典型Hopkinson压杆装置的校准问题探讨

典型Hopkinson压杆装置作为动态力学领域普遍采用的一种冲击加载手段,目前国内还未建立相关校准规范或标准。根据典型Hopkinson压杆试验装置和压杆校准装置的结构组成,分析得到Hopkinson压杆装置校准所涉及的主要参数,并对其可行性进行简单的说明。     

混凝土恒定围压下冲击加载实验装置研制

研制可实现混凝土、岩石及土等非均匀材料恒定围压下轴向冲击压缩加载实验装置,研究复杂应力状态下高应变率力学性能。该装置通过围压油缸及轴向油缸对试件施加静水压,利用大直径分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)进行轴向冲击加载,测量恒定围压下材料动态应力-应变曲线。该装置具有冲击加载前试件处于静水压状态、轴向冲击加载过程中试件围压保持恒定不变等优点。结果表明,围压对混凝土材料动态力学性能影响明显。     

火工品动态惯性过载模拟试验及数值仿真技术研究

文章采用Hopkinson压杆技术和装置对典型火工品进行自由式应力波加载,检测火工品在30000g～250000g动态惯性过载范围内的安全性,并运用Ansys/Ls-dyna进行了数值仿真,数值计算与模拟实验结果吻合,解决了火工品超高g值环境模拟的难题.     

被动围压条件下岩石材料冲击压缩试验研究

为研究煤矿岩石材料被动围压条件下动态力学性能和变形破坏规律,利用Ø50mm变截面分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验装置,对45#钢质套筒环向约束状态下煤矿岩石试件进行了不同加载速率冲击压缩试验。试验结果表明：被动围压条件下SHPB试验中,岩石试件的材料延性和抗破坏能力均得到增强,试件轴向应力是采用同种加载条件无围压SHPB试验时的1.2倍,破坏应变比无围压SHPB试验提高2～3倍,且径向应力随轴向应变增大总体呈上升趋势,试件破坏为压剪破坏模式,与无围压SHPB试验有所不同。     

基于全光纤激光干涉测速技术的拉氏反分析方法应用于脆性材料动态本构关系研究

基于多探头全光纤激光干涉测速技术,在分离式Hopkinson压杆系统上,搭建了长杆试件拉氏反分析实验装置,用于研究脆性材料的动态本构关系。为了监测长杆试件轴向质点速度,提出了激光斜入射新方法,并检验了新方法的可行性和准确性;基于一维应力波传播理论,建立了欧拉质点速度与拉格朗日质点速度之间换算关系,对于脆性材料而言,其断裂应变很小,在拉氏反分析时可以忽略两者之间的差异。利用实测的多质点速度时程曲线,通过构建路径线连接整个速度场,再结合零初始条件,实现了拉氏反分析方法的数值求解,获得了脆性材料有机玻璃(PMMA)的动态应力-应变曲线,并与Hopkinson压杆实验和准静态压缩实验的结果进行了对比。     

一种钢板材料动态拉伸本构方程确定以及试件尺度效应研究

采用数值模拟方法,优化设计了Hopkinson拉伸实验中,QP980CR钢的片状试件尺度。对所设计的试件,在MTS(810材料试验机)上进行了准静态拉伸试验,在Hopkinson拉杆装置上进行了不同应变率及不同温度的动态拉伸试验。由准静态及动态拉伸试验结果,确定了试件材料的J-C型动态拉伸本构方程。基于确定的试件动态拉伸本构方程,采用数值模拟方法,研究了Hopkinson拉伸试验中,试件的形状和尺度对测试结果的影响。     

