三维四向编织复合材料动态压缩性能实验研究

利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)研究了三维四向编织碳纤维环氧树脂复合材料在动态压缩载荷作用下的力学性能。在横向对复合材料进行了动态压缩实验,得到了应变率从900/s―1500/s下的应力-应变曲线,并且与准静态压缩下的结果进行了对比。分析比较了应变率对三维编织复合材料横向压缩强度和模量的影响。实验中根据SHPB理论假设,采用波形整形技术,使得试件在加载过程中处于应力平衡和均匀变形状态。实验结果表明:压缩强度和模量具有一定的应变率强化效应;与准静态结果相比,在高应变率下的复合材料的强度和模量有明显的增大,并表现出明显的脆性。还分析了应变率对复合材料破坏模式的影响。     

织物增强相对复合材料冲击压缩性质的影响

分别采用材料试验机（MTS）和分离式霍普金斯压杆（SPHB）测试系统研究二维平纹层压复合材料（2DWCs）、三维正交复合材料（3DOWCs）和三维编织复合材料（3DBCs）在准静态和高应变率压缩载荷下的力学响应和破坏形态。通过应力-应变曲线研究三种织物结构增强树脂基复合材料的应变率效应、应变率敏感性和能量吸收性质。通过破坏形态研究三种织物增强树脂基复合材料的破坏机制。结果显示:三种复合材料都具有明显的应变率效应。面外压缩时,2DWCs的压缩刚度、强度及应变率敏感性都最高,而3DBCs最弱;但当应变率大于1 500 s-1后,3DBCs能量吸收能力最强,2DWCs能量吸收能力最弱;2DWCs增强相和3DOWCs增强相以剪切断裂形式为主,3DBCs增强相以"坍塌"压扁形式为主。面内压缩时,2DWCs的面内压缩刚度最大而面内能量吸收能力最弱,3DOWCs的面内压缩强度最高,3DBCs的断裂应变最大、面内能量吸收能力及应变率敏感性最高,2DWCs增强相以分层破坏为主,3DOWCs和3DBCs以端面膨胀破坏为主。      

三维正交机织玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料动态力学性能的实验和理论研究

通过实验系统研究了三维正交机织玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料厚度方向和面内方向的动、 静态压缩力学性能。结果表明, 动、 静态压缩载荷作用下该材料响应表现出明显的各向异性、 非线性和应变率敏感性。针对三维正交机织玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料高速变形过程中不同形式的内部缺陷和微损伤的演化, 提出了一个依赖应变、 应变率的宏观损伤量, 建立了一种含损伤的非线性黏弹性本构模型。采用数据处理方法拟合了其本构方程材料参数, 在加载过程中, 模型计算值与实验结果吻合较好。     

三维编织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料在温度场下的高应变率压缩试验

研究了三维编织玄武岩长丝纤维束增强环氧树脂复合材料在23、60、90、120、150、210℃温度场下和不同应变率范围(1 300~1 600、1 600~2 000、2 000~2 300s-1)内的面外/面内冲击压缩响应特征。结果表明:试验温度高于或低于树脂玻璃化温度决定面外/面内冲击压缩的应力-应变曲线走势特征,即使试验条件(温度和气压)一致,面外冲击压缩与面内冲击压缩应力-应变曲线也存在较大差异。温度和应变率对压缩模量、峰值应力、破坏应变、比能量吸收均有不同程度影响。面外和面内压缩的破坏模式存在较大差异,受温度效应和应变率效应影响。     

编织角和承载方向对三维四向编织复合材料动态压缩性能的影响

利用分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）装置对三维四向编织碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料的动态压缩性能进行了研究。通过对编织角为20°、30°和45°的试验件分别进行沿纵向、横向和厚度方向的动态压缩试验,得到材料在800~2 000/s应变率范围内的应力-应变曲线,并与准静态压缩试验结果进行对比,研究了应变率、压缩方向及编织角对材料极限强度和弹性模量的影响。结合高速摄影记录的动态压缩过程,进一步分析了不同情况下材料的破坏模式与破坏过程。结果表明：应变率越高,材料的极限强度和弹性模量越大,材料在受压的三个方向上均具有一定的应变率强化效应,且高应变率下表现出比准静态压缩时更明显的脆性;编织角的改变对材料在三个方向上的动态压缩性能均有影响,其中对纵向的影响最为明显;不同方向受压时材料的失效形式不同,且准静态和高应变率下的失效形式也有区别。     

