考虑纤维随机分布的复合材料热残余应力分析及其对横向力学性能的影响

建立了考虑纤维随机分布并包含界面的复合材料微观力学数值模型,模拟玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料固化过程中的热残余应力。通过与纤维周期性分布模型的计算结果进行对比,发现纤维分布形式会对复合材料的热残余应力产生重要影响,纤维随机分布情况下的最大热残余应力明显大于纤维周期性分布的情况下。研究了含热残余应力的复合材料在横向拉伸与压缩载荷下的损伤和破坏过程,结果表明:热残余应力的存在显著影响了复合材料的损伤起始位置和扩展路径,削弱了复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度。在横向拉伸载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度有所下降,断裂应变显著降低;在横向压缩载荷下,考虑热残余应力后,复合材料的强度略有下降,但失效应变基本保持不变。由于热残余应力的影响,复合材料的横向拉伸和压缩强度分别下降了10.5%和5.2%。      

碳纤维增强环氧树脂基复合材料湿热残余应力的微Raman光谱测试表征

采用微Raman光谱仪对碳纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料CF/EP(纤维体积分数为30%)的湿热残余应力进行了研究。实验结果表明：湿热残余应力能够使碳纤维Raman光谱发生频移,根据频移可对纤维所受湿热残余应力进行表征;选择合适的试验点是复合材料湿热残余应力Raman测试成功的关键;在湿热环境下长期吸湿,纤维所受轴向残余应力由吸湿前的热残余压应力转变成吸湿后的湿热残余拉应力;由吸湿后碳纤维所受湿热残余拉应力减去吸湿前热残余压应力获得的吸湿拉应力非常大,平均为2272 MPa,接近所用碳纤维的拉伸强度(2800 MPa);适当的加工热残余压应力有利于降低吸湿导致的应力。     

SiC纤维增强钛基复合材料残余应力的数值模拟

采用有限元模拟方法研究了SiC纤维和SiC/Ti-6Al-4V复合材料的制备过程,用正交实验分析技术计算了不同参数对SiC纤维残余应力和复合材料致密度及残余应力的影响规律。结果表明,对于SiC纤维的制备过程,降低沉积温度和C涂层厚度则WC反应层中的轴向热应力降低。对于复合材料的热等静压过程,热等静压温度和包套厚度对复合材料致密度的影响较大,热等静压时间和纤维体积分数对致密度的影响较小,随着热等静压温度的升高和包套厚度的降低复合材料的致密度提高;适当提高热等静压温度和纤维体积分数、降低包套厚度能大大增大基体的径向残余应力和适当提高热等静压温度和包套厚度、降低热等静压时间,能大大降低基体的环向残余应力。建议热等静压温度为950-960℃,热等静压时间为9 h,包套的厚度为70-80 mm,纤维的体积分数为45%-50%。SiC纤维增强钛基复合材料残余应力模拟结果与用拉曼光谱法测试的数值有一定的不同,但是其变化趋势相近。     

金属基复合材料中热残余应力的分析方法及其对复合材料组织和力学性能的影响

对目前金属基复合材料热残余应力的分析方法进行了概述,并对热残余应力对金属基复合材料的性能影响进行了分析,提出了目前在复合材料热残余应力的实验分析和理论计算中仍存在的问题以供材料科学工作者共同研究解决.     

高温下短纤维增强金属基复合材料界面的微观结构和热残余应力状态研究

利用透射电镜观察了δ-Al₂O₃短纤维增强Al-5.5Mg合金复合材料界面在不同环境温度下的微观结构特征。 同时, 基于该类复合材料的单纤维模型, 利用弹塑性有限元分析方法, 研究了在不同温度下界面热残余应力的大小和分布情况, 并讨论了热残余应力对界面行为的影响。 最后, 讨论了界面的微观结构和热残余应力特征对复合材料整体性能的影响。 研究表明, 不同环境温度下, 界面具有不同的微观结构和热残余应力特征, 这些特征的变化将引起复合材料整体性能的明显变化。     