灰岩和白云岩动态压缩力学性能的SHPB实验

为了得到爆破荷载作用下岩石的破坏特性及爆破振动波的传播特性,利用RMT-150C多功能实验机和改进后的ф50mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆装置,分别研究灰岩和白云岩试件的静态力学特性和在5种不同应变率等级下的动态力学性能。实验结果表明,随着平均应变率的增加,灰岩和白云岩试件的动态抗压强度、峰值应变、吸收能、比能量吸收值以及破碎程度都明显增加,表现出显著的应变率效应,而初始弹性模量对应变率的相关性不敏感。从岩石的动态抗压强度和能量吸收两个方面,对比分析灰岩和白云岩动态力学性能的共性和差异性,更合理地解释了岩石在动态冲击荷载下的破坏本质。     

灰岩和白云岩动态压缩力学性能的SHPB实验

为了得到爆破荷载作用下岩石的破坏特性及爆破振动波的传播特性,利用RMT-150C多功能实验机和改进后的ф50mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆装置,分别研究灰岩和白云岩试件的静态力学特性和在5种不同应变率等级下的动态力学性能。实验结果表明,随着平均应变率的增加,灰岩和白云岩试件的动态抗压强度、峰值应变、吸收能、比能量吸收值以及破碎程度都明显增加,表现出显著的应变率效应,而初始弹性模量对应变率的相关性不敏感。从岩石的动态抗压强度和能量吸收两个方面,对比分析灰岩和白云岩动态力学性能的共性和差异性,更合理地解释了岩石在动态冲击荷载下的破坏本质。     

Hopkinson压杆用于加速度计动态校准的实验研究

利用Hopkinson压杆,建立了一套加速度计冲击校准装置,对量程为100000m／s2的压电加速度计进行了动态校准实验,获取了不同幅值下加速度计的灵敏度系数,并进行了频响分析,获取了被校加速度计的工作频带。结果表明,设计的脉冲整形器符合校准加速度计的要求,Hopkinson压杆校准系统用于高量程加速度计的校准是基本可行的,校准不确定度在10％以内。     

碳化龄期对水泥砂浆动态力学特性影响试验研究

为了研究碳化龄期对混凝土动态力学性能的影响,利用碳化试验箱对水泥砂浆试件环向圆周面进行0d、3d、7d、14d、28d的碳化模拟,并采用直径Φ50 mm分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验装置开展不同碳化龄期的水泥砂浆冲击压缩试验,得到了试件动态抗压强度、动态弹性模量、动态峰值应变和破碎块度与碳化龄期的关系.结果表明:由于碳化过程生成的CaCO3结晶充填水泥砂浆表面的孔隙形成碳化层,砂浆试件的动态抗压强度、动态弹性模量随着碳化龄期的延长而增加,从0 d到28 d,动态抗压强度平均值增加了2.06倍、动态弹性模量平均值提高了65.24％;随碳化深度的增加,碳化层的约束作用逐渐显现,碳化龄期14 d和28 d的试件表现出一定的应力增强效应;碳化层的脆性破坏导致其约束作用失效,使得试件的峰值应变随碳化龄期的延长而减小,降低了试件的变形能力,试件破坏形态随碳化龄期的延长逐渐趋于大块,冲击后试件大于7 mm的碎块质量比由碳化龄期0 d的47.65％增加到碳化龄期28 d的94.90％.     

冲击载荷下CFRP及GFRP层板断裂韧性的研究

利用Hopkinson杆加载装置, 对带有单边切口的炭纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)及玻璃纤维增强复合材料(GFRP)层板试件进行冲击拉伸加载实验。根据一维应力波理论求得作用于试件上的载荷P(t)和试件加载点的位移δ(t)。 根据试样中应力随时间的变化历史σ(t), 并基于断裂韧性测试原理, 建立了动态应力强度因子K_Ⅰ (t)响应曲线。利用柔度变化率方法确定起裂时间, 分别得到在两种加载速率下CFRP、 GFRP层板的动态断裂韧性。结果表明, 随着加载速率的提高, 这两种复合材料的断裂韧性降低。      

Analysis of modified split Hopkinson pressure bar dynamic fracture test using an inertia model

A split Hopkinson pressure bar (two-bar set-up) has been modified to perform dynamic three-point bend tests to measure dynamic fracture toughness, and to understand the influences of various experimental parameters, as well as inertial effects, on the dynamic material response. Modeling and analysis of the dynamic three-point bend test, as loaded by a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar, is conducted. The effects of support motion, crack propagation and plastic contact stiffness on total sample deflection are investigated. The effects of crack propagation and plastic contact stiffness on the contribution of support motion to the total sample deflection are also investigated theoretically and experimentally in this paper. Further, the effects of crack propagation and plastic contact stiffness on impactor and sample load are also addressed.     

