对冰箱换热器使用的管道材料的分析

目的:分析冰箱制冷系统中起热交换作用的两器(蒸发器、冷凝器)管道材料铜、铁、铝三者的性能、经济性的对比关系,探讨冰箱管材料用非铜管替代铜管的可行性和应用价值.方法:对实际冰箱进行管道材料替代的经济性、性能的对比理论分析与实验研究.材料:冰箱、ACR铜管、连续挤压铝管、邦迪管(含焊管).结果:理论和实践都证明冰箱换热器原铜管用管径相近的等长的非铜管替代后,在生产工艺上采取防蚀、锁环连接等相应措施,不会对冰箱的整机性能造成不良影响,且整机材料成本下降.结论:得出了用邦迪管、铝管替代在冰箱中使用最广泛的紫铜管,在工艺和技术上可行,并能有效降低冰箱的生产成本.     

空调器室外机热交换器铜管失效分析

某商用空调器室外机安装使用1年后,经清洁公司清理其水垢后发现铜管内冷却水泄露.经查,为室外机热交换器铜管发生穿孔.对铜管使用环境和铜管材质进行化学分析,对该穿孔部位进行了能谱分析,对穿孔处横截面金相分析.结论显示铜管失效为硬水(碱性)条件下的孔蚀,清理中带入的腐蚀性元素加速了铜管失效的速度.     

空调机热交换器铜管泄漏原因分析

空调器热交换器铜管有氟里昂泄漏现象,对泄漏铜管进行了宏观、金相和微观电镜分析.铜管泄漏的主要原因是焊接温度过高,出现过热和过烧组织,致使晶界弱化而泄漏.     

凝汽器铜管氨腐蚀的研究

研究了影响凝汽器铜管氨腐蚀的因素与规律,以确定防止凝汽器氨腐蚀的途径.将HAl77-2A铜管管样在10种氨浓度、两种溶解氧浓度的溶液中浸泡45d,测定溶液的溶解氧变化情况,用失重法、原子吸收法测定铜管管样腐蚀速率;在6种温度、两种溶解氧、4种氨浓度条件下研究温度对铜管腐蚀速率的影响.氨液浓度小于800mg/L时,铜管氨腐蚀轻微,氨液浓度为800～1000mg/L时铜管腐蚀速率明显增大,且随氨液浓度的增大而增加;开口状态下铜管腐蚀速率比闭口时大,温度升高时同一氨液浓度下铜管腐蚀速率增大.凝汽器铜管氨腐蚀主要影响因素是溶解氧与氨液浓度,氨液浓度超过800mg/L后,腐蚀速率随氨浓度、氧含量、温度的增加而增大;用失重法与原子吸收法测定铜管腐蚀速率基本一致.     

稀土对上引连铸铜管坯质量影响的研究

通过上引连铸实验、力学性能检测和金相观察,研究了上引连铸中加入稀土添加剂对铜管坯机械性能的影响.研究结果表明,添加1#稀土的铜管坯抗拉强度平均提高6.03%,延伸率平均提高10.37%;添加2#稀土的铜管坯抗拉强度平均提高3.03%,延伸率平均提高12.94%.且实验结果确认了稀土在上引连铸生产铜管中的有利作用.     

不同浓度氨溶液中铜管的腐蚀机理

为了解铜管的氨腐蚀机理,采用电化学阻抗谱、扫描电镜(SEM)和失重试验对铜管在有氧条件下于不同浓度氨溶液中的腐蚀行为进行了研究.结果表明,氨含量小于100 mg/L时,铜管腐蚀非常轻微,大于500 mg/L时腐蚀加剧,浓度越高腐蚀越严重.氨浓度较低和较高时铜管腐蚀机理和产物不同:氨浓度小于2 000 mg/L时,铜管表面生成黑色产物膜[CuO和Cu(OH)2],开路电位正移,阻抗增加,且该过程发生在前期6 d,之后不再有明显变化,这说明产物膜的生成对铜管具有保护作用,铜管氨腐蚀发展迅速,一周之内趋于稳定;氨浓度大于2 000 mg/L时铜管腐蚀为活化溶解,生成可溶的铜氨配离子,表面没有产物膜机理生成,开路电位和阻抗都没有明显变化.     

