Experimental study on the performance of a simultaneous heating and cooling multi-heat pump with the variation of operation mode

The cooling load in the winter season becomes significant in commercial buildings and hotels because of the wide usage of office equipment and improved wall insulation. In this study, a simultaneous heating and cooling multi-heat pump having four indoor units and an outdoor unit was designed and tested in five operation modes: cooling-only, heating-only, cooling-main, heating-main, and entire heat recovery. The performance of the system with R410a was optimized by adjusting the system's control parameters. In the cooling-main mode, the rate of the bypass flow to the heating-operated indoor unit was optimized by controlling the EEV opening of the outdoor unit. In the heating-main mode, the mass flow rate to the cooling-operated indoor unit was optimized by adjusting the EEV opening in the outdoor unit. In the entire heat recovery mode, the compressor speed was controlled to improve the system COP with appropriate heating and cooling capacities.     

使用电子膨胀阀的热泵热水器动态性能数值模拟与实验研究

在不同的环境工况下对使用电子膨胀阀的热泵热水器系统动态性能进行了实验研究,测量了电子膨胀阀不同开度条件下热泵热水器的动态制热量、性能系数等参数,分析了电子膨胀阀开度对热泵热水器性能的影响.同时,对热泵热水器系统动态性能进行了数值模拟,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了比较.结果表明:在电子膨胀阀某一开度下,系统性能系数存在一个最大值;对于电子膨胀阀不同开度,在加热初始阶段,电子膨胀阀开度较大时系统COP和制热量较高,而在加热后期则恰恰相反.通过在不同加热时段使用电子膨胀阀不同开度实验发现,系统性能得到显著提高,最大可提高7.6％.热泵系统性能数值模拟与实验结果的变化趋势一致,说明数学模型和计算方法是可行的.     

Performance comparison between a single-stage and a cascade multi-functional heat pump for both air heating and hot water supply

Multi heat pumps have been widely used in buildings due to their higher energy efficiency. Recently, demands for multi-functional heat pumps, which can provide heating, cooling, and water heating in a building, have been increased. In this study, a cascade multi-functional heat pump, combining a multi heat pump using R410A for air heating with a water heating unit using R134a for hot water supply, was investigated experimentally. The performance of the cascade multi-functional heat pump was measured by varying the refrigerant charge amount, EEV opening, water flow rate, and water inlet temperature. Test results were compared with those of a single-stage multi-functional heat pump using R410A for air and water heating. The cascade multi-functional heat pump adopting the water heating unit showed more stable air and water heating operations and higher water outlet temperatures than the single-stage multi-functional heat pump.     

节能除湿型热泵空调机的性能研究

研究了进水温度、进风工况对节能除湿型热泵空调机性能的影响,实验结果表明:(1)在除湿模式下,进风工况对机组的制冷量、除湿量、压缩机功耗及其COP的影响比进水温度的影响要明显。(2)在热泵模式下,进水温度对机组的制热量、出风干球温度、压缩机功耗及其COP的影响比进风工况的影响要明显。     

Experimental investigation on the performance of a transcritical CO2 heat pump with multi-ejector expansion system

Carbon dioxide is becoming an interesting option also for HVAC heating appliances due to its eco-friendly characteristics. The incurrence of transcritical cycles makes the use of ejectors attractive to improve performance. Part load conditions and varied ambient temperatures imply the use of variable geometry systems of appropriate design to keep their efficiency high. This paper investigates experimentally a multi-ejector air-to-water CO₂ heat pump for heating needs, measuring the performance of the system and of each component under partial and full load conditions. A sensitivity analysis was run varying, separately or in a combined way, the following parameters or operating conditions: ejector area ratio in a range of 33.1–86.6%; compressor frequency in the range of 30–60 Hz; ambient temperature in the range of −15–12 °C according to the standard UNI EN 14511/2011. The results show the possibility to reach an optimum of the COP by varying the ejector area, once the other parameters are fixed, as a consequence of the ejector regulation on the pressures at the inlet and outlet of the compressor.     

AHRI 1230热回收多联机性能指标——SCHE评价方法分析

介绍AHRI 1230标准中专门针对热回收多联机提出的冷热同步能效（SCHE）的评价方法,并按该方法对机组进行测试,举例说明热回收多联机冷热同步模式下的高能效特点,为我国多联机行业制定热回收多联机性能测试评价方法提供参考。     

变容量家庭能源中心制冷兼制热水模式性能实验研究

现有的多功能热泵机组的制冷兼制热水模式存在结构复杂、能量控制难以满足需求等问题,为此,提出基于数码涡旋压缩机的变容量家庭能源中心系统,并确定制冷兼制热水模式的机组性能系数计算方法。通过实验对比分析制冷兼制热水模式和单独制冷模式的性能,结果表明:与单独制冷模式相比,制冷兼制热水模式的制冷量有所衰减,但机组的总能量输出和性能系数分别提高了17.3%和36.8%。实验研究制冷兼制热水模式在水箱初始温度、不同压缩机负荷和不同环境温度下的动态特性和性能表现。通过分析该模式在各种工况下的性能变化规律,总结控制策略,可保证该模式的安全高效运行。     

