10 kV电缆线路的运行维护与管理

10 kV电缆线路是电网系统中的主要部分,有利于提高电网运行的效率,完善10 kV配电系统的结构。目前,10 kV电缆线路面临一系列的运行压力,受到诸多因素的干扰,出现了运行问题,无法达到供配电的标准,电力企业根据10 kV电缆线路的运行状态,提出有效的解决措施,因此,本文通过对10 kV电缆线路进行研究,分析运行中的维护与管理。     

电缆隧道工程围岩稳定性评价分析

文章分析了重庆市某区220kV某输变电工程线路电缆隧道所在位置及邻近地段的地面建筑和地下构造物、管线状况,预测电缆线路开挖可能产生的影响,主要对围岩稳定性进行了评价分析,并提出有利于电缆隧道工程施工的建议。     

10kV电缆线路运行维护及管理建议之研究

我国10kV的电缆线路在运行过程中比较容易受到干扰,导致供配电质量不能达到规定标准。通过对10kV电缆线路的运行状态进行研究,分析10kV电缆线路的运行维护方式,根据10kV电缆线路的运行特点提出有效的管理建议。希望可以提高10kV电缆线路的运行效率,保证电网的运行质量。     

电缆线路巡查的内容及要求

电缆线路巡查是监视和掌握电缆线路和所有附属设备的运行情况,及时发现和消除电缆线路和所有附属设备异常和缺陷,预防事故发生,确保电缆线路安全运行。巡查人员在巡查中一般通过察看、听嗅、检测等方法对电缆线路进行检查,必须做到不漏巡、错巡,不断提高电缆线路巡查质量,防止电缆线路事故发生。     

封闭空间电缆群散热研究

电缆线路通常都是暴露作业，电缆传输时易受到外界环境的干扰，出现不同程度的故障问题。为了防止外界环境的破坏，企业开始采用“封闭空间”以保护线路安全。封闭空间将电缆集中于某个保护箱内，形成电缆群的运行模式，既方便了导线线路的检修处理，也有助于电缆材料的更新。文章对封闭空间电缆群散热问题进行研究。     

电力电缆线路应急管理实践

随着油田电力电缆线路网络化的快速发展,电力电缆逐渐替代架空线。然而电缆老化,运行环境、施工质量等因素无不给电力电缆的安全运行埋下潜在隐患。电力电缆故障时有发生。如何加强电缆线路的日常维护,提高其安全运行水平,减少电缆线路故障,且在发生电缆线路故障后如何迅速反应,进行应急处置,是保证电网运行可靠性的关键。本文以35k V电力电缆线路应急管理的实际经验为例,主要阐述电缆线路故障预防及故障应急处置。     

高压电缆运行管理存在问题与方法探讨

电力电缆线路投入电力系统运行后,运行管理工作的水平直接影响电缆线路设备的供电可靠性、线路的可用率和电缆线路的事故率。文章分析了高压电缆运管理存在问题,并详细探讨其运行管理的方法和经验。     

浅谈无卤低烟阻燃电缆性能与挤出工艺

无卤是通过对电缆所有被覆材料燃烧时腐蚀性气体的含量进行评定。低烟是通过电缆燃烧时测定的最小透光率来评定,与电缆用阻燃材料及电缆结构密切相关。而电缆的阻燃性能不仅与电缆结构有关,还与材料氧指数、阻燃机理有关。无卤阻燃电缆结构变化较多,不同使用场所、不同阻燃等级均不同。无卤低烟阻燃电缆是阻燃电缆的升级产品。本文对无卤低烟阻燃电缆的性能与挤出工艺进行探讨。     

输变电线路施工过程中的质量控制

在我国众多的基础性工程建设项目中,输变电线路施工是其中最为关键的一项内容,其在实际的运行与发展过程当中将会对我国的国民经济发展产生直接性的影响。输变电线路工程质量将是决定企业发展的关键所在,只有确保达到了较高的质量水平,方可实现对输电线路工程市场竞争力的显著提升。本文简要介绍了输变电线路施工的质量控制流程,并进一步就提升输变电工程的施工质量提出了一些具体的措施方法。     