Experimental and numerical study on dynamic fracture behaviour of AISI 1045 steel for compressor crankshaft

Dynamic fracture behaviour of AISI 1045 steel for compressor crankshaft was studied by experimental and numerical methods. True stress–strain relations of the material under different strain rates were measured, and dynamic constitutive model with consideration to strain‐hardening and strain‐rate hardening was proposed. Dynamic fracture tests loaded by Hopkinson pressure bar were carried out, and fracture toughness was determined using a finite element method with the combination of ABAQUS and Zencrack software. Loading states of the specimen and determination methods of the dynamic fracture toughness were discussed. By comparing the fracture behaviours under quasi‐static and dynamic conditions, it was found that the fracture modes exhibited a transition from ductile to brittle fracture with the increasing loading rate, and the dynamic fracture toughness value was less than the quasi‐static one.     

Variations of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Si—B—O—N Ceramics with Sintering Temperatures

Si-B-O-N powder without B-O bonds synthesized by polymeric precursor were hot-pressed into ceramics at different tempera-tures.The variations of microstructure and mechanical properties of Si-B-O-N ceramics have been investigated.Crystallization of Si-B-O-N ceramics occurred at about 1400℃.Density, elastic modulus,and flexural strength of the ceramics increased with the increasing sintering temperatures, and reached to their maximum values at 1600℃ .By contrast, hardness and frac-ture toughness of the ceramics monotonically changed with increasing sintering temperatures.Hardness decreased,while the fracture toughness increased.The principal toughening mechanisms including crack deflection, crack bridging and plate grain pulling-out effects are discussed.     

霍普金森杆冲击压缩单裂纹圆孔板的岩石动态断裂韧度试验方法

对压缩单裂纹圆孔板(single cleavage drilled compression--SCDC)砂岩试样,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)冲击加载,进行了岩石张开型(I型)动态断裂实验。分别采用2种方法确定砂岩的动态断裂韧度,第1种方法是实验-数值法:由SHPB弹性杆上应变片获得作用在试件上的加载力,然后输入有限元分析程序求得试样裂尖动态应力强度因子,对应于裂尖起裂时刻的动态应力强度因子即为材料动态断裂韧度值;第2种方法是准静态法:将载荷峰值代入静态应力强度因子公式确定动态断裂韧度。2种方法的结果差异较大,对无量纲裂纹长度a/R= 0.64(A组)试样,准静态方法确定的断裂韧度值要比实验-数值法确定的断裂韧度值平均要小35%~62%;对无量纲裂纹长度a/R=1.61(B组)试样,准静态方法的计算结果比实验-数值法的计算结果平均要小72%~83%。从原理上讲,实验-数值法比准静态法能更合理地测定岩石的动态断裂韧度。     

A method for testing interlaminar dynamic fracture toughness of polymeric composites

Static and dynamic Mode I delamination fracture in two polymeric fiber composites was studied using a WIF test method. The dynamic test was conducted on a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus. Crack speeds up to 1000 m/s were achieved. Dynamic fracture and crack propagation were modeled by the finite element method. Dynamic initiation fracture toughness of S2/8552 and IM7/977-3 composites were obtained. The dynamic fracture toughness of IM7/977-3 associated with the high speed propagating crack was extracted from the finite element simulation based on the measured data. It was found that the dynamic fracture toughness of the delamination crack propagating at a speed up to 1000 m/s approximately equals the static fracture toughness.     

