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酸雨及其造成的危害是当今全球性的重大环境问题之一。我国长江以南出现酸雨,四川尤为严重。本文概述了四川自然环境特征,能源以及大气污染;调查了四川各地历年来降雨pH及酸雨频率变化;研究了四川酸雨的来源、化学特点以及时空分布;对四川酸雨的趋势进行了分析及预测,以为四川经济发展、环境保护等的规划决策提供科学依据。 相似文献
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近年来,随着全球人口剧增、城市化进程以及现代工业化进程的加快,两大主要化石燃料能源——煤和石油的消耗量日益增加,同时煤和石油在燃烧过程中产生大量硫和氮的氧化物等,这些氧化物排放到大气中将生成二次污染物硫酸和硝酸,生成的二次污染物和硝酸再遇雨、雪、雾等而形成酸雨。我国是世界上第三大酸雨区,酸雨对水生生态系统、陆生生态系统、人体健康、建筑物等均有很大的危害,给世界各国造成了巨大的经济损失,成为全球性的重大环境问题。混凝土结构因具有取材方便、可模性好、价格低廉、抗压强度高及耐火性好等优点被广泛应用,已成为我国最主要的结构形式之一。但由于混凝土材料中存在大量碱性化合物,可与酸雨发生中性化反应,导致其表面硬化水泥溶解,材料表面变质,进而引起其物理力学性能的劣化。同时,钢筋表面钝化膜由于混凝土碱性下降而发生锈蚀,锈蚀物的产生使混凝土构件膨胀,并产生裂缝,最终使混凝土结构失效。酸雨对混凝土结构耐久性的劣化影响已引起众多学者的关注。目前,国内外学者对酸雨侵蚀混凝土的研究主要集中于:(1)酸雨对水泥混凝土的腐蚀机理及劣化规律的研究;(2)酸雨侵蚀介质、pH值以及矿物掺合料的种类等对混凝土材料及构件侵蚀性能的影响;(3)不同酸雨侵蚀加速试验方法的研究,但此方面研究仍较少,尤其是结构户外暴露试验研究;(4)酸雨侵蚀混凝土结构的静态、动态力学性能的研究,这一方面的研究亦相对较少,目前国内外仍缺乏系统的研究报道。因此,为了明确酸雨对混凝土结构的侵蚀行为,本文对近30年国内外有关酸雨对混凝土耐久性影响的研究报道进行了评述,重点讨论了酸雨对混凝土结构静态及动态力学性能的影响。首先详述了酸雨对混凝土材料的腐蚀机理和劣化过程,其次总结了酸雨加速腐蚀试验方法以及酸雨对混凝土结构力学性能影响的相关研究;最后讨论了当前有关酸雨侵蚀混凝土研究的一些重要问题,并对今后需进一步研究的问题提出了建议。 相似文献
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我市自2007年开展酸雨观测以来,参加中国气象局酸雨样品考核多次,如何在酸雨样品考核过程中改进观测质量,是气象部门完成目标任务的一项重任。而酸雨观测是一项要求严格、操作仔细、技术性强的工作。本文对酸雨样品考核中易出现的问题加以总结,并提出解决方法。 相似文献
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《中国新技术新产品》2007,(7):92-96
<正>一、项目概况项目名称:环保型节煤除硫降尘乳液项目性质:发明专利,高新技术二、项目市场分析随着我国经济的高速发展,世界能源持续危机,我国煤炭消费不断增长,燃煤排放的二氧化硫也不断增加,连续多年我国用煤超过20000万吨,导致我国大气酸雨和二氧化硫污染日趋严重。酸雨影响的面积已占国土面积的30%,华中地区酸性降水频率超过90%。二氧化硫对我国国民经济造成的直接经济损失已占GDP的2%—3%,对我国国民经济健康发展产生了很大的影响。 相似文献
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能源(煤、石油、天然气等)是国民经济和社会发展的物质基础之一,是人类赖以生存的重要保障。随着人民生活水平的提高,人类对能源的需求必将日益增长,特别对洁净燃料的需求会更为迫切。我国能源总的特征是“富煤、少油、有气”。有资料显示,我国有80%的煤是通过直接燃烧,产生的大量臭氧.烟雾,酸雨和温室气体,造成我国的经济损失每年高达百亿元以上,成为世界上因大气污染排放造成损失最大的国家之一。我国天然气总储量为38万亿m^3.煤炭总储量为1145亿吨。以天然气或煤为原料生产洁净的二甲醚燃料,作为石油资源的补充,对我国具有重要的战略意义。 相似文献
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为研究北方酸雨对钢管混凝土构件力学性能的影响规律,亟需研究钢管在酸雨腐蚀条件下不同腐蚀程度力学性能的变化规律。为此,参照大连市历年酸雨统计的化学成分,采用人工配制模拟酸雨溶液进行室内加速腐蚀的方法,对Q235钢进行单调拉伸试验。结果表明:酸雨腐蚀后钢材表面易形成腐蚀坑;低腐蚀率(β≤10%)拉伸件的断口主要为正断破坏;高腐蚀率(25%≥β≥15%)拉伸件的断口主要为斜断破坏;模拟酸雨腐蚀后钢材的屈服强度、弹性模量、极限强度和伸长率随着腐蚀率的增加而减少,而泊松比随着腐蚀率的增加而增加。基于试验数据,回归出模拟酸雨腐蚀条件下Q235钢力学性能指标的简化经验公式,结果可为酸雨区钢管混凝土组合结构的设计及结构安全评估提供理论基础和科学依据。 相似文献
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《International journal for numerical methods in engineering》2018,113(9):1488-1506
In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method. 相似文献
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A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa. 相似文献
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Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production ex-factory inspection trade 《中国标准化(英文版)》2008,25(1):24-25
Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.…… 相似文献
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On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.…… 相似文献
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C. Qihong W. Zhan‐Wen J. Yi J. Yehua L. Fei F. Hanguang 《Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik》2014,45(7):582-590
In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M2(B,C), (W,Mo)2(B,C), M3(B,C), M23(B,C)6 type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm2. The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K1 mill housing of bar mill. 相似文献
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A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils. 相似文献
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Dimiter Hadjistamov 《材料科学与工程:中英文B版...》2019,(2):56-65
The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ... 相似文献
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Kyo-Hong CHOI Kwon-Koo CHO Gyu-Bong CHO Hyo-Jun AHN Ki-Won KIM Yoo-Young KIM 《材料科学与工程学报》2007,25(6):886-891
Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD. 相似文献
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Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß. 相似文献