基于烟线技术的脉管制冷机流动可视化实验研究

脉管制冷机在低温部分没有运动部件,具有振动低、寿命长等突出优点,在空间技术、超导磁体冷却等方面应用广泛。但是脉管制冷机工作机理复杂,内部为交变流动,很多参数难以测量。常规方法无法显示实验过程中制冷机内部气体的流动情况,给学生理解脉管制冷机原理和工作特性带来了困难。基于烟线技术的可视化实验,可以直观地反映脉管制冷机内部气体的流场,能够直接观察制冷机运行时内部气体的流动情况。     

脉管制冷机冷端换热器的改进

为了进一步提高脉管制冷机在液氮温区（７７Ｋ）的制冷量,本文对脉管冷端换热器进行了改进,同时还对脉管冷端气流的平均温度进行了测量。实验结果表明,常规脉管制冷机冷端换热器中的换热面积是不足的,脉管制冷机冷端换热器的传热损失较大,在设计计算中不应忽视。采用高目数的换热器填料有利于降低脉管冷端壁面与冷端气体之间的温差,从而提高冷端换热器效率,进而提高液氮温区脉管制冷机效率。     

基于线性压机驱动的高频同轴脉管制冷机研究

介绍了基于线性压机驱动的高频同轴脉管制冷机的特点及同轴脉管制冷机与线性压机匹配时的设计思路,通过数值计算模拟了同轴脉管制冷机制冷性能和动态参数的关系。搭建了脉管制冷机试验台并介绍了测试系统的组成,最后对所设计的高频同轴脉管制冷机进行了初步试验研究。试验结果对进一步改进脉管制冷机的设计提供了有益的参考。     

大功率单级脉管制冷机回热器性能模拟与实验

为了提高单级脉管制冷机在20 K-40 K温区的制冷量,对自行设计制作的1台单级G-M型脉管制冷机采用REGEN3.3进行了计算模拟,获得了铅丸直径选择、不同温区回热器材料最佳组合等结果。在此基础上,对该台单级脉管制冷机进行了试验,实验结果表明该脉管制冷机在20.6K和29.9 K可分别获得20 W和40 W的制冷量,输入功率为7.5 kW。     

回热式机械制冷机的污染机理与控制技术分析

采用蒙特卡罗方法,对污染气体在制冷机管路复杂的传质扩散过程进行了建模计算,分析了污染气体对制冷机性能的影响机理.结合机理分析和实际经验对高温烘烤除气等一些必要的污染控制措施进行综述,对机械制冷机污染控制技术的系统化、标准化进行了展望.     

气波制冷机等熵效率影响因素的实验研究

通过实验研究了气体分配器转速、振荡管长度与气体膨胀比等因素对气波制冷机等熵效率的影响,给出了影响曲线并进行了分析。同时,对强化振荡管传热、耦合脉管制冷结构等提高等熵效率的方法进行了实验研究。研究结果对改善气波制冷机的结构与性能具有指导意义。     

新型脉管制冷法

脉管制冷机由于具有结构简单、可靠性高、寿命长等优势，近年来发展迅速。本文综述了脉管制冷法的发展及其结构多样化的特点，采用数值模拟方法，分析了基本型、小孔型、双向进气型、多路旁通型、双活塞型和四阀型脉管制冷机的制冷机理。指出脉管制冷的关键在于脉管中气体压力和流速相位的匹配。     

斯特林制冷机污染失效研究进展

斯特林制冷机内部放气造成的失效严重影响制冷机寿命。制冷机内部放气气体会在回热器冷端及膨胀腔低温表面凝结,降低回热器的回热效率和冷头换热面传热能力,并加大制冷工质流动阻力。主要介绍了斯特林制冷机加速寿命试验和污染放气模拟数值计算方法等,提出了制冷机污染失效研究发展方向。对今后主要研究方向进行了展望。     

