Sanicro25奥氏体耐热钢的高温氧化和腐蚀行为研究进展

基于现代先进超(超)临界火电机组再热器和过热器的一种候选材料——Sanicro25奥氏体耐热钢,通过对Sanicro25的组织结构、高温O_2/H_2O氧化、高温烟气腐蚀、硫-氯腐蚀、熔盐热腐蚀等耐蚀性能的综述,重点指出应进一步深入研究第二相析出行为以及典型环境介质中抗氧化和耐蚀长时性能,从而揭示该钢种的高温氧化、腐蚀行为。     

一种近α型钛合金Ti—8Al—1Mo—1V的研究

本文研究了Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V近α型钛合金的熔炼工艺,锻造工艺和热处理工艺。等轴组织具有良好的室、高温拉伸强度、塑性和适当的高温蠕变抗力,并具有优良的冲击韧性。双态组织和网蓝组织的综合性能则次之。但塑性和冲击韧性最差。     

球墨铸铁冲击韧性影响因素的分析

球墨铸铁在许多方面都具有良好的材料性能,但球墨铸铁的冲击韧性较低,使其应用受到限制。因此,提高球墨铸铁的冲击韧性尤其是低温冲击韧性已成为近年来人们关注的热点。本文从化学成分,基体组织等多个文献分析对球墨铸铁冲击韧性的影响,并由此此提醒行业人事从这些方面努力来高球墨铸铁的冲击韧性。     

铬对锰硅硼铸造耐磨钢组织和性能的影响

研究了铬对锰硅硼低合金耐磨钢组织及性能的影响,结果表明：加入铬合金化后,组织仍然以马氏体和贝氏体为主,存在少量残余奥氏体。随着铬含量增加,马氏体数量增加,贝氏体数量减少。加入铬对钢的硬度基本没有影响,但加入铬明显提高冲击韧性,比相同成分和热处理条件下不加铬钢的冲击韧性提高10J／cm^2左右;还对比了铬对常温及低温冲击韧性影响。     

退火热处理对TA15钛合金组织性能的影响

研究了不同的退火热处理制度对TA15钛合金显微组织、室温拉伸性能、高温拉伸性能、室温冲击韧性及硬度的影响。结果表明：在相变点以上温度退火,合金具有较高的室温、高温强度,但室温塑性、高温塑性、室温冲击韧性较低;在相变点以下温度退火,合金的室温、高温断裂强度在860℃退火时出现峰值,而室温塑性、高温断面收缩率和室温冲击韧性则随着退火温度的升高而提高;同单重退火相比,双重退火、三重退火对提高合金性能的作用不大。     

10CrNi3MoV钢焊接热影响区组织和性能研究

通过热模拟试验研究了１０ＣｒＮｉ３ＭｏＶ 钢在线能量为１５～１００ｋＪ／ｃｍ 范围内时焊接热影响区（ＨＡＺ）组织和性能的变化规律。结果表明,经过一次热循环后,特别是峰值温度为１３００℃时,冲击韧性显著降低。金相分析表明,冲击韧性的降低与组织和晶粒粗大有关,但总体低温冲击韧性能够保持在较高的水平上（Ａ ｋｖ,－ ５０℃＞６０Ｊ）。经过二次热循环后,线能量较低时,热影响区冲击韧性得到改善;线能量较高时,热影响区冲击韧性大大降低     

超超临界机组用HR3C奥氏体耐热钢研究进展

HR3C凭借良好的高温力学性能和高温抗氧化性能,被广泛用于超超临界机组的过热器和再热器之中.为推进其工业化应用,提高机组的参数效率,迫切需要对HR3C耐热钢进行深入研究,特别是在长期服役过程中析出的第二相与性能的关系.本文综述了HR3C组织结构、析出相的演变,合金元素对析出相的影响,服役过程中的氧化行为、硬度、力学性能、持久强度、冲击韧性、耐腐蚀性、焊接性能和疲劳性能等的研究进展,分析了目前HR3C服役后冲击韧性大幅下降的原因,最后对进一步研究HR3C的关键问题进行了展望.     

