含钼镍基焊缝金属在硝酸溶液中的腐蚀行为

研究了三种不同Mo含量的镍基焊缝熔敷金属在强氧化性介质(65%硝酸溶液)中的腐蚀行为。结果表明,熔敷金属在硝酸溶液中浸泡后发生了晶间腐蚀、点蚀以及枝晶间腐蚀等局部腐蚀。由于Mo元素促进了大尺寸Laves相在熔敷金属枝晶间的析出,在Laves相与基体之间产生了较大的电化学差异,导致Laves相在氧化性介质中腐蚀溶解,增大了熔敷金属的点蚀敏感性。在620℃焊后的去应力退火过程中,在焊缝中发生元素再分配,Mo元素降低了枝晶间Ni、Cr元素的贫化。由于枝晶间Ni、Cr元素的贫化是引起熔敷金属枝晶间腐蚀的重要因素,Mo元素降低了焊缝熔敷金属在硝酸溶液中枝晶间腐蚀敏感性。     

热输入对Q1100钢焊接接头低温韧性及耐蚀性能的影响

采用10 kJ/cm和15 kJ/cm两种焊接热输入对Q1100超高强钢进行熔化极气体保护焊,研究焊接接头的组织性能及局部腐蚀行为。结果表明：两种热输入焊接接头的焊缝组织主要为针状铁素体和少量的粒状贝氏体,粗晶区组织均为板条贝氏体,细晶区组织均为板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体,临界相变区组织为多边形铁素体、马奥岛和碳化物的混合组织。两种热输入焊接接头中电荷转移电阻均为母材>热影响区>焊缝区,母材耐蚀性最好,热影响区次之,焊缝区耐蚀性最差。在腐蚀过程中,焊缝区作为阳极最先被腐蚀,当腐蚀一定时间后,腐蚀位置发生改变,阳极腐蚀区域转移到母材区,而焊缝区作为阴极得到保护。热输入为10 kJ/cm时,焊接接头具有更好的低温韧性和耐蚀性,其焊缝和热影响区-40℃冲击功分别为46.5 J和30.2 J。     

含稀土1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢焊接接头耐腐蚀性能的电化学研究

通过焊条药皮向１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢焊缝中过渡稀土,用高温电化学方法研究了稀土对焊缝耐内蒙古天然碱苛化烧碱腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：采用适量的焊条药皮配方和焊接工艺可使稀土元素过渡到焊缝金属中,适量稀土元素改变了不锈钢焊接接头阳极极化曲线的极化度,从而改善了不锈钢材料焊接接头的耐蚀性。     

Comparative study on CO2 laser overlap welding and resistance spot welding for galvanized steel

The CO₂ laser overlap welding and the resistance spot welding are respectively investigated on DC56D galvanized steel used for auto body. The characteristics of the two types of welding methods are systematically analyzed in terms of the weld molding, tensile-shear performance, microstructure, hardness, and corrosion resistance of welding joint. The results show that, the fusion widths of the upper and lower surface are almost the same for the resistance welding joint, and the weld nugget is surrounded by the heat-affected zone. While the laser welding joint belongs to deep penetration welding, the weld fusion width presents wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and the heat-affected zone is situated on both sides of the weld pool. Compared with resistance spot welding joint, laser welding joints have much more ultrafine microstructures, much smaller heat-affected zones, as well as greater resistance to deformation and corrosion. In addition, the tensile-shear performance of laser weld joints is superior to that of resistance welding joints under certain conditions.     

碳钢焊缝在混凝土孔隙液中的优先腐蚀行为与亚硝酸盐缓蚀剂作用效果

通过8通道耦合阵列多电极系统以及腐蚀试片的浸泡实验研究了碳钢焊缝在模拟混凝土孔隙液中的腐蚀行为以及亚硝酸盐缓蚀剂的作用效果。通过测量开路电位、耦合电位以及电偶电流观测焊缝区域(Weld metal)、热影响区域(Heat affected zone)与母材区域(Base metal)之间的电偶腐蚀以及亚硝酸盐缓蚀剂对焊缝部位的作用效果。耦合阵列多电极系统以及腐蚀试片的浸泡实验结果共同表明,在含有Cl-的模拟混凝土孔隙液中,Q235的WM及其附近区域会发生优先腐蚀。同时,亚硝酸盐缓蚀剂能够明显减小不同区域之间的电偶电流,从而减小焊缝处的局部腐蚀风险。     