铝合金板厚度对硼纤维/环氧复合材料单面修复效果的影响

采用单向硼纤维/环氧复合材料补片真空袋压工艺单面修复不同厚度含中心裂纹铝合金板,测试了修复试件的热学及准静态力学性能,并采用三维有限元模型分析了修复试件的残余热应变和应力强度因子。结果表明：修复试件的弯曲挠度随铝合金板厚度增大而减小;修复试件铝合金板下表面裂纹尖端附近的残余热应变随铝合金板厚度增大而增大,补片上表面的残余热应变则随铝合金板厚度增大而减小,这与有限元分析结果吻合较好。含中心裂纹铝合金板的应力强度因子随铝合金板厚度增大而减小,而单面修复试件的应力强度因子随铝合金板厚度增大而增大。采用相同长度和宽度的单向硼纤维/环氧复合材料补片单面修复后,铝合金板厚度为1. 76 mm修复试件的承载能力保留率为 93. 85 %,而厚度为 10. 20 mm修复试件的只有 84. 01 %;修复试件的刚度得到了完全恢复,等效刚度均大于完好试件的刚度。     

模具对复合材料构件固化变形的影响分析

通过光纤光栅的方法实验研究了在热压罐成型工艺过程中,复合材料构件由金属固化模具与复合材料构件热不匹配导致的沿厚度方向和面内的固化残余应力发展,得到了固化后残余应力沿构件厚度方向和面内的分布情况,并分析了该残余应力分布的产生机制以及对构件固化后变形的影响.结果表明:复合材料与模具之间的热不匹配导致的固化残余应变沿构件厚度方向呈梯度分布,靠近模具端大于远离模具端,并且该应变会引起构件固化后的翘曲变形,变形以沿纤维方向为主.     

不同界面SiC纤维束复合材料的拉伸力学行为

利用国产三代SiC纤维通过化学气相渗透工艺(CVI)制备不同界面厚度和基体体积分数的SiC纤维束复合材料,并对其拉伸力学行为进行研究;同时,通过有限元方法研究界面厚度和基体体积分数对SiC纤维束复合材料热残余应力的影响。有限元分析结果表明:该纤维束复合材料的界面存在较为明显的径向和环向热残余应力,而且这两种应力均随着界面厚度增加而减小,随着基体体积分数的增加而增加。拉伸实验结果表明:随着界面厚度增加SiC纤维束复合材料的拉伸强度有增大趋势,且纤维拔出长度也相应增加;但在界面厚度相同的情况下,过高的基体体积分数将导致复合材料拉伸强度和韧性下降。     

力、热载荷作用下纤维在复合材料中的界面应力传递行为

采用三维光弹性实验应力分析和有限元计算两种方法,在拉拔载荷和热残余应力联合作用下,对单丝拔出树脂基复合材料三维冻结切片界面剪应力进行了研究。实验结果和计算表明,在单纤维与基体界面的埋入端及埋入末端附近出现界面残余剪应力的极值;力、热载荷作用下纤维界面剪应力呈抛物线分布,单丝埋入端附近是应力的主要传递区域,最先达到危险应力,出现界面脱胶破坏,然后剪应力沿纤维埋入长度由纤维埋入端附近向埋入末端逐渐传递;界面热残余应力对界面剪应力的影响是使纤维埋入末端应力集中程度降低,使界面剪应力最大值增大。      

小孔释放法测纤维增强复合材料残余应力的释放系数

介绍了小孔释放法测量残余应力的原理,给出释放应变与残余应力之间的关系公式.针对纤维增强复合材料的属性特点,应用坐标系转换原理推导出通孔法测量复合材料残余应力时的应力释放系数公式.以碳纤维增强复合材料为例计算其残余应力测试过程中的释放系数,由此得到释放应变,并将计算结果与同一预应力下用有限元法计算的结果进行了对比.     

Analysis of Interfacial Coating Effect on Thermal Stress in Composites

A preliminary model for the analysis of thermo-mechanical behaviour of interfacial coatings on thefibers in unidirectional composites have been developed on the solution of thermo-elastic mechan-ics. Thermal stress would be introduced into the composite during cooling because of the mismatchof thermo-mechanical properties among their components. The low modulus coating can effectivelyreduce the interracial stress caused by different thermal expansion coefficient between fibers and ma-trix, no matter how high or low the expansion coefficients of coatings are in CF/Al and SiC/Ticomposite systems, however, high modulus coating can decrease the interfacial compressive stress,only when the thermal expansion coefficient of coating is lower.     

