R32制冷剂在窗式空调器上的应用

对R32窗式空调器的性能进行试验研究,调试系统配置,并与原R410A系统进行对比。试验结果表明,在额定制冷工况下,与R410A系统相比,R32系统的制冷量提高2.5%,能效比提高5.5%,系统最优充注量降低20.5%,排气温度提高9℃。同时,R32系统的最优毛细管长度比R410A系统更长。     

R32变频压缩机的特性研究

R32冷媒相对于R410A具有高性能、低GWP的特点,是一种理想的替代制冷剂。本文对比分析了R32和R410A的冷媒物性,对R32变频压缩机的特性进行实验研究,试验结果表明,相同条件下,R32变频压缩机的制冷量比R410A提高7.5%~10%,COP提高2%~5%。     

R32应用于冷冻机的可行性研究

在理论分析R32与R22和R404A物性的基础上,对R32应用于冷冻机的可行性进行试验研究,对比采用喷液和补气技术降低排气温度的效果,并分析对系统运行性能的影响;对比分析R32与R22和R404A的制冷量、EER和排气压力。研究表明:采用喷液和补气方式都可以有效控制R32的排气温度,而补气方式更优;相对于R22,R32的制冷量提高30%~40%,EER降低11%~16%,排气压力提高68%~82%;相对于R404A,R32的制冷量提高10%~20%,EER降低13%~22%,排气压力提高41%~50%。通过系统的优化设计可提高R32系统EER,认为R32替代R22和R404A应用于冷冻机具备技术可行性。     

R32替代R22的可行性探讨

从理论热工性能分析、环保、安全以及性能测试试验对比等角度,讨论制冷剂 R32 替代 R22 的优势,认为R32替代R22是可行的.同时,分析R32替代R22时存在的高排气压力和高排气温度以及安全性问题.基于目前的制冷技术以及R32本身的热力特性,只要能够通过采取一系列技术手段和安全措施解决这些问题,R32可以作为R22良好的过渡或替代制冷剂.     

采用R290和R32的家用空调器全生命周期碳排放研究

运用全生命周期评价方法分别对R290和R32分体式家用空调进行碳排放对比研究。结果表明:R290空调生命周期碳排放约为R32空调的85%;在原材料获取和回收处置阶段,虽然R32在所有材料中重量占比不到1.1%,却产生了高达78%的碳排放,说明用R290替代R32具有显著的环境效应。虽然提高制冷剂回收率和降低泄漏率有利于降低采用高GWP值制冷剂的空调碳排放,但考虑R32和R290都具有可燃性,需要谨慎采用制冷剂回收策略。     

制冷剂R1234yf替代R22的理论分析和试验研究

从热工性能、环保特性、安全性以及试验研究等角度,讨论制冷剂R1234yf替代R22的优势。试验结果表明,R1234yf在高温工况(额定制冷T3)下的能效比较R22高2%,其排气温度比R22平均降低9.8℃,R1234yf的可燃性在可燃制冷剂中是较弱的。因此,R1234yf在高温工况区替代R22具有较大的潜力。     

R32在家用空调器中的应用研究

对比R32与R410A的基本物性和热力循环性能,并在同一台家用定频热泵空调器上进行性能测试。相对于R410A,在给定工况下,R32的理论循环制冷量最大可提高15％,能效比最大提高6％,容积制冷量和容积制热量增加7％～8．9％。性能测试结果表明,R32系统的制冷剂充注量比R410A系统的减少24％,额定制冷能力和能效比比R410A系统分别提高8％和3．3％,额定制热能力和性能系数也高于R410A系统。理论热力循环分析及性能测试结果均表明,R32制冷性能相对R410A有较大幅度的提高,制热性能比R410A略高或相当,但R32系统的排气温度较高,比R410A系统高出11．5～25．7℃,恶劣工况下排气温度甚至能达到114．9℃。     

R32应用于家用柜式空调机的可行性分析

理论分析R22和R32制冷剂在家用柜式空调机额定制冷工况下的性能参数,并进行相应的测试。测试结果表明:在额定制冷工况下,R32制冷剂排气压力是R22的1.74倍,排气温度比R22高14.3℃,能效低于R22,但R32机组在制冷剂和两器成本方面优势明显。     

R32制冷剂

自从1997年京都会议以后, R22和R410a都被认为是需要淘汰的制冷剂,世界各国都在寻找合适的替代制冷剂,并作为重要的任务。 R32被认为是一种有潜力的替代R22与R410a在空调器中使用的制冷剂。本文综述R32替代的可行性和它与R410a的性能比较。     