Finite element analysis of the effect of welding heat input and layer number on residual stress in repair welds for a stainless steel clad plate

Stainless steel clad plate is widely used in petroleum, chemical and medicine industries due to its good corrosion resistance and high strength. But cracks are often formed in clad layer during the manufacture or service, which are often repaired by repair welding. In order to ensure the structure integrity, the effects of residual stress need to be considered. The objective of this paper is to estimate the residual stress and deformation in the repair weld of a stainless steel clad plate by finite element method. The effects of heat input and welding layer number on residual stresses and deformation have been studied. The results show that large residual stresses have been generated in the repair weld. The heat input and layer number have great effects on residual stress distribution. With the heat input and welding layer number increasing, the residual stresses are decreased. Using multiple-layer welding and higher heat input can be useful to decrease the residual stress, which provides a reference for optimizing the repair welding technology of this stainless steel clad plate.     

应力作用下X80钢焊接接头在近中性pH值溶液中的电化学行为研究

管线钢近中性p H值环境应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)是管线失效的一种重要形式,但其发生机理仍不清楚,现场实际发现其易发生在焊缝附近。采用动电位极化和电化学阻抗技术研究了外加拉应力对X80钢焊接接头在近中性p H值溶液中电化学行为的影响。结果表明:应力使X80钢母材和焊缝的腐蚀电位负移,腐蚀电流密度增大,应力促进了母材和焊缝的阳极溶解和阴极反应;在弹性变形区间,外加应力没有破坏腐蚀产物膜的完整性,腐蚀产物膜电阻几乎不变,应力使腐蚀产物膜孔隙结构变大,促进侵蚀性离子向电极表面扩散,母材和焊缝的电荷转移电阻明显减小;由于组织结构的原因,焊缝的应力影响系数比母材的大,X80钢焊缝比母材有更强的应力敏感性。     

316L/X65复合管弧焊工艺研究

采用手工钨极氩弧焊和电弧焊实现了316L/X65双合金复合管的对接焊接。为了研究复合管的焊接工艺,对焊接接头进行了硬度、拉伸和冲击测试,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪分析了接头的微观结构和成分特点,并对接头进行了电化学实验。结果表明:复合管焊缝由碳钢层、扩散层、过渡层和不锈钢层组成,碳钢层主要为针状铁素体,扩散层出现了马氏体组织,过渡层和不锈钢层焊缝中铁素体呈骨架或蠕虫状分布在奥氏体晶界;本实验焊接工艺下,覆层未受到碳钢层的稀释,化学成分与母材基本一致,但耐蚀性略有降低;焊接接头各项力学性能良好。     

Ti2AlNb合金电子束焊接头残余应力及变形的数值模拟

目的 研究平板对接电子束焊接过程中Ti2AlNb合金接头的残余应力及变形规律。方法 采用高斯圆柱体和高斯面组合热源模型模拟了6.6 mm厚的Ti2AlNb合金平板对接电子束焊过程,对比研究了高焊速高束流和低焊速低束流2种工艺参数下焊接接头的残余应力和变形分布规律,并用小孔法测量了焊缝中心及距焊缝中心10 mm位置的残余应力值。结果 在高焊速高束流参数下,获得了熔池体积小、熔池宽度窄(为3.62 mm)、深宽比高的焊缝;在该参数下焊缝横截面上的高应力集中区(应力在900 MPa以上)尺寸较小,其宽度仅为低焊速低束流参数下的89%;同时,在高焊速高束流参数下,焊缝法向变形最大值为0.79 mm,低于低焊速低束流参数下的0.82 mm;模拟计算所得残余应力与实测值的误差在5.64%以内。结论 高束流高焊速工艺具有热输入小、热量集中、加工效率高的特点,有助于获得高应力集中区域小、深宽比高、变形小的焊缝,比低束流低焊速工艺更具优势。     