电力电缆故障的检修分析

电缆线路的检修工作,是电缆安全运行管理工作的重要环节。通过有组织、有计划的检修工作,消除电缆线路及其附属设备中存在的缺陷,提高设备的完好率,是确保线路安全运行的有效方法。本文首先介绍了电力电缆故障检修的准备工作,然后介绍了电缆故障检修安全要求及故障判断和修复技术。     

Supramolecular Two-Dimensional Systems and Their Biological Applications

Various biological systems rely on the supramolecular assembly of biomolecules through noncovalent bonds for performing sophisticated functions. In particular, cell membranes, which are 2D structures in biological systems, have various characteristics such as a large surface, flexibility, and molecule-recognition ability. Supramolecular 2D materials based on biological systems provide a novel perspective for the development of functional 2D materials. The physical and chemical properties of 2D structures, attributed to their large surface area, can enhance the sensitivity of the detection of target molecules, molecular loading, and bioconjugation efficiency, suggesting the potential utility of functional 2D materials as candidates for biological systems. Although several types of studies on supramolecular 2D materials have been reported, supramolecular biofunctional 2D materials have not been reviewed previously. In this regard, the current advances in 2D material development using molecular assembly are discussed with respect to the rational design of self-assembling aromatic amphiphiles, the formation of 2D structures, and the biological applications of functional 2D materials.     

Biomimetics

The well-organised multifunctional structures, systems and biogenic materials found in nature have attracted the interest of scientists working in many disciplines. The efforts have resulted in the development of a new and rapidly growing field of scientific effort called biomimetics. In this article we present a few natural materials and systems and explore how ideas from nature are being interpreted and modified to suit efforts aimed at designing better machines and synthesising newer materials.     

直接吸收式太阳能集热系统研究综述

对直接吸收式太阳能集热系统及其所用集热介质的研究现状进行了综述。用于直接吸收式太阳能集热系统的集热介质主要有黑色液体、气-固或液-固悬浮体系、熔盐及其三者的相互混合物。在直接吸收式太阳能集热系统中,由于集热介质既是吸热材料也是传热材料,因此,要求集热介质应具有吸收率高、稳定性好、热导率高、与容器相容性好等性能,但是目前传统的集热介质都存在较多的不足,难以推广应用。提出了使用纳米流体作为新一代直接吸收式太阳能集热介质,并对其进行了初步实验,得到了较好的效果。     

The information gap between design engineering and materials supply systems design

This paper focuses on the design of materials supply systems in product development projects. In order to design the materials supply system in parallel with the product, product data must be available to the materials supply systems designers. The aim of this paper is to analyse the information quality of the required product data and to indicate how this information quality can be increased. Empirical data have been gathered through case studies conducted within the manufacturing industry. The empirical data show that it is possible to identify the product data required for materials supply systems design. It is also shown that there is an information gap between design engineering and materials supply systems design. The information quality of the required product data for the materials supply systems design has many imperfections, mainly in terms of accessibility, ease of operation, timeliness, understandability, interpretability, relevancy, and completeness. The information quality can be improved by the use of PDM systems, which are especially useful for facilitating an increase in accessibility, ease of operation, and timeliness.     

Investigation of hydrogenous materials using neutrons

Slow neutrons have proved to be a very powerful probe for examining materials in general and hydrogenous materials in particular. In this article we review various neutron scattering techniques which have been utilised to investigate different aspects of a variety of hydrogenous materials. Translationally as well as orientationally disordered materials, ferroelectrics, superconductors, metal-hydrogen systems, polymers and biological molecules have been chosen as illustrative examples.     

Materials for flue gas desulfurization systems operating in Korea and their failures

Abstract

Most flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems operating in Korea are wet systems which are exposed to aggressive chemical and mechanical environments. Many kinds of materials such as stainless steels, nickel-based alloys, fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), C276 or Ti clad steels, and non-metallic coatings/linings over carbon steel have been used for the FGD systems, with their ductwork and chimney exposed in the severe environments. The materials are required to survive during their design life, but some materials are not sufficiently resistant to the corrosive environments in the FGD systems, resulting in the failures of materials and hence increased maintenance costs. Especially, the non-metallic materials and stainless steels have been used extensively in early installations in order to reduce the initial material costs, but they frequently failed early in the severe corrosive environments. This paper presents some representative examples of failures that occurred at the wet FGD systems operating in Korea and their counter measures.     

