R744/R290混合工质热力性质计算

从热力学基本定义出发,对R744/R290这对混合自然工质的热力性质进行计算。分析比较了各种计算方法和计算结果的准确性与可靠性,为R744/R290混合工质在今后的应用提供了理论依据,并对其它混合工质的热力性质计算具有一定的指导作用。     

混合工质R134a/R23焓-浓度图的绘制

使用PR(Peng-Robinson)方程对混合工质R134a/R23进行了气液相平衡的预测和焓、熵的计算.针对PR方程液相精度比较差的问题,对PR方程引入了修正系数,重新推导了逸度系数、余函数等表达式,并将计算结果与实验数据进行了比较.根据计算得到的R134a/R23热物性数据,绘制了工程上广泛使用的二元混合工质的焓-浓度图,为基于该混合工质的循环计算,提供了重要的基础数据.     

R236fa/R32制冷系统冷凝温度和蒸发温度的确定方法

根据泡露点的特性使用3种计算非共沸混合工质冷凝温度和蒸发温度的计算方法,建立应用于R236fa/R32混合工质制冷系统设计计算和性能测试的计算模型,并通过对该混合工质制冷系统的变组分试验,对制冷系统的性能测试数据进行对比分析。结果表明泡露点法不适用于大滑移温度混合工质的计算,中点法和平均值法均适用。相对于平均值法,采用中点法计算最准确,但计算过程最复杂。     

一种五级自动复叠制冷系统的初步试验研究

提出了一种五级自动复叠制冷循环,根据不同的系统采用不同的制冷工质和不同的混合配比,可以获得不同的蒸发温度,分析了非共沸混合工质的组分选取原则并选取了组分,探讨了适用于自动复叠制冷系统混合工质计算的方法,根据要求选择了R22、R23、R14、R740和R728五种制冷工质作为系统循环工质,对混合工质的配比进行了模拟计算,得出了理论模拟最优配比并通过试验研究加以比较确定.     

采用R744/R290的自复叠制冷系统热力性质分析

对采用R744/R290混合自然工质的自复叠制冷循环的热力性质进行分析。经过计算,得出了冷凝器压力、蒸发器压力、冷凝器出口温度、蒸发器出口制冷剂的状态、混合工质中R744浓度对系统性能的影响。为今后R744/R290的实验研究和实际应用提供了理论依据,减少了实验的工作量。     

不同太阳能热源下混合工质ORC系统性能分析

工质性质是影响有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)系统性能的重要因素之一。在不同热源温度下,对采用R601、R245fa作为组分的9种不同质量配比工质的ORC系统热力性和经济性进行计算,然后采用灰色关联法对系统性能进行分析及综合评价,并与纯工质的性能进行对比。研究表明,混合工质系统的热力学指标与温度滑移大小近似成反比。当温度滑移大于5K时,纯工质性能更优,且经济性也优于混合工质系统。综合来看,热源温度一定时,灰色关联度随着蒸发温度的升高呈现先增大后减小的趋势;混合工质R601/R245fa(0.1/0.9)的温度滑移最小,其性能也最优。采用R601和R245fa混合作为工质的系统在热源温度为160℃时,灰色关联度最大,系统性能更优。     

R290/R600a混合工质制冷系统泄漏点对系统性能的影响

混合工质在不同位置的泄漏所引起的系统中工质对组分比例发生变化会对制冷系统的性能产生很大影响。根据混合法则,从理论上研究R290/R600a工质对泄漏率在5%~40%范围内8种泄漏率条件下,系统工质对组分变化的规律。按照理论计算的要求建立制冷系统工质泄漏实验台,对实验台在4种泄漏率条件下的蒸发压力、冷凝压力、制冷量和COP进行研究。计算和实验结果表明,在蒸发器出口和冷凝器入口处的泄漏使低沸点组分R290在工质对中的比例增大,系统制冷量增加且COP下降;在蒸发器入口和冷凝器出口处的泄漏使高沸点组分R600a在工质对中的比例增大,系统制冷量下降且COP上升。     