提高Q420角钢力学性能的探讨

采用加入V-N中间合金方法生产的Q420角钢的抗拉强度、屈服强度和冲击韧性明显提高，具有较好的综合性能。利用化学成分、力学性能和显微组织等分析方法对其机理进行分析和探讨。结果表明，加入V-N中间合金可以达到组织晶粒细化和沉淀强化的效果，使Q420角钢强度和韧性等综合性能得到提高，更好满足用户要求。     

热连轧Q345R压力容器板性能研究

研究了传统轧制和热连轧工艺生产的Q345R压力容器板的力学性能及焊接接头性能,分析了热连轧Nb-Ti微合金化对性能的影响。试验结果表明,低碳、Nb-Ti微合金化处理的热连轧钢板冲击韧性较传统轧制钢板的提高2～3倍,热连轧钢板焊接接头冲击韧性明显好于传统轧制钢板的,粗晶区淬硬程度低;热连轧钢板良好的性能来源于TMCP工艺下碳当量的降低及Nb-Ti微合金化处理改善的基体及接头微观组织。     

典型α+β钛合金组织对静态和动态性能的影响

α+β钛合金具有优异的综合性能,在航空航天、生物医学、船舶及国防工业等领域得到了广泛的应用.α+β钛合金的强度、塑性、冲击韧性以及断裂韧性主要取决于其内部的显微组织.因此,阐明α+β钛合金组织和性能之间的关系,对设计性能优异的材料至关重要.本文主要综述了TC21、TC4、TC11、TC4-DT等典型两相钛合金的组织与静态和动态力学性能之间关系的研究进展,并指出研究中存在的问题,以期为获得两相钛合金的理想显微组织和优异的力学性能提供理论指导.     

Profiles of persistent slip markings and internal structure of underlying persistent slip bands

Focused ion beam sections and lamellae for transmission electron microscopy were prepared from fatigued specimens of polycrystalline copper and austenitic Sanicro 25 steel. The profiles of persistent slip markings developed on the surface were observed and documented simultaneously with the underlying dislocation structure. In copper fatigued at room temperature and close to liquid nitrogen temperature, persistent slip markings consisting of pronounced extrusions and parallel intrusions appeared at locations where persistent slip bands having the ladder‐like dislocation structure egress on the surface. Stage I cracks initiated from the tip of the intrusions. In Sanicro 25 steel, more planar character of the dislocation structure led to thin extrusions and intrusions and several stage I cracks running parallel to the primary slip plane. Exceptionally, ladder‐like structure and generally alternating dislocation‐rich and dislocation‐poor volumes were observed in the PSBs. Dislocations bands of secondary slip systems in the matrix disappeared on intersections with PSBs. Experimental findings were compared with predictions of recent physically based models of fatigue crack initiation.     

Microstructural evolution and the effect on hardness of Sanicro 25 welded joint base metal after creep at 973 K

The microstructural evolution and the hardness of Sanicro 25 welded joint base metal after creep at 973 K were investigated, aiming to determine which precipitate is the most important to affect the change in hardness. The precipitates in as-received specimen consist of primary NbCrN and NbC. Creep at 973 K results in the precipitation of secondary NbCrN and Cu-rich particles which grow slightly and M₂₃C₆ which coarsens noticeably. The precipitation of secondary NbCrN, Cu-rich particles and M₂₃C₆ greatly increases the hardness in the early stage of creep. However, when the creep rupture time falls in the range from 582 to 4265 h, the hardness is reduced mainly owing to the growth of Cu-rich particles. With further creep, the growth of both secondary NbCrN and Cu-rich particles decreases the hardness furthermore. It is thus concluded that both secondary NbCrN and Cu-rich particles are the key precipitates to affect the hardness change in Sanicro 25 welded joint base metal after creep at 973 K.     

Effect of Temperature and Chloride Ion Concentration on the Electrochemical Behaviour of Stainless Steel

The effect of temperature and chlorideion concentration on the electrochemical behaviourof austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steelCOR 25 in an aqueous solution of 60%H_3PO_4+4%H_2SO_4is studied in this paper.The experiments show that the anodic activepeak current on potentiodynamic polarizationincreases by an order of magnitude with an in-crease of temperature from 50℃ and with anincrease of chloride ion from<1 mg/1 to 1500mg/1.Compared with the other materials tested,the austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steelshows favourable corrosion characteristics inelectrochemical tests,being comparable to thefully austenitic alloy Sanicro 28,which hasa higher chromium and nickel content,and ismuch better than GX3CrNiMo2010.Corrosion ofthe duplex material is normally phase selec-tive,with phase boundary attack after unfavour-able heat treatments.     

