆炸能量释放与介质破碎和抛掷的过程。为了实现精细爆破的要求,需要有准确的地形资料、先进的设计方法以及精确的理论计算和数值模拟。采用ShapeMetrix3D三维摄影测量系统为获得准确的爆区三维地形资料并建立最初的三维模型提供了有效的工具。基于Windows开发环境,利用ShapeMetrix3D三维摄影测量系统获得三维地形资料并建立地形数据库,以C#作为开发工具,开发了能够实现深孔布置、深孔三维坐标获取、装药量计算等功能的露天深孔爆破设计系统,为精细爆破提供了先进的设计平台。系统可以准确地再现爆区的地形地质条件,实现人机交互爆破设计,准确地确定孔位、孔网参数和爆破药量,使爆破效果和爆破有害效应得到有效的控制,最终实现安全可靠、绿色环保及经济合理的爆破作业。     

基于二维SEM图像的介孔碳表面分形特征分析

将分形理论引入到介孔碳孔结构表征,基于SEM图像计算二维分形维数(D2)及三维分形维数(D3),并分析了分形维数与孔结构参数之间的规律.结果表明,D2及D3能有效地量化介孔碳形貌的差异,两者随形貌的变化一致,即D2越大D3也越大.当介孔碳的显气孔率相近时,平均孔径越小D2和D3越大,反映出介孔碳具有越多的细部特征和越粗糙的表面.     

导波在多损伤板结构中的散射

对导波在含有单个损伤和两处损伤的板结构中时形成的散射波场进行了理论分析,利用附加Bessel理论推导了含两处损伤板的结构中任意一点处的叠加散射位移场。通过数值计算对比了含单损伤板和含两处损伤板以及两处损伤的相对位置变化时散射位移场在损伤周围的分布情况,得到的分析结果是进一步进行多损伤板结构健康监测的基础。     

六角晶格多孔Si纳米阵列的制备研究

采用AAO模板7LAr＋磨技术在Si基片上合成了大面积规则的六角纳米孔阵列,阵列六角晶格尺寸及纳米孔深度可由H3PO4扩孔时间、氧化电压、离子磨时间等工艺参数精确控制。孔间距、孔直径与工艺参数的关系为ID=15．8＋2．17V和蹄0．905V＋0．452TH-20,其中V为氧化电压,TH为H3PO4扩孔时间;孔深度则可被控制为：Y=27．59T-5．44X＋21．76,X为AAO模板长径比,T为离子磨时间。该制备方法将可广泛应用于高效荧光发光器件、太阳能光伏器件、气体传感器件和THz受激辐射等光电子器件。     

Ultrasonic guided wave scattering in a plate overlap

Guided wave scattering in a plate overlap is investigated by numerical calculations and experimental measurements of transmission and reflection factors from the overlap region. In the numerical study, a hybrid boundary element-finite element method is used to calculate the guided wave scattered field from the overlap region. Transmission and reflection factors are calculated for incident A0 and S0 Lamb and n0 shear horizontal waves, including higher modes generated through mode conversion phenomena. In addition, parametric studies of transmission and reflection factors in this problem are performed numerically over various incident modes, frequencies, and overlap lengths. For verification and comparison with numerical results, experiments were conducted to measure the transmission and reflection factors for incident Lamb and shear horizontal waves in steel plates with two different overlap areas. The experimental results agree well with the numerical calculations. The numerical and experimental results show that it is highly feasible to carry out efficient Lamb wave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in overlapped plates and in multilayer structures with various lap joints by selecting various modes and tuning frequency.     