Influence of the expansion device on the performance of a heat pump using R407C under a range of charging conditions

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of the expansion device on the performance of a water-to-water heat pump using R407C, which has been considered as one of the alternative refrigerants to replace R22 with “soft-optimization”, at various charging conditions. The heat pump applying the expansion devices of a capillary tube and an EEV was tested by varying refrigerant charge amount from −20% to +20% of full charge and changing water temperature entering the condenser from 30 °C to 42 °C, while maintaining water temperature entering the evaporator at 25 °C. The R22 capillary tube system is utilized as a baseline unit for the performance comparison with the R407C system. The performance of the capillary tube system is more sensitive to off-design charge than that of the EEV system. As the refrigerant charge deviates from the full charge, the R407C EEV system shows a much lower degradation of capacity and COP as compared to the R22 and R407C capillary tube systems due to an optimum control of superheat by electronically adjusting the EEV opening. In addition, the R407C EEV system shows more a stable compressor discharge temperature at off-design charge than the R407C capillary tube system.     

Cooling performance of a variable speed CO2 cycle with an electronic expansion valve and internal heat exchanger

The cooling performance of a CO₂ cycle must be improved to develop a competitive air-conditioning system with the conventional air-conditioners using HFCs. In this study, the cooling performance of a variable speed CO₂ cycle was measured and analyzed by varying the refrigerant charge amount, compressor frequency, EEV opening, and length of an internal heat exchanger (IHX). The basic CO₂ system without the IHX showed the maximum cooling COP of 2.1 at the compressor discharge pressure of 9.2 MPa and the optimum normalized charge of 0.282. The cooling COP decreased with the increase of compressor frequency at all normalized charges. The optimum EEV opening increased with compressor frequency. Simultaneous control of EEV opening and compressor frequency allowed optimum control of the compressor discharge pressure. The optimal compressor discharge pressure of the modified CO₂ cycle with the IHX was reduced by 0.5 MPa. The IHX increased the cooling capacity and COP of the CO₂ cycle by 6.2–11.9% and 7.1–9.1%, respectively, at the tested compressor frequencies from 40 to 60 Hz.     

可变内容积比螺杆式压缩机的性能分析

随着冷水机组、单元式空调机和水源热泵机组等产品的能效指标从名义工况EER或COP发展到IPLV或ICOP,机组的变容量或变工况性能主要取决于压缩机的变容量或变工况性能。固定内容积比的螺杆式压缩机如果在偏离设计工况下工作,效率下降,进而导致整个机组的性能下降。本文研究变内容积比螺杆式压缩机,内容积比可变化,使得压缩机内压比与外压比与工况相适应,可提升压缩机效率及机组性能。应用于冷水机组、水源热泵机组时,水源热泵机组在制冷工况时能效比可提高14.1%～35%,冷水机组的IPLV可提高7.2%左右。     

太阳能复合能源空调热水系统中热泵系统换热性能的试验研究

通过将太阳能热水系统和空调热泵系统结合,设计出太阳能复合能源空调系统.针对该新型系统中的热泵空调热水子系统进行研究,在标准工况下,分别对该系统的3种模式下的换热性能进行试验,数据分析结果表明该系统比传统系统更为高效的,其单独制冷模式下系统最高COP可达5.34,单独热水模式下的静态加热系统COP可达5.78,制冷兼热水模式下系统COP可达4.5.     

带闪蒸器的家用变频空气源热泵试验研究

对带闪蒸器的家用变频空气源热泵在制冷及制热工况下进行测试,结果表明,整机能力和能效在高温制冷及低温制热工况下均有较大幅度的提升,适用于气候工况较为恶劣的地区。     

Experimental analysis of a novel cooling system driven by liquid refrigerant pump and vapor compressor

This study introduced a novel energy saving cooling system, i.e. a combined cycle coupled with a traditional vapor compression cycle with a pumped liquid two-phase cooling cycle. The system has two operation modes, i.e. the compression cycle mode driven by compressor and the pump cycle mode driven by refrigerant pump. A multi-purpose test bench was constructed to experimentally evaluate the performance of the integrated cycle system under various operation conditions. The effects of cycle working condition and the shift temperature between the two operation modes on the overall cycle performance were investigated in detail. It is found that the novel cycle system has a higher EER compared to the traditional compressor system when the ambient temperature is relatively low. The further experimental results and comparative annual energy saving analysis also indicated that the proper shift temperature is about −5 °C from the system EER and cooling capacity point of view.     