Nondisruptive material sampling and mechanical testing

The aging and inservice degradation of industrial equipment has underscored a need for efficient and reliable evaluation of the suitability of such equipment for continued service. The structural components of traditional energy production facilities, such as fossil- and nuclear-fueled electric power plants, are prime examples of aging equipment for which integrity during extended service is of major concern. The paper describes a recently developed nondisruptive miniature material sample removal and test approach that is being applied to a range of operating electric power plant components from turbine generators to pressure vessels, and to petrochemical plant reactor vessels for inservice integrity assessment. Thein situ removal of a thin wafer-like sample (less than 25 mm in diameter and 2.5 mm in thickness) from the component surface generally has no effect on component integrity. The miniature specimen small punch (disk bend) test has been developed to mechanically test the as-removed material, and is being used to estimate the material tensile behavior and fracture properties (ductile-to-brittle transition temperature and fracture toughness) required for a reliable component integrity assessment.     

容错事故燃料包壳用FeCrAl合金的研究进展EI北大核心CSCD

福岛事故后,人们迫切需要开发相应的燃料包壳材料以忍受严重事故发生时的极端工况,从而提高核电站的事故承受能力。尽管FeCrAl合金的宏观中子吸收截面要远远高于锆合金,但其在严重事故下良好的耐腐蚀性、优越的高温力学性能及抗辐照损伤能力,使其被列为事故容错燃料包壳的候选材料之一。然而,现有FeCrAl合金难以满足核电站用材料的要求,因此需对其进行优化,以获得更佳的性能。本文系统总结了近年来关于优化后FeCrAl合金的腐蚀行为、力学性能、辐照后的微观结构及力学性能变化、焊接性及加工性等方面的研究进展,分析了FeCrAl合金的高温腐蚀机理以及引起FeCrAl合金微观结构及力学性能变化的主要原因,提出了FeCrAl合金在高温腐蚀、焊接性以及加工性等过程中存在的主要问题以及未来的研究方向。     

Ranking of the Mechanical Characteristics of Steels of Steam Pipelines of Thermal Power Plants by Their Sensitivity to In-Service Degradation

Materials Science - We analyze the mechanical properties of heat-resistant steels after long-term operation at thermal power plants. It is shown that the operating conditions (high temperature and...     

Multi-objective optimization of steam power plants for sustainable generation of electricity

A unified framework that combines process simulation and multi-objective optimization is presented to simultaneously maximize the annual profit, while minimizing environmental impact (i.e., greenhouse gas emissions) of steam power plants with fixed flowsheet structures. The proposed methodology includes the selection of suitable primary energy sources (i.e., fossil fuels, biomass, biofuels, and solar energy) for sustainable electricity generation. For solving the problem of optimal selection of energy sources, a linear model is developed and included within a highly nonlinear simulation model for the parameter optimization of steam power plants that is solved by using genetic algorithms. This approach is robust and avoids making discrete decisions. Life cycle assessment technique is used to quantify the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from different combinations of energy sources and operating conditions of the power plants. The thermodynamic properties for liquid water and steam are calculated rigorously using the IAPWS-IF 97 formulation. An example problem of an advanced regenerative-reheat steam power plant is presented to illustrate the proposed method, which provides the Pareto optimal solutions, the types and amounts of primary energy sources as well as the optimal values of the operating conditions of the plant that simultaneously maximize the profit while minimizing environmental impact.     

ODS钢研究进展及其在核电领域的应用现状

氧化物弥散强化钢(Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel, ODS钢),具有优异的力学性能、高温稳定性及抗辐照性能.本文概要地综述了机械合金化、热等静压固化成形、等离子烧结及转角挤压等ODS钢的制备方法,总结了微观组织及结构对ODS钢性能的影响规律及影响机制,又综述了合金元素对ODS钢性能影响的相关研究进展;并对ODS钢在核电领域中的应用及相关研究进展进行了概括,介绍了激光技术在ODS钢制备及加工领域的应用,讨论了ODS钢在核电环境服役过程中存在的主要问题及进一步的研究方向,为核电站的安全运行提供有力的参考依据,对于核电材料的创新发展具有一定的参考作用.     

Liquid Gallium: Potential Uses as a Heat-Transfer Agent

This paper deals with potential uses of gallium, as well as the most important gallium-based alloys, as energy carriers in high-safety nuclear power plants. Experimental data are given on the thermophysical, electrophysical, chemical, acoustic, and other properties of gallium and its alloys.