Single Mode Tuning Effects on Lamb Wave Time Reversal with Piezoelectric Wafer Active Sensors for Structural Health Monitoring

Lamb wave time reversal method is a new and tempting baseline-free damage detection technique for structural health monitoring. With this method, certain types of damage can be detected without baseline data. However, the application of this method using piezoelectric wafer active sensors (PWAS) is complicated by the existence of at least two Lamb wave modes at any given frequency, and by the dispersion nature of the Lamb wave modes existing in thin-wall structures. The theory of PWAS-related Lamb wave time reversal has not yet been fully studied. This paper addresses this problem by developing a theoretical model for the analysis of PWAS-related Lamb wave time reversal based on the exact solutions of the Rayleigh-Lamb wave equation. The theoretical model is first used to predict the existence of single-mode Lamb waves. Then the time reversal behavior of single-mode and two-mode Lamb waves is studied numerically. The advantages of single-mode tuning in the application of time reversal damage detection are highlighted. The validity of the proposed theoretical model is verified through experimental studies. In addition, a similarity metric for judging time invariance of Lamb wave time reversal is presented. It is shown that, under certain condition, the use of PWAS-tuned single-mode Lamb waves can greatly improve the effectiveness of the time-reversal damage detection procedure.     

Estimation of ultrasonic guided wave mode conversion in a plate with thickness variation

The hybrid boundary element method aimed at analyzing Lamb wave scattering from defects can provide us with an excellent numerical tool for tackling complicated mode conversion phenomena under waveguide thickness variation. In this paper, utilization of hybrid boundary element modeling for specific Lamb wave mode incidence situations with special energy distributions along the structural cross section is proposed for estimating reflection and transmission from various scatterers, such as a step discontinuity and tapered parts of a waveguide, etc. Interaction of individual Lamb wave modes with scatterers that represent arbitrary thickness variation along the direction of guided wave propagation is investigated by calculating the scattered fields for varying incident modes, frequency, and scatterer shape. The mode conversion phenomena through step discontinuity in a plate are also experimentally explored. The theoretical predictions of reflection and transmission by boundary element methods and the utility of dispersion curves are compared with experiments for specific modes. Results in this paper can be used to improve inspection sensitivity and penetration power for a variety of practical NDE applications, notably those in which thickness variation is found. In addition, the feasibility of inspecting sections located behind a waveguide thickness variation region and subsequent mode control will also be discussed.     

碳纤维增强复合材料层合板Lamb波衰减特性研究

为提取适用于碳纤维增强复合材料层合板声发射故障诊断的模态信号,利用三维弹性理论及传递矩阵法获得Lamb波的频散曲线。以碳纤维增强复合材料层合板为研究对象搭建实验平台,改变断铅激励位置从而获得不同声发射信号。对采集的声发射信号进行小波尺度谱分析,结合频散曲线分离出不同模式的Lamb波,分别研究其不同频率的幅度及能量衰减特性。实验结果表明,较其它信号,低频率S0波幅度信号衰减速度较低,对碳纤维增强复合材料层合板的声发射故障诊断研究具有较大优势。     

板材厚度变化对Lamb波透射系数的影响

对Lamb波与厚度变化的板材之间的相互作用进行了分析。针对S0模式Lamb波入射情况,利用混合边界元模型计算了台阶状散射体的透射系数与厚度变化的关系,并进行了实验验证。结果表明S0模式的透射系数能够很好的反映板材的厚度变化,从而为该类材料的定量无损检测提供一定的理论支撑,在实际工业中具有重要的应用意义。     

Group velocity and characteristic wave curves of Lamb waves in composites: Modeling and experiments

The propagation characteristics of Lamb waves in composites, with emphasis on group velocity and characteristic wave curves, are investigated theoretically and experimentally. In particular, the experimental study focuses on the existence of multiple higher-order Lamb wave modes that can be observed from piezoelectric sensors by the excitation of ultrasonic frequencies. Using three-dimensional (3-D) elasticity theory, the exact dispersion relations governed by transcendental equations are numerically solved for an infinite number of possible wave modes. For symmetric laminates, a robust method by imposing boundary conditions on the mid-plane and top surface is proposed to separate symmetric and anti-symmetric wave modes. A new semi-exact method is developed to calculate group velocities of Lamb waves in composites. Meanwhile, three characteristic wave curves: velocity, slowness, and wave curves are adopted to analyze the angular dependency of Lamb wave propagation. The dispersive and anisotropic behavior of Lamb waves in a two different types of symmetric laminates is studied in detail theoretically. In the experimental study, two surface-mounted piezoelectric actuators are excited either symmetric or anti-symmetric wave modes with narrowband signals, and a Gabor wavelet transform is used to extract group velocities from arrival times of Lamb wave received by a piezoelectric sensor. In comparison with the results from the theory and experiment, it is confirmed that multiple higher-order Lamb waves can be excited from piezoelectric actuators and the measured group velocities agree well with those from 3-D elasticity theory.     

