“开放的复杂巨系统”概念的形成

根据已经公开发表的钱学森院士的讲话、文章和书信，在分析开放的复杂巨系统这个概念形成背景的基础上，重点考察了巨系统→复杂巨系统→开放的复杂巨系统的提炼过程，概括介绍了开放的复杂巨系统理论的基本内容，阐述了这个理论的形成对当前与今后的科学发展、尤其是对系统科学、思维科学-创新思维研究的重大意义。     

支持科学决策和咨询的技术——思维系统工程

思维科学及思维系统工程的研究，可为科学决策和咨询提供理论基础与技术支持。建立和启动一个开放的思维巨系统——思维系统工程，是一项崭新的工程技术。论述了社会思维与群体智慧；综合集成研讨厅的框架结构及技术构件；基于internet的综合集成研讨厅实例。     

钱学森论地理科学

钱学森在现代人类知识体系11个门类中，将地理科学归结为自然科学与社会科学之间的桥梁科学；在五大开放的复杂巨系统中，把地理系统排在星系系统与社会系统之间；在社会总体设计部下设四大建设中，将地理建设与政治文明、物质文明、精神文明建设并列。钱学森把地理科学看做是举足轻重的科学体系。钱学森从哲学高度，从人类知识体系的高度，从复杂性系统科学的理论框架中，从社会总体设计工程的实践出发，把地理学提升到为国民经济服务的科学，因此，地理科学具有重要的理论与实践意义，必须重新认识地理。     

词汇心理表征的发展、二语学习者的认知倾向性与语言僵化现象的研究

词汇在语言学习中有着举足轻重的地位。词汇表征指词汇在大脑中的存在形式，是心理语言学中的重要课题之。词汇的心理表征的内部结构包括词义、句法、形态和拼写／语音等四方面的信息，并且是随着认知的程度而不断地发展的。本文着重阐述了二语词汇的心理表征及其发展的阶段性、二语词汇发展过程中的僵化现象（fossilization），在此基础上分析了以汉语为母语的中国英语学习者心理认知倾向性与二语习得过程中的语言僵化现象之间的关系。二语词汇心理表征的内部结构是变化发展的，呈现出阶段性；这个发展的过程同时受到母语词汇习得过程中的认知倾向性所影响。因而，本文从二语词汇认知过程中的心理表征形成机理这个层面上揭示了二语习得过程中的语言僵化现象的心理机制。     

基于情绪认知的家用儿童慢性病医疗器具设计

目的 探究情绪认知视角下，家用儿童慢性病医疗器具的设计方法。方法 通过理论研究，发现将情绪认知引入家用儿童慢性病医疗器具产品设计的意义和机会。对儿童的认知及情绪发展规律进行研究，并结合对慢性病患儿负性情绪应激源及诊疗特点的研究，总结出慢性病患儿的情绪认知特性，综合前期研究结果，明确基于情绪认知理论的家用儿童慢性病医疗器具产品的设计方法。结论 情绪对慢性病患儿的康复具有重要意义。设计师在家用儿童慢性病医疗器具的设计上应充分考虑慢性病患儿在物质环境、生理状况、社会认知等方面的情绪认知特性，从物质层面影响患儿对周围事物的情绪感知，在行为层面对患儿的情绪进行适当引导，在认知层面对患儿的情绪进行有效调节，帮助患儿以积极的心态面对家庭治疗，使其早日恢复健康。     

影响数学创新思维的因素及其培养方法

数学创新思维的培养，其关键在与激发学生创新思维的发生机制，培养过程中首要便是观念的更新。通过数学教育发展数学创新思维。影响数学创新的因素有三点：在内容上有赖于一定的知识量和良好的知识结构；在程度上有赖于智力水平；在力度上有赖于心理素质，如兴趣、性格、意志等。本文结合实践，就如何培养创新思维进行挖掘，更大程度上激发学生对数学的兴趣。     

浅谈运用科学发展观做好企业思想政治工作

科学发展观是我们党根据码克思辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的基本原理，总结国内外在发展问题上的经验教训，吸收人类文明进步的新成果，站在历史和时代的高度，提出的一种新型发展观。这是一个以人的全面发展为主线的社会整体进化，不仅从世界观的层面揭示了经济社会发展的一般规律，而且从方法论的层面为我们解决“怎么办”的问题提供了科学指导。新形势下，企业思想政治工作应自觉运用科学发展观，审视、谋划和不断创新企业思想政治工作，提高企业思想政治工作水平。     

基于儿童认知发展理论的校园广场空间设计研究——以上海工程技术大学附属松江泗泾实验学校为例

探究儿童认知发展理论在校园广场空间设计中的重要作用，提出适应儿童成长空间的设计策略，为儿童提供和谐友好的成长环境。基于儿童认知发展理论，遵循图示、同化、顺应、平衡四个基本认知概念，从空间和色彩认知维度对现有儿童公共空间进行分析。认为儿童空间应具备环境舒适性、意识私密性、空间探索性等属性特征，而色彩乏味、材质粗糙、功能单一为当前儿童空间存在的主要问题。将理论整体结合上述空间属性需求引入校园广场空间设计，从形态认知、色彩认知、功能认知三个层面入手，围绕儿童的行为自发性、社会趋向性、思维多变性进行设计研究，体现了儿童空间构建的多元化需求及学科交叉性，有效改善了儿童成长环境，能够为儿童成长空间的设计提供实践参考。     

“三个代表”思想：马克思主义哲学的新发展

江泽民总书记的“三个代表”重要思想，是对马思主义哲学的新发展：一是对马克思主义哲学发展观的发展，深刻揭示了社会发展的内在动力和创新内核；二是对马克思主认哲学真理观的发展，即在新的历史条件下，提出了“三个代表”的标准；三是对马克思主义哲学社会结构理论的发展，揭示了社会文化结构序发展重要条件和依据，即是文化的先进性与落后性的矛盾及其运动。     

用户参与式工业设计生成思维研究

目的 设计活动的多样性赋予了设计思维本身的复杂性和不定性,在工业设计研究范畴的不断延展中,经济、科技、商业的快速应用发展让用户的需求从功能层面向体验层面迅速过渡,形成以用户为中心的设计理念。方法 将设计思维作为研究对象,把用户参与式设计下的设计生成作为研究载体,分别从设计师、用户的设计思维出发,对用户参与式设计过程中的信息交流、设计过程及互动模式进行分析研究。结果 建立了用户参与式设计生成过程中设计师和用户互动思维模型并形成观点优化机制。结论 形成了用户参与式设计思维模型,并将模型进行应用以开发出汽车造型与交互设计的用户参与式生成工具,以实现用户在设计过程中的“沉浸式”参与并对设计生成形成影响。     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.