医用诊断超声源主要技术指标及检定的探讨

医用超声诊断仪超声源的检定就是对表征超声诊断仪性能的主要参数进行计量检测,表征超声诊断仪性能的参数,从大的方面可分为三类,即声系统参数。图像特征参数和电气特征参数,如细分又可分为三十多个参数。根据JJG638－1990医用超声诊断仪超声源检定规程》的规定,日常工作中,只对其中几个重要的表征超声源特性的和确保诊断安全的几个参数进行检定。要对这些参数进行准确的计量检定,必须了解控制这些参数的物理因数,以便将超声诊断仪调到最佳检测状态。一、分辨力分辨力指成像系统能分辨空间尺度的能力。分为横向分辨力和纵向分辨力…     

医用超声诊断仪的原理与检定技术

对医用超声诊断仪的成像原理、显示模式及影响分辨力的几个重要因素作了阐述 ,并对JJG63 9- 98检定规程提出了建议     

医用磁共振模体层厚测量模块校准方法研究

医用磁共振成像(MRI)系统作为先进的大型医疗诊断设备,在医学影像诊断中占据着重要地位,已广泛应用于大、中医院。空间分辨力是成像技术的一项重要性能参数,如何对医用磁共振模体空间分辨力进行检测,保证医用磁共振成像系统层空间分辨力性能正常,一直没有统一的技术依据。本文根据医用磁共振模体空间分辨力的技术特性,参考相关IEC标准和国家标准,验证和确定空间分辨力参数和技术指标,并进行不确定度分析,研究制定医用磁共振模体空间分辨力检测方法,为医院质量控制,计量检定提供检测依据。     

医用磁共振模体空间分辨力测试模块校准方法研究

医用磁共振成像(MRI)系统作为先进的大型医疗诊断设备,在医学影像诊断中占据着重要地位,已广泛应用于大、中医院。空间分辨力是成像技术的一项重要性能参数,如何对医用磁共振模体空间分辨力进行检测,保证医用磁共振成像系统层空间分辨力性能正常,一直没有统一的技术依据。本文根据医用磁共振模体空间分辨力的技术特性,参考相关IEC标准和国家标准,验证和确定空间分辨力参数和技术指标,并进行不确定度分析,研究制定医用磁共振模体空间分辨力检测方法,为医院质量控制,计量检定提供检测依据。     

超声激发振动声成像实验系统的设计

根据超声激发振动声成像的基本原理,设计并构建一个能获得振动声图像的实验系统.该系统由高频信号部分、超声发射及传播部分、低频信号处理和计算机处理与控制等四部分构成.实验表明,该系统能获得生物仿体或软组织内刚性物体的振动声图像,为进行生物组织的振动声成像研究提供了基础;通过采用更高灵敏度的低频水听器和改善共焦换能器的分辨力...     

显微热成像系统行处理迭代超分辨力处理研究

针对已研制光学微扫描显微热成像系统空间分辨力较低的问题,基于改进的频域图像配准技术和改进的行处理迭代超分辨力算法,提出了显微热成像系统光学微扫描改进行处理迭代超分辨力图像处理方法。给出了该方法的原理及步骤,采用不同重构方法针对可见光和红外图像进行了仿真研究,给出了评价参数和结论。利用光学微扫描显微热成像系统采集低分辨力显微热图像序列进行了超分辨力处理实验,实验结果表明本文提出方法的有效性,光学微扫描显微热成像系统的空间分辨力得到提高,可应用于需要显微热分析的场合。该方法还可以应用于其它不可控光学微扫描成像系统中,具有广泛的应用前景。     

医用诊断X辐射源检定的意义

强制检定X射线机的意义．从根本上讲有两条：1保障成像质量，2加强X射线的防护。保证成像质量，有效提高诊断正确性。医用X射线机的检定项目主要有空气比释动能(照射量)事重复性、线性、焦点、半值层、分辨力、自动控制系统有效性等七个方面的检定。     

傅里叶-小波正则反卷积医学超声成像方法

研究了利用傅里叶-小波正则反卷积改善医学超声图像质量的方法。将高阶谱方法和傅里叶-小波正则反卷积算法创新地用于医用超声诊断仪的轴向和纵向的二维射频信号,首先估计出中心频率为3.5MHz的A扫描系统函数,然后应用对射频A扫信号进行反卷积成像。实验结果表明,该方法显著改善了因系统函数与被测信号卷积所产生的分辨率退化现象,极大地提高了医学超声图像的分辨率和信噪比。     

光瞳滤波提高投影光刻成像分辨力研究

针对投影光刻成像系统在数值孔径足够大时所产生的分辨力和焦深的矛盾,详细研究了光瞳滤波对投影成像对比度的改善情况,根据不同掩模图形设计对应的最优滤波器。研究结果表明,光瞳滤波能大幅度提高投影光刻成像分辨力并增大焦深,是一种比较有效的提高光刻成像分辨力的方法。     