Q345R钢焊缝区大气腐蚀行为研究

研究了储罐钢Q345R钢焊缝区的大气腐蚀特征,并通过极化曲线和交流阻抗技术对比分析了热影响区、焊缝和母材的腐蚀行为,结合扫描电子显微镜、激光拉曼光谱仪对样品表面腐蚀微观结构和组成进行表征。研究结果揭示:母材的腐蚀敏感性最大,焊缝区较热影响区相比更耐蚀。腐蚀倾向与显微组织存在一定关系,焊缝区的显微组织为粒状贝氏体与针状铁素体,因该区域组织细化明显降低该区域的腐蚀敏感性,同时因焊接工艺使焊缝处几乎成为无孔区,母材处存在的微孔隙会导致母材具有更高的腐蚀速率。      

Microstructure,hardness and petroleum corrosion evaluation of 316L/AWS E309MoL-16 weld metal

The current work presents some observations about the effect of welding heat input on the microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance of AWS E309MoL-16 weld metal, diluted with AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel plates. Such welds are widely used during overlay of equipment in the petroleum and gas industries. Results show that the welds contained δ-ferrite varying between vermicular to lathy morphology, typically encountered in welds which solidify in ferrite–austenite mode (FA). Conversely, contents and morphology of δ-ferrite in the weld metals were altered, showing an increase of welding heat input. The corrosion rate of the weld metal indicated that when higher levels of welding heat input are used the corrosion rate is reduced. This may be attributed to metallurgical changes, especially variations in the proportion of δ-ferrite, caused by changes in cooling rate.     

超声冲击对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

目的分析超声冲击对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊成形后接头的组织及耐蚀性的作用效果。方法采用超声冲击设备对2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头表面进行超声冲击处理,并对超声冲击前后接头的显微组织、显微硬度以及耐腐蚀性能进行了分析。结果经过超声冲击处理后的铝合金接头上表面会产生一层塑性变形层,并且塑性层内位错密度增大,使表层金属得到一定程度的加工硬化,促使冲击后接头各区域的表面硬度明显提高,冲击后接头热机械影响区和热影响区硬度提高达60%以上;腐蚀浸泡试验发现,超声冲击后接头的点腐蚀程度较超声冲击前明显减缓,腐蚀速率约是冲击前的1/2。结论超声冲击有效改善了铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头区域材料过时效的软化现象,并且有效改善了接头的抗腐蚀性能。     

客运专线铁路道岔台板焊缝开裂分析

针对时速250 km/h客运专线铁路道岔台板组焊后焊缝发生的开裂,对焊缝外观质量及显微组织、裂纹形貌和相关焊接件的理化性能进行了分析。结果表明:台板焊缝开裂位置厚度较小,当焊缝过大和焊接温度过高时极易形成结晶裂纹。在满足技术设计要求的前提下,减小台板焊缝尺寸,可避免焊接时台板焊缝发生开裂。     

Weld features that differentiate weld and plate corrosion

Corrosion is an environmentally assisted damage that professionals face daily, particularly with welded structures. Fusion welds result from solidification and solid-state transformations induced by well-localized thermal cycles. A fusion weld joint inherently exhibits an irregular surface as well as gradients in chemical composition, microstructure, properties, and residual stress, depending on process parameters and part geometry. This article analyzes the roles of surface topography, alloy chemical compositional variation, hydrogen distribution, and stress on weld corrosion. Methods to inhibit weld corrosion are suggested.     

TIG焊接熔池表面变形对流场与热场的影响

利用流体力学理论和变分法原理,根据熔池本身重力、电弧压力和表面张力之间的动态平衡,推导出了 TIG 焊接熔池表面变形的计算公式。建立了熔池表面存在变形的流场与热场的数学模型。采用 SIMPLER 方法对不锈钢试件焊接熔池内的流场与热场进行了数值分析。焊接工艺试验表明,该模型计算的熔池成形与实验值吻合良好。     

Untersuchung einer mehrlagigen Schweißnaht eines dickwandigen Rohres aus dem austenitischen Stahl X6 CrNiNb 18 10

Analysis of a multi pass weld of a thick walled tube made of austenitic stainless steel X6 CrNiNb 18 10 In this paper, microstructure and residual stresses of a multi pass welding of a thick‐walled tube made of austenitic stainless steel X6 CrNiNb 18 10 (1.4550) are systematically characterized and assessed. Results of microstructural and phase analyses, residual stress and hardness measurements as well as of a tensile test using micro specimen and SEM analyses are presented. Using these data, plastic deformations occurring during the welding process in the vicinity of the weld seam are evaluated. Finally, consequences of an additional heat treatment at 400 °C/24 h are studied.     