高温处理对3D C/SiC复合材料热膨胀性能的影响

研究了不同高温处理前后3D C/SiC复合材料热膨胀系数(CTE)的变化规律,从材料内部热应力变化及结构改变的角度定性地分析了其变化机理。研究发现,3D C/SiC复合材料的热膨胀系数受界面热应力的影响,其变化规律是纤维和基体相互限制、相互竞争的结果;高温处理可提高材料的热稳定性,并通过改变界面热应力及材料内部结构,来影响材料热膨胀系数的变化规律;通过增加基体裂纹来降低复合材料的低温热膨胀,但不影响其变化规律;通过改变材料内部结构,使热应力发生变化并重新分布,对复合材料的高温热膨胀产生显著影响。但高温处理没有改变3D C/SiC复合材料的基体裂纹愈合温度(900℃)。      

Electrophoretic deposition of aramid nanofibers on carbon fibers for highly enhanced interfacial adhesion at low content

Here, an anodic electrophoretic deposition was adopted to facilitate the large-scale uniform coating of nano-fillers onto carbon fibers to enhance the interfacial properties between carbon fibers and epoxy matrix. As interface–reinforcing materials, aramid nanofibers were introduced because of their superior mechanical properties and epoxy matrix-friendly functional groups. Furthermore, aramid nanofibers can be readily coated on carbon fibers via electrophoretic deposition because they are negatively-charged in solution with high electrical mobility. Finally, aramid nanofiber-coated carbon fibers showed significantly improved interfacial properties such as higher surface free energy and interfacial shear strengths (39.7% and 34.9% increases, respectively) than those of a pristine carbon fiber despite a very small amount of embedding (0.025 wt% of aramid nanofibers in a carbon fiber), and the short beam strength of the laminated composite prepared with the aramid nanofiber-coated carbon fibers was also improved by 17.0% compared to a non-modified composite.     

Interfacial failure behavior of PyC-Cf/AZ91D composite fabricated by LSEVI

Carbon fiber reinforced AZ91D matrix composites with pyrolytic (PyC) coating deposited on fiber surface (PyC-C_f/AZ91D composites) have been fabricated by Liquid-solid extrusion following vacuum pressure infiltration technique (LSEVI). Interfacial microstructure and failure behavior of the composites were investigated. Instead of interfacial reaction products, block-shaped interfacial precipitates Mg₁₇Al₁₂ were detected at the interface, which indicates that interfacial reaction was restrained by LSEVI and PyC coating. Nano-MgO was detected at the interface. Interfacial failure behavior of the PyC-C_f/AZ91D composites, which was the failure between PyC coating and AZ91D alloy due to the mismatch of thermal expansion and relatively poor bonding, was proposed. Fracture surface of the PyC-C_f/AZ91D composites was characterized by fibers pulling-out tests. PyC coating served not only as protection to the fibers, but also an adjustment of the interface of the composites.     

Measurement of Interfacial Fracture Toughness of Surface Coatings Using Pulsed-Laser-Induced Ultrasonic Waves

This research develops a new technique for the measurement of interfacial fracture toughness of films/surface coatings using laser-induced ultrasonic waves. Using pulsed laser ablation on the bottom substrate surface, strong stress waves are generated leading to interfacial fractures and coating delamination. Simultaneously, a laser ultrasonic interferometer is used to measure the normal (out-of-plane) displacement of the top surface coating in order to detect coating delamination in a non-destructive manner. We can thus determine the critical laser energy for delamination, yielding the critical stress (that is, the interfacial strength). Subsequently, to examine the interfacial fracture toughness, additional pulsed laser irradiation is applied to a pre-delaminated specimen to show that the delamination area expands. This type of interfacial crack growth can be visualized using laser ultrasonic scanning. Furthermore, the calculation of elastic wave propagation was carried out using a finite-difference time-domain method) in order to accurately estimate the interfacial stress field. In this calculation, the stress distribution around the initial delamination is calculated to obtain the stress intensity factor. Based on the experimental and computational results, interfacial fracture toughness can be quantitatively evaluated. Since this technique relies on a two-laser system in a non-contact approach, it may be useful for a quantitative evaluation of adhesion/bonding quality (including both interfacial fracture strength and toughness) in various environments.     