一种天然混合工质在家用空调系统中替代R22的实验研究

提出了一种三元混合工质,R1270/DME/R245fa(75%/15%/10%,质量),作为家用空调R22替代制冷剂。其中质量比10%的R245fa作为阻燃剂,使制冷剂安全性能满足指标。并运用Refprop 8.0计算了新工质的热力学性质,与被替代工质R22进行对比分析,并在实验台上依据冷水(热泵)机组国家标准给定的各实验工况对该工质及R22进行了对比实验,结果表明,在对原机组不做任何改动的情况下,相同运行条件,采用新工质系统与原R22系统相比性能参数相近,制冷量增大,COP值有较大幅度提升。新型天然混合工质可作为R22在家用空调系统中直接"灌注式"替代物。     

三级自动复叠系统混合工质配比设计与验证

为了确定应用于三级自动复叠系统的混合工质,说明了混合工质组分确定的方法,并据此为一台设备选取了R134a/R23/R14/R50作为制冷剂。通过提出了一些理想状态假设之后,简化制冷剂在制冷系统中的循环过程。忽视非必须制冷剂R50对系统的影响,认为系统中只有R134a/R23/R14进行制冷循环。利用串联热平衡法计算了各组分的循环流量,以R14的循环量作为对比单位,与实验得出的最佳配比进行比较。通过分析误差原因,指出了在实际设备制造过程中根据计算结果确定混合工质配比的可行性。     

一种四级自动复叠制冷系统混合工质组分选取及配比研究

对于多级自动复叠制冷系统,混合制冷工质的选取和组分配比具有重要的影响作用。针对四级自动复叠制冷系统,运用REFPROP8.0软件建立了混合工质种类选择及其配比研究的理论模拟方法,通过分析比较混合工质的饱和压力、蒸发温度,模拟出混合工质组分和配比：R600a/R23/R14/R740=45/21/19/16,充入该混合工质配比进行实验研究,获得了-150℃的设计柜温。研究表明,该混合工质理论模拟方法,能够有效指导实验研究,取得理想的制冷温度。     

R22制冷系统改造成R22/CO 2载冷系统的可行性分析

基于一个实际工程案例,在不更换压缩机组和冷凝器的前提下,将原R22制冷系统改造成R22/CO 2载冷系统,机房外管道用量减少60.3%,R22制冷剂的充注量减少68.5%,系统能效比下降9.6%,总成本增加4.9%。分析结果可以为R22制冷系统的改造提供新的思路。     

Performance characteristics of a small-capacity directly cooled refrigerator using R290/R600a (55/45)

In this study, the performance of a small-capacity directly cooled refrigerator was evaluated by using the mixture of R290 and R600a with mass fraction of 55:45 as an alternative to R134a. The compressor displacement volume of the alternative system with R290/R600a (55/45) was modified from that of the original system with R134a to match the refrigeration capacity. Both systems with R290/R600a (55/45) and R134a were tested, and then optimized by varying the refrigerant charge and capillary tube length under experimental conditions for both the pull-down test and the power consumption test. The refrigerant charge of the optimized R290/R600a system was approximately 50% of that of the optimized R134a system. The capillary tube lengths for each evaporator in the optimized R290/R600a system were 500 mm longer than those in the optimized R134a system. The power consumption of the optimized R134a system was 12.3% higher than that of the optimized R290/R600a system. The cooling speed of the optimized R290/R600a (55/45) system at the in-case setting temperature of −15 °C was improved by 28.8% over that of the optimized R134a system.     

Performances d''une machine tritherme à éjecteur utilisant des mélanges de fluides frigorigènesPerformance analysis of a jet cooling system using refrigerant mixtures

The optimisation of a jet cooling system using refrigerant mixtures as substitutes of pure refrigerants has been investigated. A steady-state simulation program, for given temperatures of the sources, integrating simple models of each component has been developed. A Peng-Robinson equation of state assuming equality of the fugacities of the two phases was used to model the thermodynamic properties of the vapour and liquid-vapour equilibrium. The refrigerants investigated in this study are: the pure refrigerants R142b, R152a, RC318, R124, R134a, R22 and the binary refrigerants R22/RC318, R22/R142b, R22/R124, R22/R152a, R22/R134a, R134a/R142b, R152a/R142b and R134a/R152a. Results show that the use of a binary mixture does not always increase the performance of system. Generally, when the mixture is strongly zeotropic (e.g.: R22/RC318), the cooling efficiency of the system decreases. However, when the mixture is mildly zeotropic (e.g. R134a/R142b) or almost azeotropic (e.g. R134a/R152a), efficiency and energetic efficiency increase.     