房间空调器中制冷剂R290、R32替代R22的仿真研究

制冷剂R290和R32是R22的主要替代物,受到了许多研究者的青睐。本文先建立了小型房间空调器制冷系统模型。然后在该模型的基础上,对R290、R32替代R22时,制冷系统性能(包括冷凝压力、蒸发压力、吸气压力、排气温度、压缩机功耗、制冷量、COP)的变化进行了研究。结果表明,R290和R32在房间空调器中替代R22有着较大的潜力。     

Viscosity of Gaseous R404A, R407C, R410A, and R507

This paper presents new measurements of the viscosity of gaseous R404A (52 wt% R143a, 44 wt% R125, 4 wt% R134a), R407C (23 wt% R32, 25 wt% R125, 52 wt% R143a), R410A (50 wt% R32, 50 wt% R125), and R507 (50 wt% R143a, 50 wt% R125). These mixtures are recommended as substitutes for the refrigerants R22, R502, and R13B1. Measurements were carried out in an oscillating-disk viscometer. The obtained values of the viscosity are relative to the viscosity of nitrogen. The experiments were performed at atmospheric pressure over the temperature range 297 to 403 K. and near the saturation line up to pressures of 0.6 P _crit. The estimated uncertainty of the reported viscosities are ±0.5% for the viscosities at atmospheric pressure and ± 1% along the saturation line, being limited by the accuracy of the available vapor pressure and density data. The experimental viscosities at atmospheric pressure are employed to determine the intermolecular potential parameters, and , which provide the optimum representation of the data with the aid of the extended law of corresponding states developed by Kestin et al. A comparison of the experimental viscosity data with the values calculated by REFPROP, both at atmospheric pressure and along the saturation line, is presented.     

R507A与R404A循环特性的理论与试验研究

在理论和试验上对R507A与R404A两种制冷剂的循环特性进行对比分析.在冷凝温度40.5℃,吸气温度18.3℃,过冷度0℃,压缩机等熵效率0.8的条件下,理论分析表明：R507A的制冷量较R404A高6％左右,COP高2％左右;相同条件下的性能测试结果表明：R507A的制冷量较R404A高2％～4％,COP高1％～2％,排气温度高0～4℃.     

分体式房间空调器R290和R1270替代R22实验研究

现今空调器中广泛使用的R22因环保问题而遭淘汰,HFCs(氢氟碳化物)会加剧温室效应,亟需寻求更为合适的制冷剂,HCs(碳氢)初见端倪.采用空气焓值法,在R22分体式房间空调器中充注R290和R1270,进行性能实验研究.结果表明,标准工况下,用R290直接灌注式替代R22时,系统制冷量降低5.0％,EER升高10.3％,而换用排量大20％的压缩机能提高制冷量8.9％,而EER降低8.5％,但性能较原R22系统要好;R1270系统性能要优于R290系统.结果还表明,随着室外温度降低,碳氢系统制冷量和EER的增加速率和增幅均大于原R22系统,且室外温度低时碳氢系统性能更优,有利于节能.研究结果表明,HCs适合在空调器中替代R22,具有广阔的应用前景.     

Measurement of vapor viscosity of R1234yf and its binary mixtures with R32, R125

The vapor viscosities of the new refrigerant R1234yf and its binary mixtures, R32+R1234yf, R125+R1234yf, were measured at atmospheric pressure with a falling-ball-type viscometer. The combined expanded uncertainty of the measurement apparatus was less than 1.5%. The binary mixtures consisted of 20.0, 30.0, 40.0, and 50.0 wt% R32 for R32+R1234yf and of 20.0, 35.0, 50.0, and 70.0 wt% R125 for R125+R1234yf. The viscosities of R1234yf were correlated with the Chapman–Enskog gas kinetic theory and those of binary mixtures were correlated with the Wilke mixture rule. The average absolute deviation (AAD) is 0.189% for R32+R1234yf and 1.169% for R125+R1234yf. The deviations of experimental viscosities of the binary mixtures from data calculated using RefProp v9.1 were also obtained. The AAD is 0.555% for R32+R1234yf and 1.479% for R125+R1234yf.     