三维正交机织复合材料厚向压缩性能试验研究

采用方柱形试样对UHMWPE/乙烯基酯三维正交机织复合材料进行了压缩试验。研究了该类材料的厚向压缩强度和压缩模量与z向增强纤维细度的关系,并讨论了材料的压缩破坏失效模式。结果表明:z向增强纤维细度的增加导致材料厚向压缩性能的下降。降低z向增强纤维束的细度,有利于提高材料厚向抗压性能。三维正交机织复合材料的压缩破坏具有塑性特征。三维正交机织复合材料主要的破坏模式是z向纤维在试样表面的应力集中、纤维束的剥离和剪切破坏。     

UHMWPE交织双轴向纬编复合材料高应变率压缩性能研究

利用SHPB装置对UHMWPE交织双轴向纬编针织物/乙烯基酯树脂复合材料进行了高应变率压缩实验,研究了该材料的应变率效应和能量吸收.结果表明:等离子体处理后,复合材料的高应变率压缩性能有了较大的提高,放电功率100W是一个较为合适的处理条件.UHMWPE交织双轴向纬编复合材料呈现出一定的应变率敏感性:随着应变率的增加,最大应力、压缩模量、断裂应变能密度相应增大.由于交织双轴向纬编结构中的针织线圈及经纬纱交织作用,其具有较好的抗冲击性能.     

平纹机织玻璃纤维增强复合材料面内压缩力学行为及破坏机制

为了研究平纹机织玻璃纤维复合材料SW200/LWR-2 的面内压缩力学性能并建立其本构模型, 对其进行了应变率为0. 001 s-1 、0. 1 s-1 、500 s-1 , 温度从- 55 ℃到100 ℃范围内的面内压缩实验研究。动态压缩实验在SHPB 装置上进行, 通过波形整形器实现了恒定应变率加载, 且经过验证试样两端应力平衡。实验结果表明, SW200/ LWR-2 复合材料性能具有明显的应变率敏感性及温度敏感性, 其强度随着应变率的升高而增大, 随着温度的升高而减小。对破坏后试样进行宏观及微观观察发现, 准静态加载时试样为剪切破坏, 伴随大量纤维束内脱粘和纤维拔出; 动态加载时试样为剪切破坏与分层破坏并存, 并出现大量碎屑, 纤维束为整束剪断, 束内脱粘受到抑制。根据损伤力学理论, 建立了SW200/ LWR-2 复合材料应变率及温度相关面内压缩损伤统计本构模型, 本构模型结果与实验结果吻合较好。      

三维正交机织复合材料低周弯曲疲劳力学性能有限元模拟

为了深入理解三维正交机织复合材料（3DOWC）疲劳性能,改进材料抗疲劳设计,结合三维正交机织复合材料试样经纱方向准静态三点弯曲及60%应力水平下的三点弯曲疲劳实验与ABAQUS有限元软件,构建了全尺寸三维实体模型,研究了三维正交机织复合材料在低周循环载荷下的弯曲疲劳性能,经分析得到循环加载下模型应力分布情况和疲劳损伤形态。结果表明：经纱为材料最重要的承载部件,中间加载区域为材料应力集中区,损伤主要位于应力集中区的Z纱通道处的经纱上,随着循环增加,逐渐在中心加载区域的上部和下部形成三角形损伤区域,该研究在复合材料设计与优化中具有指导意义。     

动态压缩下一种碳纤维织物增强复合材料的各向异性力学性能实验研究

为获得一种碳纤维二维正交平纹机织布增强树脂基复合材料准静态和动态压缩力学性能, 对其三个主方向(垂直于碳布方向、碳布经向、碳布纬向) , 分别利用Inst ron 试验机和SHPB 实验技术, 进行了准静态压缩和动态压缩实验。得到了三个主方向从低应变率(10 -3 / s) 到高应变率(约103 / s) 下的压缩应力2应变曲线和压缩强度, 并通过分析得到了三个主方向上的动态压缩响应特点: 垂直于碳布方向的力学性能及其与应变率的相关性主要由树脂基体所控制; 碳布经向和纬向的力学性能主要由碳纤维所控制, 并且和纤维初始微屈曲相关。最后, 分别给出三个主方向上的压缩强度和弹性模量与应变率相关性的表达式。      

In-plane Compressive Behaviors of 3-D Textile Composites at Various Strain Rates

The in-plane compressive behaviors of 3-D textile composites, which including 3-D woven composite, multi-axial multi-layer warp knitted (MMWK) composite and 3-D braided composite, were studied at quasi-static and high strain rate compression loading. The compression behaviors at high strain rates (600∼2,500/s) were tested with split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The quasi-static compressive tests were conducted on a MTS 810.23 tester and compared with the results at high strain rates. The comparisons indicate that the compression stiffness, failure stress and failure strain for the three kinds of 3-D textile composites are sensitive to strain rate. The MMWK composite has higher failure stress than the 3-D woven composite and 3-D braided composite at the same strain rate; however, the failure strain of the 3-D braided composites is higher than that of the 3-D woven composite and 3-D knitted composite at quasi-static compression because of the quasi-isotropic structure feature in the 3-D braided composite. The compressive failure modes of the 3-D woven composite, MMWK composite and 3-D braided composite are totally different because of the different preform structure.     