液氦温区脉管制冷机的频率特性

着重研究了操作频率对液氦温区脉管制冷机性能的影响,在实验和分析的基础上,明确了制冷温度、制冷量、制冷效率与工作效率之间的关系,并与4K G－M制冷机的情况进行比较,得出了一些有益的结论。通过频率优化,脉管制冷性能得以较大提高。在初步试验中,分别在1．2Hz和1．1Hz获得了30W@70K,500mW@4.2K以及20W@65K,590mW@4.2K的制冷量。同时还给出了脉管制冷湿度稳定性的测试结果。试验结果表明,研制的脉管制冷机温度波动均小于同类商品型4K GM制冷机及脉管制冷机。     

斯特林型两级脉管制冷机的研制

介绍了斯特林型两级脉管制冷机的研发过程,设计并制造了1台采用对置的动磁式直线压缩机驱动的两级脉管制冷机.对制冷机系统进行了初步的试运行,试验表明直线压缩机可以正常工作,在充气压力1.6MPa、工作频率30Hz、输入电功率220W时,产生1.3左右的压比,由该压机驱动的二级脉管制冷机,第一级和第二级分别获得124K和45K的低温.     

内调相型脉管制冷机的理论分析

对内调相型脉管制冷机进行热力学理论分析.内调相型脉管制冷机的特点是两个冷头在脉管热端通过针阀串联,两边脉管内的压力和流量耦合,通过调节各自的输入压力相位来主动调节脉管冷端流量与压力的相位差,输入压力相位由一个具有双出口的旋转阀来实现.分析表明,该调相方法可使脉管冷端流量与压力同相,从而使制冷量最大,而且相比于传统的小孔加气库型和双向进气型脉管制冷机,其制冷效率大大提高.该结构省却了体积较大的气库,结构更加紧凑.     

300 Hz脉冲管制冷机特性研究

从实验和数值计算两个方面研究了1台工作频率为300 Hz的单级脉冲管制冷机的制冷特性.实验方面,验证了平均压力、入口压比、惯性管长度以及均流化元件对其制冷性能的影响,该制冷机在平均压力为3.96 MPa、入口压比为1.21时获得了79.6 K的最低制冷温度;数值计算方面,基于线性热声理论的模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较,以验证程序的有效性.     

An innovative configuration for thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube coolers

Obtainable lowest temperature of a thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler is generally limited by the pressure ratio provided by the thermoacoustic engine with helium as working gas. It is also known that a thermoacoustic engine filled with nitrogen can generally provide much larger pressure ratio and lower frequency than the same engine filled with helium. Here we introduce an innovative system configuration which uses an elastic membrane as the interface between the thermoacoustic engine subsystem and the pulse tube cooler subsystem. The membrane can transport acoustic work from the engine to the cooler, and meanwhile separate the working gases used in respective subsystems. Through this way, it is possible for the engine to operate with nitrogen to provide larger pressure ratio and more suitable frequency for the pulse tube cooler which can still use helium as the working gas. To test this idea, a thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler was built. With the innovative configuration, the pulse tube cooler reached a lowest temperature of 139 K. On the other hand, without the membrane, the PTC only achieved a lowest temperature of 186 K when using nitrogen and 145 K with helium for both the PTC and the engine.     

Comparison of two different ways of using inertance tube in a pulse tube cooler

It is well known that the pressure wave should lead the volume flow rate at the ambient end of the pulse tube for a high-efficiency operation of a pulse tube cooler. Inertance tube can provide such a phase relationship without DC flow problem. However, inertance tube is always connected with a reservoir in previous literatures. Through theoretical calculation here, inertance tube without a reservoir can also provide a rather large phase-leading effect. Thus phasor diagram is used to analyze the relationship between phase-leading requirement and the pulse tube geometry. Roughly speaking, a larger void volume of pulse tube would require a larger phase-leading effect. Comparison experiments are also done on a thermoacoustically-driven pulse tube cooler. With i.d.2 mm tube as inertance tube, the tube without reservoir yields close results in terms of lowest temperature to that of the tube with reservoir and both give much better performance than that of an orifice with reservoir. Finally, the advantages of using inertance tube without reservoir are given.     