R290与R404A在水平管内沸腾换热的压降研究

将R22的两种新型替代工质R290和R404A在光管和内螺纹管中的沸腾换热压降实验结果与Lockhart ＆ Martinelli压降计算关联式预测结果进行了比较，并依据工质R290和R404A在内螺纹管中的实验压降值对Lockhart ＆ Marlinelli压降计算关联式进行了修正。结果表明Lockhart ＆ Martinelli关联式对R404A在光管和内螺纹管的沸腾换热摩擦压降，均有良好的预测精度，平均偏差分别为-11．52％和-17．86％。Lockhart ＆ Martinelli关联式可以较好的预测R290在光管内的沸腾换热摩擦压降，平均偏差为-21．68％；经修正后的Lockhart ＆ Martinelli关联式可以较好的预测R290在在内螺纹管中的沸腾换热摩擦压降，Lockhart ＆ Martinelli关联式乘上修正系数2．06后的修正值与实验值偏差较小，平均偏差为2．37％。研究结果对R290和R404A蒸发器的工程设计及优化具有一定参考意义。     

Experimental investigation on minichannel parallel flow condenser performance with R22, R410A and R407C

A performance evaluation of minichannel parallel flow (MCPF) condenser in residential/commercial refrigeration system has been carried out in calorimeter room with wind tunnel in this paper. The heat rejection and pressure drop characteristics for heat exchangers were compared using R22, R410A and R407C as working fluids. The experimental results showed that heat rejection of MCPF condenser with R410A was higher than that of R22 and R407C by 15.6~26.3% and 12.3~22.7% under full and partial load conditions, respectively. The refrigerant side pressure drop trend of R410A in MCPF condenser was smaller than that of R22 and R407C under the same mass flow rate.     

Measurements of the thermal conductivity of liquid R32, R124, R125, and R141b

This paper reports measurements of the thermal conductivity of refrigerants R32, R124, R125, and R141b in the liquid phase. The measurements, covering a temperature range from 253 to 334 K and pressure up to 20 MPa, have been performed in a transient hotwire instrument employing two anodized tantalum wires. The uncertainty of the present thermal-conductivity data is estimated to be ±0.5%. The experimental data have been represented by polynomial functions of temperature and pressure for the purposes of interpolation. A comparison with other recent measurements is also included.     

R32和R32/R1234yf混合工质黏度实验测量及模型

本文针对含HFOs类混合制冷剂黏度开展实验和模型研究。采用振动弦法黏度计对R32纯质和R32/R1234yf混合制冷剂黏度进行了实验测量,测量的温度范围分别为263~350 K、263~360 K,压力最高均为30 MPa,实验系统黏度测量的不确定度为2%。本文共获得了177组实验数据,利用得到的实验数据,基于硬球模型分别拟合了R32纯质和R32/R1234yf混合制冷剂黏度方程。R32纯质黏度实验数据与方程的平均绝对偏差为0.28%,最大绝对偏差为0.92%;R32/R1234yf混合工质黏度实验数据与方程的平均绝对偏差为0.69%,最大绝对偏差为2.09%。由此可见,实验数据和黏度模型吻合较好,为R32和R32/R1234yf混合制冷剂的应用研究提供了重要参考依据。     

R22制冷系统改造成R22/CO 2载冷系统的可行性分析

基于一个实际工程案例,在不更换压缩机组和冷凝器的前提下,将原R22制冷系统改造成R22/CO 2载冷系统,机房外管道用量减少60.3%,R22制冷剂的充注量减少68.5%,系统能效比下降9.6%,总成本增加4.9%。分析结果可以为R22制冷系统的改造提供新的思路。     

Solubility of R22, R23, R32, R134a,R152a,R125 and R744 refrigerants in water by using equations of state

This paper tries to demonstrate the ability of VPT and CPA equations of state and modified mixing rules for predicting of solubility CHC1F₂ (R22), CHF₃ (R23), CH₂F₂ (R32), C₂H₂F₄ (R134a), C₂H₄F₂ (R152a), C₂HF₅ (R125) and CO₂ (R744) refrigerants in water at different temperatures and pressures. For this purpose, the fugacity of each component in gas and liquid phases is calculated by using VPT and CPA equations of state. Also in this work, the interaction parameters for mixing rules in each mixture are optimized by using two-phase equilibrium data (VL_W). Results of the two-phase flash calculation show good agreement between obtained solubility and the experimental data. The predicted solubility of the selected refrigerants in water agrees with the experimental data with accuracy of about 1.5% and 3.5% by VPT equation of state – modified mixing rule and CPA equation of state – Van der Waals classic mixing rule respectively.