Impact Damage of 3D Orthogonal Woven Composite Circular Plates

The damages of 3D orthogonal woven composite circular plate under quasi-static indentation and transverse impact were tested with Materials Test System (MTS) and modified split Hopkinson bar (SHPB) apparatus. The load vs. displacement curves during quasi-static penetration and impact were obtained to study the energy absorption of the composite plate. The fluctuation of the impact stress waves has been unveiled. Differences of the load-displacement curves between the quasi-static and impact loading are discussed. This work also aims at establishing a unit-cell model to analyze the damage of composites. A user material subroutine which named VUMAT for characterizing the constitutive relationship of the 3-D orthogonal woven composite and the damage evolution is incorporated with a finite element code ABAQUS/Explicit to simulate the impact damage process of the composite plates. From the comparison of the load-displacement curves and energy absorption curves of the composite plate between experimental and FEM simulation, it is shown that the unit-cell model of the 3D woven composite and the VUMAT combined with the ABAQUS/Explicit can calculate the impact responses of the circular plate precisely. Furthermore, the model can also be extended to simulate the impact behavior of the 3D woven composite structures.     

Evaluation of the integrity of 3D orthogonal woven composites with embedded polymer optical fibers

Due to their high flexibility, high tensile strain and high fracture toughness, polymer optical fibers (POF) are excellent candidates to be utilized as embedded sensors for structure health monitoring of fiber reinforced composites. In 3D orthogonal woven structures yarns are laid straight and polymer optical fiber can be easily inserted during preform formation either as a replacement of constituents or between them. The results of the previous paper indicated how an optic fiber sensor can be integrated into 3D orthogonal woven preforms with no signal loss. This paper addresses whether incorporating POF into 3D orthogonal woven composites affects their structure integrity and performance characteristics. Range of 3D orthogonal woven composites with different number of layers and different weft densities was fabricated. The samples were manufactured with and without POF to determine the effect of embedding POF on composite structure integrity. Bending, tensile strength tests, and cross section analysis were conducted on the composite samples. Results revealed that integrity of 3D orthogonal woven composite was not affected by the presence of POF. Due to its high strain, embedded POF was able to withstand the stresses without failure as a result of conducting destructive tests of the composite samples. Micrograph of cross-section of composite samples showed that minimum distortion of the yarn cross-section in vicinity of POF and no presence of air pocked around the embedded POF which indicates that 3D woven preform provided a good host for embedded POF.     

Characterising the loading direction sensitivity of 3D woven composites: Effect of z-binder architecture

Three different architectures of 3D carbon fibre woven composites (orthogonal, ORT; layer-to-layer, LTL; angle interlock, AI) were tested in quasi-static uniaxial tension. Mechanical tests (tensile in on-axis of warp and weft directions as well as 45° off-axis) were carried out with the aim to study the loading direction sensitivity of these 3D woven composites. The z-binder architecture (the through-thickness reinforcement) has an effect on void content, directional fibre volume fraction, mechanical properties (on-axis and off-axis), failure mechanisms, energy absorption and fibre rotation angle in off-axis tested specimens. Out of all the examined architectures, 3D orthogonal woven composites (ORT) demonstrated a superior behaviour, especially when they were tested in 45° off-axis direction, indicated by high strain to failure (∼23%) and high translaminar energy absorption (∼40 MJ/m³). The z-binder yarns in ORT architecture suppress the localised damage and allow larger fibre rotation during the fibre “scissoring motion” that enables further strain to be sustained by the in-plane fabric layers during off-axis loading.     

