放电等离子烧结NdFeB磁体的氧化和腐蚀行为

采用放电等离子烧结技术制备了新型NdFeB磁体,研究了NdFeB磁体在湿热环境下的氧化行为和在电解质溶液中的电化学特性.在扫描电子显微镜下分析了磁体的显微组织结构和成分.结果表明,与传统烧结NdFeB磁体相比,新型磁体的显微组织特征为:主相Nd2Fe14B晶粒细小、均匀,富钕相在主相晶粒边界上分布较少,主要集中在三角晶界处.这种组织结构有效抑制了磁体沿富钕相发生的晶间腐蚀的过程,使磁体具有良好的耐腐蚀性能.     

钕铁硼永磁材料在不同体系化学镀液工艺中的腐蚀

NdFeB材料中钕的含量极高,极易被氧化而产生严重的腐蚀.为提高钕铁硼材料的耐蚀性,采用性能优良的化学镀方法寻找NdFeB永磁材料在不同化学镀液中的腐蚀规律.研究了NdFeB永磁材料在化学镀铜液、酸性化学镀镍磷液、中性化学镀镍磷液、碱性化学镀镍磷液、碱性除油液中的浸泡腐蚀试验,并测试了这些溶液的E-t曲线.结果表明,在NdFeB的化学镀中为减少对NdFeB基体的腐蚀应采用碱性化学镀铜液打底,碱性除油液对NdFeB材料基本无腐蚀.     

烧结NdFeB铸造新工艺-薄片铸锭法

合金铸造技术是制备高性能烧结NdFeB磁体的关键工艺之一 .根据高性能磁体制造的设计要求 ,NdFeB合金铸锭微观组织应该具有柱状晶完整 ,没有α -Fe偏析相 ,富钕相弥散分布的特点 .本文比较了现有几种生产中常用的铸造方法 -平板铸造、柱状铸造、薄板铸造等得到的合金铸锭 ,然后介绍了目前国际上高性能NdFeB磁体制备的铸造新工艺 -薄片铸锭法 ,并通过扫描电镜观察了不同Nd含量薄片铸锭的组织结构 .最后展望了薄片铸锭在我国的应用前景 .     

放电等离子烧结NdFeB永磁材料的强韧化

分别采用放电等离子烧结技术(Spark Plasma Sintering,简称SPS技术)和传统烧结技术制备了成分为Nd12.2Pr2Dy2FebalAl1Nb0.3Cu0.2B6的烧结NdFeB永磁体.研究了所制备磁体的冲击韧性和抗弯强度,并利用扫描电镜(SEM)观察了磁体的显微组织形貌.结果表明:SPS技术制备的Nd-FeB永磁体的冲击韧性和抗弯强度较传统烧结磁体有显著提高,前者的冲击韧性与抗弯强度分别为Kc=0.955J/m2、σbb=402.25 Mpa,后者仅为Kc=0.709J/m2、σbb=278.97MPa.显微组织观察发现,SPS NdFeB永磁体的主相晶粒细小均匀、富钕相细小弥散且彼此隔断;断12表现为较明显的解理断裂特征;而传统烧结磁体主相晶粒较粗大、富稀土相粗大且彼此连接,断口呈明显的沿晶断裂特征.     

烧结钕铁硼永磁材料腐蚀机理与表面防护技术

介绍了烧结NdFeB永磁材料在几种典型环境中的腐蚀机理,阐述了目前采用的NdFeB表面防护技术及研究进展情况,以及作者研究开发的烧结NdFeB永磁材料的表面防护涂层技术.     

放电等离子烧结新型NdFeB永磁材料工艺研究

采用放电等离子烧结技术制备了新型NdFeB磁体，研究了烧结工艺和热处理工艺对磁体的磁特性、尺寸精度及致密度的影响。同时利用B-H回线仪、扫描电子显微镜对其磁特性、显微组织结构进行了分析测试。结果表明，这种新型的烧结NdFeB磁体具有独特的显微组织结构，主相NdFe14B晶粒细小、尺寸均匀，富钕相弥散分布在主相边界上。获得最佳工艺条件下制备的磁体的磁特性为：最大磁能积(BHmax)240kJ／m^3，内禀矫顽力(Hci)1160kA／m，磁体的密度达到7．58g／cm^3，接近材料的理论密度，同时磁体的尺寸精度达到20μm。     