纤维／聚合物基体界面性能的原位表征

建立了复合材料界面强度原位测试系统，研制出界面剪切强度有限元分析软件并探讨了影响界面剪应力分析的因素，提出了改进的微观力学模型；利用该系统，研究了表面经不同改性处理的ＣＦ增强ＰＭＲ—１５聚酰亚胺复合材料界面的微观力学性能，结果表明：有效的表面处理可使ＣＦ／ＰＭＲ—１５界面剪切强度明显提高，并与其宏观性能具有较好的对应趋势。本文还初步探讨了界面破坏的过程。     

纤维/聚合物基体界面性能的原位表征

建立了复合材料界面强度原位测试系统,研制出界面剪切强度有限元分析软件并探讨了影响界面剪应力分析的因素,提出了改进的微观力学模型;利用该系统,研究了表面经不同改性处理的CF增强PMR-15聚酰亚胺复合材料界面的微观力学性能,结果表明:有效的表面处理可使CF/PMR-15界面剪切强度明显提高,并与其宏观性能具有较好的对应趋势。本文还初步探讨了界面破坏的过程。     

SMA丝表面纳米SiO_2改性对SMA/环氧树脂复合材料界面粘结强度的影响

为了研究形状记忆合金(SMA)丝增强环氧树脂复合材料的界面粘结行为,首先通过单纤维拔出试验测定了SMA/环氧树脂界面的粘结强度,重点考察了埋入深度对界面极限粘结强度及其拔出行为的影响。然后,结合ABAQUS有限元分析方法,利用基于表面内聚力行为的单元对SMA丝拔出过程中应力分布随拔出时间的变化关系进行了模拟。最后,针对SMA/环氧树脂复合材料界面粘结强度较弱的缺陷,提出了利用纳米SiO2改性SMA丝表面提升材料界面粘结强度的方法,并通过拔出试验进行了验证。结果表明:随着埋入深度从1.0cm增加到1.5cm和2.0cm,最大拔出载荷显著增加,平均界面粘结强度却逐渐下降。当纤维埋入深度为2.0cm时,在0.300s时临界脱粘出现。利用在SMA表面涂覆纳米SiO2颗粒的方法可以增加纤维的表面粗糙度,进而有效提高SMA丝增强环氧树脂复合材料的临界拔出强度。研究结论为SMA丝在实际工程领域中的应用提供了理论指导。     

Enhancing both strength and toughness of carbon/carbon composites by heat-treated interface modification

A simple method to increase both strength and toughness of carbon/carbon (C/C) composites is presented. This method is based on the heat treatment of the pre-deposited thin carbon coating, leading to the formation of more orderly pyrolytic carbon (PyC) as a functional interlayer between fiber and matrix that could optimize the interfacial sliding strength in C/C composites. Effects of such a heat-treated PyC layers on the microstructure, tensile strength and fracture behavior of unidirectional C/C composites were investigated. Results showed that although the in-situ fiber strength was deteriorated after the introduction of interfacial layer, tensile strength of the specimen was greatly improved by 38.5% compared with pure C/C composites without any treatment. The interfacial sliding stress sharply decreased, which was interpreted from finite element analysis and verified by Raman spectra. Therefore, the fracture behavior was changed from brittle fracture to multiple-matrix cracking induced non-linear mechanical behavior. Finally, the ultimate strength can be predicted by different models according to the interfacial sliding stress. Our research would provide a meaningful way to improve both strength and toughness of C/C composites.     

Long-term moisture effects on the interfacial shear strength between surface treated carbon fiber and epoxy matrix

In recent years, carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites have found increasing applications in marine and offshore area, where the CFRP components are subjected to a persistent attack of moisture. The performance degradation of composites under those critical service conditions becomes a key issue. In this work, silane coating and multiwalled carbon nanotubes were applied on carbon fibers to enhance the fiber/matrix interfacial bonding strength. The long-term effects of moisture on the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of the composites in underwater environments, such as de-ionized water and simulated seawater, have been studied using single fiber microbond method. The silane coating and carbon nanotube-modified silane coating are found to contribute 14.5% and 26.3% increase in IFSS of the CFRP in dry air, and well maintain this improvement during a 120-day immersion test in de-ionized water and simulated seawater.