Requirements for the Development of Bacillus Anthracis Spore Reference Materials Used to Test Detection Systems

Bacillus anthracis spores have been used as biological weapons and the possibility of their further use requires surveillance systems that can accurately and reliably detect their presence in the environment. These systems must collect samples from a variety of matrices, process the samples, and detect the spores. The processing of the sample may include removal of inhibitors, concentration of the target, and extraction of the target in a form suitable for detection. Suitable reference materials will allow the testing of each of these steps to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the detection systems. The development of uniform and well-characterized reference materials will allow the comparison of different devices and technologies as well as assure the continued performance of detection systems. This paper discusses the special requirements of reference materials for Bacillus anthracis spores that could be used for testing detection systems. The detection of Bacillus anthracis spores is based on recognition of specific characteristics (markers) on either the spore surface or in the nucleic acids (DNA). We have reviewed the specific markers and their relevance to characterization of reference materials. We have also included the approach for the characterization of candidate reference materials that we are developing at the NIST laboratories. Additional applications of spore reference materials would include testing sporicidal treatments, techniques for sampling the environment, and remediation of spore-contaminated environments.     

Design Principles for Aqueous Interactive Materials: Lessons from Small Molecules and Stimuli-Responsive Systems

Interactive materials are at the forefront of current materials research with few examples in the literature. Researchers are inspired by nature to develop materials that can modulate and adapt their behavior in accordance with their surroundings. Stimuli-responsive systems have been developed over the past decades which, although often described as “smart,” lack the ability to act autonomously. Nevertheless, these systems attract attention on account of the resultant materials' ability to change their properties in a predicable manner. These materials find application in a plethora of areas including drug delivery, artificial muscles, etc. Stimuli-responsive materials are serving as the precursors for next-generation interactive materials. Interest in these systems has resulted in a library of well-developed chemical motifs; however, there is a fundamental gap between stimuli-responsive and interactive materials. In this perspective, current state-of-the-art stimuli-responsive materials are outlined with a specific emphasis on aqueous macroscopic interactive materials. Compartmentalization, critical for achieving interactivity, relies on hydrophobic, hydrophilic, supramolecular, and ionic interactions, which are commonly present in aqueous systems and enable complex self-assembly processes. Relevant examples of aqueous interactive materials that do exist are given, and design principles to realize the next generation of materials with embedded autonomous function are suggested.     

Ceramic-matrix composites

Ceramic materials often exhibit a combination of useful physical and mechanical properties, including high refractoriness, but their applications are restricted due to their brittle behaviour; in an attempt to improve the strength, and particularly the toughness, of brittle ceramics particle-strengthening and fibre-reinforcement have been utilized, with limited success. The factors which affect the mechanical properties of these composite systems are discussed, and the various experimental systems that have been investigated are reviewed. It is concluded that, although the potential applications of such materials are extremely diverse, several important aspects, particularly the effect that matrix microcracking may have on the mechanical and thermal stability of reinforced-ceramic systems, must be fully evaluated before ceramic-matrix composites can seriously be considered as useful replacements for more conventional materials.     

On the Materials Science of Nature's Arms Race

Biological material systems have evolved unique combinations of mechanical properties to fulfill their specific function through a series of ingenious designs. Seeking lessons from Nature by replicating the underlying principles of such biological materials offers new promise for creating unique combinations of properties in man‐made systems. One case in point is Nature's means of attack and defense. During the long‐term evolutionary “arms race,” naturally evolved weapons have achieved exceptional mechanical efficiency with a synergy of effective offense and persistence—two characteristics that often tend to be mutually exclusive in many synthetic systems—which may present a notable source of new materials science knowledge and inspiration. This review categorizes Nature's weapons into ten distinct groups, and discusses the unique structural and mechanical designs of each group by taking representative systems as examples. The approach described is to extract the common principles underlying such designs that could be translated into man‐made materials. Further, recent advances in replicating the design principles of natural weapons at differing lengthscales in artificial materials, devices and tools to tackle practical problems are revisited, and the challenges associated with biological and bioinspired materials research in terms of both processing and properties are discussed.