多盲孔缺陷的超声兰姆波时域拓扑能量成像方法研究

传统超声成像方法受瑞利准则的约束，难以对缺陷间距小于成像分辨率阈值的多缺陷进行成像。提出了一种基于时域拓扑能量的超声兰姆波成像方法，将逆散射拓扑成像方法中的拓扑渐进过程转换成求解直接声场和伴随声场。然后通过将伴随声场进行时间反转，两个声场将具有在缺陷处聚焦，在非缺陷处不聚焦的特性。将直接声场和伴随声场进行融合，以时域拓扑能量值作为像素值进行成像，从而使表征缺陷的精度较高。建立了缺陷间距小于分辨率阈值的多盲孔缺陷有限元模型，通过“一发多收”的方式激发S0模式和采集缺陷散射信号，并进行时域拓扑能量成像。仿真结果表明：对于多盲孔缺陷，时域拓扑能量成像法能够获得比延时叠加法和时间反转成像法更高的分辨率，并且能在缺陷间距小于成像分辨率阈值时进行成像。     

High-frequency Lamb wave device composed of MEMS structure using LiNbO3 thin film and air gap

High-frequency devices operating at 3 GHz or higher are required, for instance, for future 4th generation mobile phone systems in Japan. Using a substrate with a high acoustic velocity is one method to realize a high-frequency acoustic or elastic device. A Lamb wave has a high velocity when the substrate thickness is thin. To realize a high-frequency device operating at 3 GHz or higher using a Lamb wave, a very thin (less than 0.5 μm thick) single-crystal plate must be used. It is difficult to fabricate such a very thin single crystal plate. The authors have attempted to use a c-axis orientated epitaxial LiNbO(3) thin film deposited by a chemical vapor deposition system (CVD) instead of using a thin LiNbO(3) single crystal plate. Lamb wave resonators composed of a interdigital transducer (IDT)/the LiNbO(3) film/air gap/base substrate structure like micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) transducers were fabricated. These resonators have shown a high frequency of 4.5 and 6.3 GHz, which correspond to very high acoustic velocities of 14,000 and 12,500 m/s, respectively, have excellent characteristics such as a ratio of resonant and antiresonant impedance of 52 and 38 dB and a wide band of 7.2% and 3.7%, respectively, and do not have spurious responses caused by the 0th modes of shear horizontal (SH(0)) and symmetric (S(0)) modes.     

表面裂纹的激光超声可视化兰姆波检测研究

兰姆波在板材的缺陷检测中具有重要的地位,但兰姆波在裂纹检测过程的可视化实验研究较少。通过激光超声可视化技术,观察了激光激励出的宽频兰姆波在0.4 mm深、0.2 mm宽的裂纹上的反射和透射现象;并利用带通滤波技术,研究了不同中心频率的兰姆波在裂纹上的散射特性。结果发现:兰姆波在裂纹上发生了模态转换现象,出现了传播速度较快的兰姆波模态;并随着兰姆波频率的增加,反射兰姆波的能量增强。该研究为板中裂纹的兰姆波检测提供了实验参考。     

Elastodynamic guided wave scattering in infinite plates

The scattering of elastic guided waves by defects in two‐dimensional infinite plates is analysed in the plane and antiplane cases, corresponding, respectively, to Lamb and SH modes. A hybrid boundary element–finite element technique is used, where the defect neighbourhood is discretized with quadratic boundary elements and the radiation condition in the plate is satisfied through a normal mode expansion. A semi‐analytical finite element technique is applied in the infinite plate to calculate its dispersion curves and normal modes. This hybrid technique, which showed excellent performance in the solution of Lamb wave reflection at the edge of semi‐infinite plates, is extended in this paper to a wider range of problems, such as Lamb mode scattering by delaminations and surface defects and SH mode interaction with step discontinuities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.