TR组件测试系统功率参数校准技术

研究工作状态下TR组件测试系统功率参数的校准方法,介绍了在脉冲峰值功率条件下功率参数测量标准的仪器组成,分析其功率参数校准的定标方法,并给出相应实验数据。     

R32/R134a和R407C用于变浓度热泵系统的实验

为了解决R32/R134a应用于变浓度热泵系统存在的排气温度过高问题,提出使用三元混合工质R407C用于该系统中.以R32/R134a和R407C作为工质在变浓度容量调节热泵系统中进行了吸气压力不变时的变浓度实验.实验结果表明,R407C在本系统中变浓度范围低于R32/R134a,但R407C的排气温度和耗功均低于R32/R134a,具有良好的变浓度调节潜力.     

90K低温下带预冷的林德制冷机的系统设计

为了获得90K的低温,提出1套带预冷循环的林德制冷系统,并分别对该系统的预冷循环和制冷循环进行了设计.预冷系统和制冷循环的制冷剂分别为R404A 和 R740.无热负荷时,设定低温箱的温度90 K,制冷量为140 W.该系统整体结构简单,获取温度低,在低温领域有较广泛的应用.     

Experiment and simulation on the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using carbon dioxide as a refrigerant

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using zeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R744/134a and R744/290. One of the advantages of this system is the possibility of keeping the highest pressure of the system within a limit by selecting the composition of a refrigerant mixture as compared to that in the vapor compression system using pure carbon dioxide. Performance test and simulation have been carried out for an autocascade refrigeration system by varying secondary fluid temperatures at evaporator and condenser inlets. Variations of mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power, refrigeration capacity, and coefficient of performance (COP) with respect to the mass fraction of R744 in R744/134a and R744/290 mixtures are presented at different operating conditions. Experimental results show similar trends with those from the simulation. As the composition of R744 in the refrigerant mixture increases, cooling capacity is enhanced, but COP tends to decrease while the system pressure rises.

Résumé

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using zeotropic refrigerant mixtures of R744/134a and R744/290. One of the advantages of this system is the possibility in keeping the highest pressure of the system within a limit by selecting the composition of a refrigerant mixture as compared to that in the vapor compression system using pure carbon dioxide. Performance test and simulation have been carried out for an autocascade refrigeration system by varying secondary fluid temperatures at evaporator and condenser inlets. Variations of mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power, refrigeration capacity, and coefficient of performance (COP) with respect to the mass fraction of R744 in R744/134a and R744/290 mixtures are presented at different operating conditions. Experimental results show similar trends with those from the simulation. As the composition of R744 in the refrigerant mixture increases, cooling capacity is enhanced, but COP tends to decrease while the system pressure rises.     

CaO-MgCl_2H_2O体系中一维碱式氯化镁的水热合成与表征

通过水热反应在CaO-MgCl2-H2O体系中合成了不同结构与形态特征的一维碱式氯化镁(MHCH),分析了MgCl2浓度、CaO与MgCl2的摩尔比R及水热条件对产物的影响.结果表明,当MgCl2浓度3mol/L,且R0.5时才能得到MHCH;MHCH的直径和径长比随MgCl2浓度和R的增加而增大.MHCH的最佳制备条件为[MgCl2]=4mol/L,R=0.05.MHCH的结构相与反应温度密切相关,温度低于150℃时,体系中的产物为相3(Mg2(OH)3Cl.4H2O);温度高于150℃时的产物为相9(Mg10(OH)18Cl2.5H2O).常温下体系中首先出现Mg3(OH)5Cl.3H2O和相5(Mg3(OH)5Cl.4H2O),经陈化后两者均转化为相3,经160℃水热反应后相3转化为相9.     

内复叠制冷循环实验研究与分析

采用非共沸混合物作为制冷工质的内复叠制冷循环以其系统结构简单、制冷温区广等特点,日益受到研究者的关注和青睐,特别是-60～-120℃温区的环境在能源、军工、医疗、生物等方面得到了越来越广泛的应用.本文采用精馏塔作为气液分离装置,以R13/R22为制冷剂,对新循环进行了热力分析,建立了各换热器的能量平衡方程,分析了循环工质配比、压缩机回气温度及冷凝温度对压缩机压比及系统COP的影响.