Investigating the Potential of Using Off-Axis 3D Woven Composites in Composite Joints’ Applications

The effect of circular notch has been evaluated for three different architectures of three-dimensional (3D) carbon fibre woven composites (orthogonal, ORT; layer-to-layer, LTL; angle interlock, AI) through open-hole quasi-static tension and double-lap bearing strength tests in the off-axis (45°) direction. Damage characterisation is monitored using Digital Image correlation (DIC) for open-hole testing and X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) for double-lap bearing strength test. The off-axis notched 3D woven composites exhibits minor reduction (less than 10 %) of the notched strength compared to the un-notched strength. DIC strain contour clearly show stress/strain localisation regions around the hole periphery and stress/strain redistribution away from the whole due to the z-binder existence, especially for ORT architecture. Up to 50 % bearing strain, no significant difference in the bearing stress/bearing strain response is observed. However when ORT architecture was loaded up to failure, it demonstrates higher strain to failure (~140 %) followed by AI (~105 %) and lastly LTL (~85 %). X-ray CT scans reveal the effect of the z-binder architecture on damage evolution and delamination resistance. The study suggests that off-axis loaded 3D woven composites, especially ORT architecture, has a great potential of overcoming the current challenges facing composite laminates when used in composite joints’ applications.     

三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料高温老化后低速冲击性质

研究了三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料在180℃高温环境下老化不同时间后的低速冲击力学性能,测试得到了不同老化时间的试样在低速冲击过程中的载荷-位移曲线。研究发现:随着老化时间增加,三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料能承受的最大载荷下降,位移逐渐增加,载荷-位移曲线斜率逐渐下降;随着冲击能量增加,老化条件相同的三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料试样最大承受载荷增大,位移和曲线斜率增加。对高温老化后三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料试样进行SEM观察,发现纤维与树脂基体脱粘有裂纹产生,且裂纹数目和面积随着老化时间延长而增加。      

Finite Element Analysis of Delamination inWoven Composites under Quasi-Static Indentation

Delamination initiation and propagation in plain woven laminates and 3D orthogonal woven composites during short beam shear (SBS) test were analyzed using finite element (FE) analyses. Two kinds of 3D woven composites, containing single z-yarns and double z-yarns, were considered. The FE models were guided by experimental observations from SBS tests for the same material systems. A series of mechanisms including creation and evolution of matrix cracks and delaminations were modeled discretely. The force-displacement curves obtained from the FE simulations were compared with those from experiments. Further parametric studies were conducted to investigate the effects of z-yarns and interlaminar fracture toughness on delamination in woven composites. The results from the FE simulations revealed that z-yarns in 3D woven composites can play a major role in impeding propagation of interlaminar cracks. On the other hand 2D plain woven laminates without any z-reinforcement demonstrated higher interlaminar fracture toughness due to undulation in yarns. 3D woven composites with double yarns showed better damage tolerance than single yarn 3D woven composites and their behavior was very similar to composite laminates with high interlaminar fracture toughness.     

Experimental determination of the mode I delamination fracture and fatigue properties of thin 3D woven composites

The mode I delamination fracture toughness and fatigue strength of thin-section three-dimensional (3D) woven composite materials is experimentally determined. The non-crimp 3D orthogonally woven carbon–epoxy composites were thin (2 mm) and consequently their through-thickness z-binder yarns were inclined at a very steep angle (about 70°) from the orthogonal direction. The steep z-binder angle has a marked effect on the delamination toughening and fatigue strengthening mechanisms. Experimental testing revealed that the fracture toughness and fatigue resistance increased progressively with the volume content of z-binders. However, the steep angle caused the z-binder yarns bridging the delamination crack to deform and fail in shear and through-thickness tension, rather than in-plane tension which usually occurs in thick 3D woven composites. Mode I pull-off tests on a single woven z-binder yarn embedded within the composite revealed that the crack bridging traction load, strain energy absorption and failure mechanism were strongly affected by the steep angle.     

Tensile Properties and Failure Mechanism of a New 3D Nonorthogonal Woven Composite Material

Tensile properties and failure mechanism of a newly developed three-dimensional (3D) woven composite material named 3D nonorthogonal woven composite are investigated in this paper. The microstructure of the composite is studied and the tensile properties are obtained by quasi-static tensile tests. The failure mechanism of specimen is discussed based on observation of the fracture surfaces via electron microscope. It is found that the specimens always split along the oblique yarns and produce typical v-shaped fracture surfaces. The representative volume cell (RVC) is established based on the microstructure. A finite element analysis is conducted with periodical boundary conditions. The finite element simulation results agree well with the experimental data. By analyzing deformation and stress distribution under different loading conditions, it is demonstrated that finite element model based on RVC is valid in predicting tensile properties of 3D nonorthogonal woven composites. Stress distribution shows that the oblique yarns and warp yarns oriented along the x direction carry primary load under x tension and that warp yarns bear primary load under y tension.