有机玻璃纯Ⅰ型和纯Ⅱ型动态断裂行为的实验研究

采用尖槽式中心切口圆盘试件,在分离式霍布金森压杆试验装置上对有机玻璃纯Ⅰ型和纯Ⅱ型加载条件下的动态断裂行为进行了实验研究。结果表明,加载速率对有机玻璃的断裂行为有显著的影响,有机玻璃纯Ⅰ型和纯Ⅱ型断裂韧度的测试结果均表现出明显的加载速率相关性,且随着加载速率的增加而增大。     

Study of mode I crack dynamic propagation behaviour and rock dynamic fracture toughness by using SCT specimens

To study crack dynamic propagation behaviour and rock dynamic fracture toughness, a single cleavage triangle (SCT) specimen was proposed in this paper. By using these specimens and a drop‐weight test system, impact experiments were conducted, and the crack propagation velocity and the fracture time were measured by using crack propagation gauges. To examine the effectiveness of the SCT specimen and to predict the test results, finite difference numerical models were established by using AUTODYN code, and the simulation results showed that the crack propagation path agrees with the test results, and crack arrest phenomena could happen. Meanwhile, by using these numerical models, the crack dynamic propagation mechanism was investigated. Finite element code ABAQUS was applied in the calculation of crack dynamic stress intensity factors (SIFs) based on specimen dimension and the loading curves measured, and the curves of crack dynamic SIFs versus time were obtained. The fracture toughness (including initiation toughness and propagation toughness) was determined according to the fracture time and crack speeds measured by crack propagation gauges. The results show that the SCT specimen is applicable to the study of crack dynamic propagation behaviour and fracture toughness, and in the process of crack propagation, the propagation toughness decreases with crack propagation velocity, and the crack arrest phenomena could happen. The critical SIF of an arrest crack (or arrest toughness) was higher than the crack propagation toughness but was lower than the initiation toughness.     

Quasi-static and dynamic fracture initiation toughness of Ti/TiB layered functionally graded material under thermo-mechanical loading

Quasi-static and dynamic fracture initiation toughness of Ti/TiB layered functionally graded material (FGM) is investigated using a three point bend specimen. The modified split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) apparatus in conjunction with induction coil heating system is used during elevated temperature dynamic loading experiments. A simple and accurate technique has been developed to identify the time corresponding to the load at which the fracture initiates. A series of experiments are conducted at different temperatures ranging from room temperature to 800 °C, and the effect of temperature and loading rate on the fracture initiation toughness is investigated. The material fracture toughness is found to be sensitive to temperature and the fracture initiation toughness increases as the temperature increases. Furthermore, the fracture initiation toughness is strain rate sensitive and is higher for dynamic loading as compared to quasi-static loading.     

Dynamic fracture toughness of a high strength armor steel

This paper summarizes the results of a research being carried out to determine fracture behavior both in static and dynamic conditions of high strength armor steel Armox500T. In this research, notched specimens were cut to be tested in three-point bending test. Specimens were pre-cracked by flexural fatigue. Thereafter, some specimens were tested in bending up to rupture to determine the static fracture toughness K_IC. To obtain fracture toughness in dynamic conditions, a split Hopkinson bar modified to perform three-point bending tests was used. In this device, displacements and velocities of the specimen were measured, as well as the rupture time by means of fracture detection sensors, glued to the specimens. After that, a numerical simulation of the test was performed by using LS DYNA hydrocode, obtaining stresses and strain histories around the crack tip. From these results, the stress intensity factor history was derived. By using the rupture time, measured by the sensors, the value of the fracture toughness computed was unrealistic. Therefore, the use of a numerical procedure to obtain the rupture time was decided, by comparing experimental results of velocities at the transmission bar with numerical results obtained with several rupture times. With this procedure, the computation of dynamic fracture toughness was possible. The method shows that the measurement of the dynamic fracture toughness is possible without the needs of using crack sensors or strain gauges. It can be observed that fracture toughness of this steel under static and dynamic conditions is quite similar.