热处理对放电等离子烧结NdFeB永磁材料的影响

采用放电等离子烧结技术(spark plasma sintering,简称SPS)制备了高性能新型NdFeB永磁材料.研究了热处理工艺对SPS NdFeB磁体的组织和性能影响,采用扫描电镜、B-H回线仪研究磁体的显微组织和磁性能.结果表明,不同烧结温度的SPS烧结体对不同温度的热处理表现出同样的规律性,最佳热处理温度为1050℃.SPS NdFeB磁体的热处理过程,富稀土相成分和结构发生改变.在优化工艺条件下制备出最佳性能为Br=1.351T,Hci=674.4kA·m-1,BHm=360.4 kJ·m-3的新型SPS NdFeB磁体.     

烧结NdFeB永磁合金的腐蚀行为研究及进展

介绍了烧结NdFeB磁体的腐蚀机理和近年来NdFeB永磁材料防腐蚀研究的进展情况,着重评述了合金化法、防护涂层和放电等离子烧结NdFeB的特点及存在的问题,并提出了改进措施.     

NdFeB合金相的继承性及其高压成型技术研究

研究了NdFeB合金不同状态下Nd2Fe14B基体相的继承情况,结果表明:Nd2Fe14B相在铸锭中占据主要位置,且形态由于较少受到临近相的影响而更为粗大,整体呈多边形,各边也比较长,其晶粒尺寸达到了50μm左右;烧结态合金中的基体相由于其附近相的影响而不能够自由长大,晶粒尺寸一般为20μm左右;回火对Nd2Fe14B基体相的长大和形状不会有太大影响,高温回火一般在熔点较低的相如富Nd相(655℃)之上,对Nd2Fe14B基体相的表观形状有所影响,而低温回火对基体相的表观形状影响较小。研究了NdFeB合金不同状态下富Nd相的继承情况,结果表明:铸态NdFeB合金Nd2Fe14B基体相晶粒粗大,因此富Nd相沿其边沿分布而显得较小,以细长条状为主,长度可能与Nd2Fe14B基体相晶粒一致,但宽度很小;烧结态合金的富Nd相形状与Nd2Fe14B基体相晶粒之间的空隙形状基本一致;高温回火下富Nd相的形态也会有所改变,使整体微观结构显得更为饱满和完善;低温回火后合金中的富Nd相几乎完全包覆Nd2Fe14B相,界面变得平直并且光滑。研究了NdFeB合金不同状态下富B相的继承情况,结果表明:富B相在整个合金不同状态中变化不大,这种结构在铸锭态合金中即已经形成,尺寸很小,仅为数微米,一般以弥散的质点存在于晶界或者部分Nd2Fe14B四方相晶粒中;富B相的熔点达到了1090℃,因此其在两种回火态合金中均不会发生较大的变化。研究了NdFeB合金不同状态下缺陷相的继承情况,结果表明:缺陷相所占比例仅次于富Nd相,裂纹缺陷主要存在于铸锭态合金中,不会被继承;孔洞缺陷在铸锭态合金中较多,呈长条状,但是在烧结态合金中的形式完全改变,其长宽比例比较接近;烧结态、高温回火态、低温回火态合金中孔洞缺陷比例分别为5.29%、4.03%、3.14%。对比研究了N38、N38H、N38SH、N38UH型NdFeB合金相继承情况,结果表明:烧结态合金中Nd2Fe14B基体相重新组合,晶粒尺寸比铸锭态合金小,形状也更规则;后3种NdFeB合金夹杂缺陷较多,但是在回火工序中,这种缺陷会逐渐减少,其富Nd相较多,形状变化和继承规律相对较复杂。研究了NdFeB磁体制备工艺中的高压成型技术,结果表明:经过0.2GPa、1.8GPa、3.6GPa压制之后,样品的生坯密度分别为4.83g/cm3、6.16g/cm3、6.23g/cm3;磁体密度分别为7.42g/cm3、7.45g/cm3、7.48g/cm3;富Nd相含量分别为13.92%、11.42%、8.75%;与0.2GPa压制的样品相比,1.8GPa、3.6GPa压制的样品的内秉矫顽力分别提高了31.99%和28.93%、磁能积(BH)max分别提高了2.24%和11.94%,维氏硬度先增加了11.17%(1.8GPa),后又减少了7.90%(3.6GPa);压力提高孔洞缺陷数量也相应减少。     