基于瞬时频率的双曲调频信号距离估计误差分析

双曲调频信号的多普勒不变性可使运动目标匹配滤波输出的能量损失达到最小,从而可对运动目标有很高的检测能力,在运动目标检测与参数估计中具有独特优势,但同时也给目标距离的估计带来一定误差。在双曲调频信号模糊函数、多普勒不变性和匹配滤波特性的基础上,对距离分辨力和测距误差进行了分析,提出了基于瞬时频率的距离误差计算公式,可直接应用于目标距离的补偿以及目标跟踪中量测方程的校正,提高声呐的工作性能。     

Higher order spectra based deconvolution of ultrasound images

We address the problem of improving the spatial resolution of ulrasound images through blind deconvolution. The ultrasound image formation process in the RF domain can be expressed as a spatio-temporal convolution between the tissue response and the ultrasonic system response, plus additive noise. Convolutional components of the dispersive attenuation and aberrations introduced by propagating through the object being imaged are also incorporated in the ultrasonic system response. Our goal is to identify and remove the convolutional distortion in order to reconstruct the tissue response, thus enhancing the diagnostic quality of the ultrasonic image. Under the assumption of an independent, identically distributed, zero-mean, non-Gaussian tissue response, we were able to estimate distortion kernels using bicepstrum operations on RF data. Separate 1D distortion kernels were estimated corresponding to axial and lateral image lines and used in the deconvolution process. The estimated axial kernels showed similarities to the experimentally measured pulse-echo wavelet of the imaging system. Deconvolution results from B-scan images obtained with clinical imaging equipment showed a 2.5-5.2 times gain in lateral resolution, where the definition of the resolution has been based on the width of the autocovariance function of the image. The gain in axial resolution was found to be between 1.5 and 1.9     

The influences of ambiguity phase aberration profiles on focusing quality in the very near field--part I: single range focusing on transmission

Most phase aberration measurement algorithms have an ambiguity for constant and tilted phase aberration profiles. Based on the Fresnel (near field) approximation with single range focusing and the Fraunhofer (far field) approximation, constant and tilted phase aberration profiles change the position of the focal point only and do not influence the image focusing quality. Therefore, ambiguity phase aberration profiles are generally considered to be harmless and ignored in those algorithms and related theoretical analyses. However, Fresnel and Fraunhofer approximations may become invalid under many medical ultrasound imaging situations, e.g., when the imaging field is in the very near field (f-number ~1). In the very near field, although it is known that constant and tilted phase aberration profiles may degrade the focusing quality, it seems that there is a lack of quantitative analysis results in the literature about their influences, and this is the purpose of the current paper. A quantitative analysis with a very near field approximation is performed for single range focusing on transmission, which is a commonly used transmission focusing method in medical ultrasound imaging. The tolerable levels of constant and tilted phase aberration profiles are derived as a function of the imaging system's f-number and wavelength. Because some phase aberration measurement algorithms may also have an ambiguity for quadratic phase aberration profiles, they are also included in the analysis. The theoretical results are compared with numerical and simulation results. These results have shown that the influences of tilted and quadratic phase-aberration profiles can be ignored only under certain conditions in the very near field     

Statistical Analysis and Computer Simulation of Laser Doppler Velocimeter Systems

In a laser Doppler velocimeter the signal arises from the superposition of several pulses at random phase, and the instantaneous frequency recorded at the output, which is a measure of the velocity, contains an ambiguity component due to this effect. A statistical analysis is presented that predicts the ambiguity for both the mask and the Gaussian beam velocimeters and the results are shown to be in close agreement with experiment. Based on this theory, a computer simulation model has been developed that is a useful tool for analyzing and optimizing the parameters in a particular system. Finally, the specific applications of turbulence measurement in fluid flow is considered in more detail.     

Frequency-Wavenumber Migration of Ultrasonic Data

In ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE), the depth of the image is usually calculated by multiplying the traveling time of the echoes with the velocity of the medium. If the flaw is not a horizontal plane, the flaw images may be distorted and mislocated. Although the lateral resolution and sizing accuracy of the flaw image can be improved using the digital signal processing methods, e.g., the utilization of the blocking filter or deconvolution filter, these methods do a little favor about the distortion and mislocation problems. The migration, an image-processing method used widely in reflection seismology, is introduced to process the ultrasonic data in this study. Since the signals are coherent and the noises are random, the flaw image can be transformed from its apparent position to the true position using the migration method and the resolution of the image may be improved. Not only the real positions of the oblique cracks can be found upon applying the frequency-wavenumber (F-K) migration to process ultrasonic data, but, in addition, the dimensions of the flaws can be estimated more accurately. Results presented in this study show that the migration method can be applied successfully to the ultrasonic data processing and can improve the quality of ultrasonic image in both size and location of the flaws.     