核电站用离心式冷水机组换热器铜管腐蚀泄漏分析

某核电站用离心式冷水机组蒸发器/冷凝器铜管在投运前发生制冷剂泄漏,通过对泄漏点进行微观分析,并从设备制造工艺过程排查产生问题的原因,确认换热器铜管在出厂前内壁残留了少量的空压机润滑油.残留的润滑油在一定潮湿空气中长期暴露而水解酸化形成铜管敏感的羧基酸根介质,进而在铜管表面产生电化学反应形成蚁巢腐蚀,最终造成泄漏.     

温度交变对翅片管换热器性能影响的实验研究

试验研究了温度交变对铜管-铜翅片蒸发器和铜管-铝翅片蒸发器空气侧压降和换热性能的影响.实验结果表明,全新铜管-铜翅片蒸发器空气侧压降比全新铜管-铝翅片蒸发器空气侧压降大,但温度交变后两者空气侧压降几乎一致,具有相同的长效压降特性;温度交变会导致铜管-铜翅片蒸发器和铜管-铝翅片蒸发器换热性能下降,在风量为400m3/h时减少的最多,铝翅片蒸发器减少1091.5W,铜翅片蒸发器减少704.8W;与温度交变前相比,铜翅片蒸发器换热系数下降8.1％～25.2％,铝翅片蒸发器换热系数下降10.6％～40.7％,铜管-铜翅片蒸发器具有更好的长效特性.     

水力发电机冷油器铜管的腐蚀失效分析

某水力发电机冷油器用铜管在服役期内出现腐蚀穿孔失效问题.结合其工况,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射、EDS及金相显微镜等对被腐蚀铜管的形貌、成分及组织进行分析研究.结果 表明:该水电厂运行工况欠佳,造成泥沙与微生物沉积,导致铜管发生垢下腐蚀,水质中Cl-超标又进一步促进了腐蚀的发生.     

火力发电厂凝汽器铜管的腐蚀与防护

介绍了火力发电厂凝汽器铜管在使用寿命期间的腐蚀状况,指出黄铜管的腐蚀主要表现为脱锌腐蚀、应力腐蚀开裂和冲蚀等,分析讨论了其各自的腐蚀机理及相应的控制措施,介绍了铜管主要保护方法--硫酸亚铁成膜技术,对控制电厂铜管腐蚀提供一定的参考.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Assessment of intakes of mixtures of radionuclides

Australia has several uranium mines and a large number of mineral sand mines, with associated processing facilities. Exposures resulting from these mining and processing operations usually involve intakes of mixtures of radionuclides. This work describes the development of a suite of first order, linear compartment models, based on the ICRP Publication 66 respiratory tract model, and an analytical solution to the decay equations, for assessing the consequences of such intakes. The computer programs based on these models directly compute excretion, organ retention and organ and whole-body doses for intakes of either single radionuclides or any mixture of radionuclides belonging to the same radioactive decay chain. The intake can be via inhalation, ingestion or injection, and can be acute, chronic or of limited duration. The starting concentration and degree of secular (dis)equilibrium can be specified for each radionuclide. No assumptions need to be made about the relative magnitudes of the radioactive half-lives of the different nuclides.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Analysis of anisotropy of properties on the basis of studies of texture of coarse-grained ingots of thermoelectric materials

An analysis of anisotropy of the properties of a Bi₂Se_0.3Te_2.7 solid solution was carried out using construction of demonstrative surfaces for thermoelectric effectiveness and thermal expansion coefficients. It is shown that the texture is an important factor forming anisotropy of properties and technological fitness of ingots for manufacturing modules. Anisotropy of properties based on the studies of the ingot textures obtained using the float-zone method and Bridgman method (growing thermoelectric plates in a flat cavity) was studied.