电动汽车用热泵空调系统设计与实验

针对纯电动汽车设计了一套蒸汽压缩式冷暖双模式热泵空调系统,并搭建了实验测试台进行了测试,对不同环境温度下系统的制热模式进行了实验分析,结果表明设计的热泵空调系统具有可行性,能在短时间内达到车室内温度需求。热泵空调的性能受外界环境的影响较大,环境温度越低,系统压力越低,压缩机排气温度越低,单位时间内制热量越少。     

Simulation model for complex refrigeration systems based on two-phase fluid network – Part I: Model development

Some complex refrigeration and heat pump systems with several condensers and evaporators have been developed for different kinds of application. Traditional simulation models were developed for systems in certain operating modes and they failed in modeling the complex refrigeration systems with uncertainties of heat exchangers function and refrigerant flowing direction. In order to predict the performance of complex refrigeration systems, a simulation model is presented based on the two-phase fluid network. The model is consisted of distributed-parameter model of heat exchangers and connecting tubes, map-based model of inverter compressor and electronic expansion valve (EEV). Based on the characteristic of refrigeration system and fluid network, the three conservation equations, i.e. energy, momentum and mass equations, are solved iteratively. This model can deal with the uncertainty of refrigerant flow direction by separating the solving process of the components and the fluid network model, and therefore can simulate different kinds of complex refrigeration systems in different operating modes and conditions. The model is validated by the experimental data of an inverter air conditioner in heating/cooling operating modes and it shows the error of the model is mainly determined by the error of submodels of components in calculating heat transfer and pressure loss. The model is applied for performance analysis of three kinds of complex refrigeration systems in the accompanying article [Shi W.X., Shao, S.Q., Li, X.T., Yan, Q.S., 2008. Simulation model for complex heat pump systems based on two-phase fluid network: part II – model applications, International Journal of Refrigeration 31 (3), 500–509.].     

多联式空调（热泵）机组能效的理论极限

分析多联式空调（热泵）机组的换热器热平衡,推导其综合性能系数极限值的计算方法,并用该计算方法计算得知,在GB/T18837—2002规定的工况下,多联机IPLV（C）的极限值为18.19,IPLV（H）的极限值为10.35。指出若不能通过改进盘管设计、增大换热面积、提高盘管换热效率的方法使满负荷下的室内盘管空气温差和室外盘管空气温差分别低于8℃和10℃,多联机的综合性能系数将很难突破以上极限。     

Experimental study of sensible heat recovery of heat pump during heating and ventilation

Indoor space requires heating, cooling and ventilating for maintaining human occupant space to a comfortable level. Heat pump system is now widely used since it has the capabilities of providing both cooling and heating with a single unit. Ventilation, which exhausts the contaminated indoor air and brings in the fresh outdoor air is essential for maintaining pleasant indoor air quality. Ventilation, however, causes energy loss since air-conditioning is necessary to change the state of outdoor air to that of indoor. When outdoor air is introduced into the interior space, it must be cooled or heated to bring it to the indoor space condition. In this work, three methods of recovering sensible heat during heating and ventilation process of heat pump have been studied experimentally. Those methods are by a separate sensible heat exchanger, introduction of indoor air to the evaporator (single heat recovery), and finally a combination of fore-mentioned two methods (double heat recovery). An air-source heat pump system with none, single and double heat recovery capabilities has been built and tested in two constant-temperature and constant-humidity thermal chambers that simulate the indoor and outdoor environments. From the experiment performed under standard heating condition with a ventilation ratio of 23.1%, coefficient of performance for none, sensible heat exchanger, single and double heat recoveries were 2.88, 3.20, 3.18 and 3.28, respectively. Double heat recovery heat pump that has the ventilation and double heat recovery functions integrated into a single unit showed the best COP performance.     

电动汽车热泵空调系统的试验研究

介绍研制的电动汽车热泵空调系统及其配用的双工作腔滑片压缩机的性能,依据测试样机的试验结果分析了转速对该空调系统制冷量、输入功率及COP等性能的影响。     

VZH088、117、170 C系列直流变频涡旋压缩机技术简述

本文对某公司开发的VZH088、117、170 C系列新版直流变频涡旋压缩机技术特点进行了介绍。VZH088、117、170 C制冷量范围从3冷吨至26冷吨,转速范围为1 500 rpm^6 000 rpm,主要应用于冷水机组,屋顶机,数据中心等;采用永磁电机技术,提高了整个速度范围的能效;采用变频控制技术,可以根据不同的工况调整压缩机转速,避免了频繁起停,提高了温度控制的精度和环境舒适性;采用了中间排气技术,提高了部分负荷工况性能;优化的轴承系统设计,提高了高蒸发温度应用工况下压缩机的可靠性;泵油和供油系统系统的设计可保证低速时足够的供油量和高速时低的油循环率。     

电动汽车空调热泵型涡旋压缩机结构分析

为了解决电动汽车空调系统冬季采暖问题,针对冬季空调工况下压缩机单级压比增大的运行特性,以涡旋压缩机制热性能系数为热力学优化目标函数,确定了制冷剂循环系统中的最佳补气压力,优化了涡旋压缩机静涡旋盘上的中间补气口的几何位置和形状,使其具备了准双级压缩功能。将研发的热泵型电动涡旋压缩机安装于电动汽车空调系统,利用空气焓差法对系统进行了制热、制冷性能实验。实验结果表明,静涡旋盘结构优化后的热泵型电动涡旋压缩机,其制热和制冷能力可以满足5人座电动汽车司乘人员的冬季和夏季舒适性要求,并且具有较高的制热和制冷性能系数,从而提升了汽车空调系统热泵循环和制冷循环的热经济性,达到了节能的目的。