分离型二级脉管制冷机的实验研究第一部分20～40 K温区单级大功率脉管制冷机

为了满足液氦温区分离型二级脉管制冷机第二级预冷的需要,设计制作了1台20～40K温区单级大功率脉管制冷机.采用额定功率为6 kW的压缩机驱动该制冷机,最低制冷温度达13.8K,刷新了单级脉管制冷机最低制冷温度纪录.该制冷机在40 K可获得高达55.9 W的制冷量,基本可以满足15～40 K温区超导磁体等冷却的需要.着重分析了频率、充气压力和不同压缩机对系统制冷性能的影响,测试了长时间运行中系统性能的变化情况.     

斯特林型脉管制冷机中惯性管的优化设计

介绍了斯特林型脉管制冷机中惯性管调相的原理和惯性管的传输线理论模型,给出了惯性管尺寸的优化计算方法.采用该方法对现有的脉管制冷机中惯性管的调相能力进行了模拟计算,研究了PV功、压比和气库容积等参数对最佳惯性管尺寸的影响,并与实验结果进行了对比,计算结果与实验结果符合较好.     

Effects of reservoir volume on performance of pulse tube cooler

A pulse tube cooler has the advantages of long-life and low-vibration over conventional cryocoolers such as G-M and Stirling coolers because of the absence of moving parts at low temperature. On the other hand, the combination of a reservoir and orifice is indispensable to optimize the performance of pulse tube coolers. In order to make the pulse tube cooler compact for practical applications, the volume of reservoir should be minimized. This paper analyzes the effects of the reservoir volume on the thermodynamic performance of various components in a simple orifice and a double-inlet pulse tube cooler by combining a linearized model with a thermodynamic analysis. Expressions of entropy production for those components are presented. The results show that the reservoir volume has a significant influence on the entropy production in the various components when the reservoir to pulse tube volume ratio is smaller than about 5. The ratio is important to determine the minimum reservoir volume for a pulse tube cooler. Optimum settings for a double-inlet pulse tube cooler are also discussed.     

工作频率对切换式脉管制冷机性能影响的实验研究

提出切换式脉管制冷机在利用天然带压气源获取冷量方面具有一定的结构优势，因而开展了对切的切脉管制冷机的实验研究。探讨了主要操作参数对性能的影响，基本的实验研究为进一步的功能性研究和优化研究准备了基础，同时可以寻求它在衫上的可能性。     

A novel coupled VM-PT cryocooler operating at liquid helium temperature

This paper presents experimental results on a novel two-stage gas-coupled VM-PT cryocooler, which is a one-stage VM cooler coupled a pulse tube cooler. In order to reach temperatures below the critical point of helium-4, a one-stage coaxial pulse tube cryocooler was gas-coupled on the cold end of the former VM cryocooler. The low temperature inertance tube and room temperature gas reservoir were used as phase shifters. The influence of room temperature double-inlet was first investigated, and the results showed that it added excessive heat loss. Then the inertance tube, regenerator and the length of the pulse tube were researched experimentally. Especially, the DC flow, whose function is similar to the double-orifice, was experimentally studied, and shown to contribute about 0.2 K for the no-load temperature. The minimum no-load temperature of 4.4 K was obtained with a pressure ratio near 1.5, working frequency of 2.2 Hz, and average pressure of 1.73 MPa.     

A review of pulse tube refrigeration

The pulse tube belongs to the class of miniature cryogenic refrigerators usually referred to as cryocoolers. In common with Stirling and Gifford-McMahon machines, operation depends on a regenerative gas expansion cycle but unlike these coolers the pulse tube has no moving parts at low temperature and hence offers the potential for high reliability. Although comparisons may be drawn between the operation of a pulse tube and that of a Stirling cooler, the exact nature of the working cycle is far from clear and the device continues to intrigue. We provide here an introduction to the device and attempt to explain it's operation as a conventional second law system.