Optical detection of evanescent ultrasound waves in water

Acoustical perturbation by targets smaller than the wavelength can generate evanescent waves, which decay with the distance of propagation. By putting such targets immediately under the free surface of water, the diffracted acoustical field can excite the surface membrane before evanescence, and it produces a static ripple because of the radiation pressure. A collimated beam of light reflects at the perturbed surface, and it becomes modulated in phase. In this work we show experimental results where we achieve an optical image of the acoustical evanescent waves produced by an array-like target. Arising from the theory, we present a numerical calculus of the optical image produced by the ultrasonic field diffracted from the target in order to verify the experimental results. With this method, we look for a spatial resolution smaller than acoustical wavelength, for normal incidence and plane waves. In our experimental device, we use a sound wavelength in water greater than 1.5 mm, generated by a PZT transducer. We can resolve an array of 1.0 mm of periodicity.     

Extended depth of field through wave-front coding

We designed an optical-digital system that delivers near-diffraction-limited imaging performance with a large depth of field. This system is the standard incoherent optical system modified by a phase mask with digital processing of the resulting intermediate image. The phase mask alters or codes the received incoherent wave front in such a way that the point-spread function and the optical transfer function do not change appreciably as a function of misfocus. Focus-independent digital filtering of the intermediate image is used to produce a combined optical-digital system that has a nearly diffraction limited point-spread function. This high-resolution extended depth of field is obtained through the expense of an increased dynamic range of the incoherent system. We use both the ambiguity function and the stationary-phase method to design these phase masks.     

Power spectrum equalization for ultrasonic image restoration

A method of image restoration for ultrasonic B-scan images has been proposed that need no a priori knowledge on the PSF (point spread function) of the imaging system and is feasible for in vivo applications. The entire system's response, including the interposed medium and possible transducer defects, is estimated from the degraded image itself with a few simple operations. The ultrasonic image is restored based only on a knowledge of the estimated PSF and on the spectral characteristics of the resultant echo signal. The proposed method does not modify the phase relations between echoes from multiple scatterers since the restoration filter is phaseless and the display operation does not involve nonlinear detection. The effectiveness of the restoration filter was tested on simulated ultrasonic images in the absence and in the presence of interposed tissue. Then the filter was tested on a phantom made of scatterers randomly distributed in nonattenuating gel with and without an interposed medium whose attenuation linearly increases with frequency. A good correspondence between simulations and experimental results was found: both tests show an exceptional improvement of image resolution.     

Resolution of synthetic-aperture imaging through turbulence

A theory is developed for the resolution of an optical synthetic-aperture imaging system viewing an object through an inhomogeneous refractive medium. The inhomogeneities of the propagation medium create errors in the phase history data with resultant space-variant image effects, including geometric distortions and broadening of the impulse response or point-spread function. I relate the intensity-impulse response to the usual wave structure function. I determine the modulation transfer function for synthetic apertures of any size and exposure time, valid whenever the optical bandwidth is small compared with the carrier frequency, and derive the resolution for monostatic and bistatic synthetic apertures, valid whenever the real sampling aperture is small compared with the medium's coherence length. The results take the same form as the well-known turbulence-limited resolution of incoherent, real-aperture imaging with short exposure. Turbulence-limited synthetic-aperture resolution is somewhat better than incoherent real-aperture resolution under the same conditions. Autofocus processing improves synthetic-aperture resolution beyond this limit, and adaptive correction of higher-order phase history errors would improve it further.     

Phase-conjugate holographic system for high-resolution particle-image velocimetry

A novel holographic particle-image velocimeter system has been developed for the study of threedimensional (3-D) fluid velocity fields. The recording system produces 3-D particle images with a resolution, a signal-to-noise ratio, an accuracy, and derived velocity fields that are comparable to high-quality two-dimensional photographic particle-image velocimetry (PIV). The high image resolution is accomplished through the use of low f-number optics, a fringe-stabilized processing chemistry, and a phase conjugate play-back geometry that compensates for aberrations in the imaging system. In addition, the system employs a reference multiplexed, off-axis geometry for the determination of velocity directions with the cross-correlation technique, and a stereo camera geometry for the determination of the three velocity components. The combination of the imaging and reconstruction subsystems makes the analysis of volumetric PIV domains feasible.     

Correlated imaging with partially coherent light for remote sensing

Based on the extended Huygens–Fresnel integral and the theory of coherence of light field, we have investigated the correlated imaging by using the transverse normalized second-order intensity fluctuation correlation function with partially coherent light radiation. The imaging for a reflected object with relative long distance is determined by the feature of speckle-to-speckle correlation. By using the correlation function, we study the effects of imaging distance, the sizes of object lens and reference lens, the source’s transverse coherent width and its transverse size on the quality of correlated imaging. Numerical results show that the parameters of imaging system and the properties of partially coherent light source have significant influences on the imaging resolution and visibility. For an object lens with large enough diameter, the resolution is determined by the transverse coherent width of light source. On the contrary, it depends on the aperture of object lens. The magnification of the system depends only on the propagation distance. This speckle-to-speckle correlated imaging with unbalanced arms have potential applications in remote sensing due to its unique features.