一种提高烧结NdFeB永磁体耐蚀性的加工方法的研究

烧结NdFeB材料因其优异的磁性能特点而获得广泛应用,但它耐蚀性差,容易氧化腐蚀,而且NdFeB材料在烧结后需进行成型加工.对NdFeB材料进行了超声振动辅助电火花加工实验研究并探讨了这种能提高加工表面耐蚀性的新型方法.实验结果表明电火花加工后在材料的表面形成了一层非金属合金,从而提高了材料表面的耐蚀性.     

一次回火温度对烧结NdFeB永磁材料组织和性能的影响

探讨了880~900℃、910~930℃、940~960℃温度区间下1h回火处理对Nd30Dy3.5Al0.2B1合金显微组织和磁性能的影响。研究表明,温度低于910℃时,晶界富Nd带过厚且积聚,主相体积分数小,矫顽力、磁能积低;温度高于930℃时,晶粒尺寸过大,晶界面积变小,晶界富Nd带加厚,矫顽力、磁能积均下降;910~930℃时晶粒尺寸趋向均匀,晶界富Nd带呈薄层状分布,磁性能最佳。     

Morphology Characteristics of Nd-rich Phase Particles in Melt-quenched Ti-5Al-4Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.25Si-1Nd Alloy

The morphology of the melt-equenched Ti-5Al-4Sn-2Zr-1Mo-9.25Si-1Nd alloy is uniformly distributed Nd-rich phase particles in matrix. The particles within grains are spherical, and the particles at grain boundaries are elliptical. The Nd-rich phase particle calculated is 6.6 nm in diameter, which is within the 6-15 nm range of average particle diameter experimentally ob served in the alloy The practical interfsce velocity (0.5 m/s) is much greater than the critical velocity (0.15 m/s), hence the Nd-rich phase particles are trapped by the liquid-solid interface     

Fatigue crack initiation in Ti–5Al–4Sn–2Zr–1Mo–0.7Nd–0.25Si high temperature titanium alloy

Ti–5Al–4Sn–2Zr–1Mo–0.7Nd–0.25Si alloy is a new high temperature titanium alloy for aeroengine use. In this paper, the fatigue crack initiation in this alloy was investigated. At applied maximum nominal stresses less than 500 MPa, most cracks initiate in the matrix away from the Nd-rich particles. Initiation of these cracks is related to the cracking of equiaxed α phase on the prior β grain boundaries. At high applied stresses, almost half of the cracks initiate in the matrix away form the Nd-rich particles and the other half initiate near Nd-rich particles. The probability that an Nd-rich particle initiates a fatigue crack decreases very rapidly as the particle size falls below 12 μm.     

Ti60钛合金中富钕稀土相颗粒对叶片室温振动疲劳性能的影响

采用振动疲劳实验及SEM断口分析等方法,研究了含稀土元素Nd的Ti60高温钛合金稀土相颗粒对叶片振动疲劳裂纹萌生的影响.结果表明:叶片振动疲劳寿命与稀土相颗粒的尺寸和分布位置具有密切关系.稀土相颗粒尺寸越大,对叶片振动疲劳裂纹的萌生作用也越大,疲劳寿命降低;外露于或镶嵌于叶片表面的稀土相颗粒明显促进了叶片振动疲劳裂纹的萌生.     

Magnetic properties of the Fe–Nd–Al alloys prepared by suction casting

The magnetic properties of the Fe _x Nd_{90 − x} Al₁₀ (x = 30, 40, 43, 50, 53) alloys prepared by suction casting were investigated. The intrinsic coercivity (_iH_c) decreases significantly with the substitution of Fe for Nd. The Fe₅₃Nd₃₇Al₁₀ (x = 53) alloy shows soft magnetic behavior, which contains Fe-rich (Fe₇₅Nd₁₈Al₇) crystalline phase and Nd-rich (Fe₂₈Nd₅₉Al₁₃) amorphous phase. The Nd-rich amorphous phase in the Fe₅₃Nd₃₇Al₁₀ alloy exhibits soft magnetic behavior. However, the Nd-rich bulk amorphous alloy of the same composition prepared by suction casting shows hard magnetic behavior. The interesting phenomenon is discussed.     