Weld decay-resistant austenitic stainless steel by grain boundary engineering

This paper presents an example of grain boundary engineering (GBE) for improving intergranular-corrosion and weld-decay resistance of austenitic stainless steel. Transmission and scanning electron microscope (TEM and SEM) observations demonstrated that coincidence site lattice (CSL) boundaries possess strong resistance to intergranular precipitation and corrosion in weld decay region of a type 304 austenitic stainless steel weldment. A thermomechanical treatment for GBE was tried for improvement of intergranular corrosion resistance of the 304 austenitic stainless steel. The grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) was examined by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM). The sensitivity to intergranular corrosion was reduced by the thermomechanical treatment and indicated a minimum at a small roll-reduction. The frequency of CSL boundaries indicated a maximum at the small roll-reduction. The corrosion rate was much smaller in the thermomechanical-treated specimen than in the base material for long time sensitization. The optimum thermomechanical treatment introduced a high frequency of CSL boundaries and the clear discontinuity of corrosive random boundary network in the material, and resulted in the high intergranular corrosion resistance arresting the propagation of intergranular corrosion from the surface. The optimized 304 stainless steel showed an excellent resistance to weld decay during arc welding.     

0Cr19Ni9 TIG焊接接头的抗蚀性及电弧重熔

研究了低碳奥氏体不锈钢０ｃＲ１９Ｎｉ９手工钨极氩弧焊（ＴＩＧ）焊接接头表面抗蚀性能及电弧重熔对其抗蚀性能的影响。实验结果表明,受焊接热循环的作用,焊接接头热影响区的抗蚀性能,以及焊缝金属的抗蚀性能,较母材有所降低。但经微束等离子弧表面重熔后,由于接头表面重熔层的快速凝固作用,细化了支组织,减小了显微的,抑制了碳铬化合物在晶界的沉淀析出,焊接接头的抗蚀性能得以显著提高。     

2195铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头盐雾腐蚀行为研究

本文研究了厚度为8 mm的2195铝锂合金母材及搅拌摩擦焊接头在3.5wt.％NaCl介质中的盐雾腐蚀行为,计算了不同腐蚀周期下的腐蚀速率,并通过OM、SEM、TEM观察分析母材与焊核区的腐蚀微观形貌.结果 表明:2195铝锂合金母材及搅拌摩擦焊接头在3.5％ NaCl腐蚀介质中的主要腐蚀形式为点蚀,随时间的延长发展为晶间腐蚀并剥落.2195铝锂合金搅拌摩擦焊接头耐蚀性优于母材,是因为大量高电化学活性的T1相的存在降低了母材区的耐蚀性能,在焊核区T1相完全溶解,焊核区的耐腐蚀性能强于母材区.在腐蚀初期腐蚀速率最大,随腐蚀时间的延长腐蚀速率逐渐降低,并最终趋于平稳.这是由于腐蚀产物在2195铝锂合金基体表面不断积累,对基体产生了一定保护.     

焊缝性能影响因素的研究进展

埋弧焊和氩弧焊的焊缝合金元素及其含量、热输入、晶粒长大、预热温度、冷却速度和峰值温度对焊缝组织与力学性能均有一定的影响。总结了国内外对焊缝组织和力学性能的各种影响因素的相关研究,研究结果表明合金元素(如Mn、Cr、Ni、Mo等)能明显提高焊缝力学性能,每种元素都有合适的添加范围;焊缝接头强度和韧性以及伸长率随热输入的增大而减小;冷却速度的范围是8～12s。通过控制添加合金元素可以有效提高焊缝力学性能并改善焊缝组织,控制合理的热输入范围和冷却速度可提高焊缝的韧性。