Homogeneous and heterogeneous precipitation mechanisms in a binary Mg–Nd alloy

Parallel modes of precipitation mechanisms in an Mg–Nd alloy were revealed by examining an isothermally annealed high pressure die cast alloy at 177 °C for up to 100 h. Broadly, precipitate evolution was observed to occur concurrently on dislocations and within the surrounding α-Mg matrix. However, it was observed that the presence of dislocation accelerated the precipitate formation kinetics significantly. In contrast to the accepted precipitation pathway in the Mg–Nd system, i.e., SSSS → GP zones → β″ → β′ → β₁ → β → β_e, dislocations were found to preferentially facilitate the formation of β′ and β₁ precipitates even at the very early stages (5 h) of annealing. Within the same time frame, a homogeneous distribution of Nd-rich pockets was observed throughout the α-Mg matrix, along with the β′ and β₁ precipitates decorating dislocation lines. Results further indicate that these Nd-rich regions initiated precipitation within the parent α-Mg matrix. The formation of these Nd-rich pockets was explained on the basis of a miscibility gap in the α-Mg phase at 177 °C. Our results demonstrate that the presence of dislocations influence strongly the phase-transformation pathways in Mg-rare earth alloys by facilitating the formation of selective precipitate phases.     

Characteristics of Faigue Crack Initiation in Ti-5Al-4Sn-2Zr-1Mo-0.7Nd-0.25Si Alloy

The characteristics of fatigue crack initiation in Ti-5AI-4Sn-2Zr1Mo-O.7Nd-O.25Si alloy wereStudied. Two modes Of fatigue crack initiation were found. The Nd-rich phase particles displaybetter resistance to fatigue crack initiation than the matrix at lower stress.     

Coercivity Mechanism of Melt-spun Nd-Fe-B Bonded Magnet

The microstructures of melt-spun Nd_135-Fe_81.74B4.76 ribbons have been investigated bymeans of X-ray diffraction,Mossbauerspectroscopy and HREM.Experimental resultsshow that optimal magnetic properties of the bond-ed magnet can be obtained by melt-spun alloys atwheel velocity of 24m/s,the microstructure ofwhich was single phase Nd_2Fe_(14)B crystallites,andno other phases,such as Nd-rich,B-rich or x-Fephase,were present.It is considered that the highintrinsic coercivity ~iH_c can be attributed to the sin-gle-domain behaviour of Nd_2Fe_(14)B crystallitephase.     

非等角对数螺旋线搅拌叶片的实验研究

 介绍了非等角对数螺旋线搅拌叶片的设计制造方法.根据相似原理设计了搅拌系统的试验模型,并对其搅拌性能进行实验研究.根据雷诺准则、付鲁德准则和等线速度准则选取不同的搅拌速度,并设计3种不同设计强度的新拌混凝土,与等角对数螺旋线叶片在宏观搅拌质量和微观搅拌质量方面进行实验对比.实验结果表明,非等角对数螺旋线搅拌叶片具有更为优越的搅拌性能,值得进一步推广.     

Microstructure and magnetic properties of rare earth Nd-Fe system alloys produced by containerless processing

Nd_xFe_100?1.5xB_0.5x alloys (x=10, 11.8, and 14) were solidified from the undercooled melts by drop tube processing. The samples contained a large amount of the metastable phase with the composition near to their bulk composition in each alloy. The volume fraction of the metastable phase increased as the sample diameter decreased. The metastable phase was partially decomposed into very fine lamellar grains of the Nd₂Fe₁₄B and α-Fe or Nd₂Fe₁₄B and some Nd-rich phase by solid-state reaction in the samples with a diameter of 1200μm. The solidification behavior of the metastable phase was explained in terms of a hypothetic scheme of the pseudobinary Nd-Fe-B phase diagram