工作倦怠形成机制的初步研究

通过对322名企业员工的问卷调查,初步探索工作倦怠的形成机制。中介回归分析的结果显示:情绪衰竭完全中介工作需求对玩世不恭的影响,部分中介工作资源对玩世不恭的影响;玩世不恭完全中介情绪衰竭和工作资源对职业效能的影响。这些结果说明:工作倦怠的产生不是一蹴而就的,其内在形成过程是:工作需求过高、工作资源匮乏的工作环境导致员工出现情绪衰竭;在缺乏工作资源的情况下,员工不能有效应对情绪衰竭,引起玩世不恭;情绪衰竭和玩世不恭的长期后果是员工自我评价降低,职业效能低落。     

压力对工作倦怠的影响

目的:探讨企业客户服务人员工作压力、一般自我效能感与工作倦怠的关系。方法:采用问卷调查法对金融、物业、销售行业292名客户服务人员进行调查。结果:(1)工作压力与工作倦怠的玩世不恭和成就感低落2个维度显著正相关,一般自我效能感与工作倦怠的情绪衰竭、玩世不恭、成就感低落3个维度均显著负相关;(2)工作压力对女性的影响比男性大,男性的一般自我效能感显著高于女性;(3)未婚员工比已婚员工表现出更大的焦虑和忧郁,工作压力更大;(4)国有企业、民营企业、外资企业客服人员的工作压力依次增大;(5)一般自我效能感在工作压力与工作倦怠的关系中起到了中介作用。结论:工作压力越大,工作倦怠越严重,一般自我效能感在工作压力与工作倦怠的关系中起到了中介作用。     

电子制造业一线员工工作压力与心理健康影响机制研究

应用职业紧张量表(OSI-R)和症状自评量表(SCL-90),对电子制造业一线员工工作压力和心理健康状况进行测量,深入了解其工作压力与心理健康状态。研究结果表明,电子制造业一线员工工作压力状况显著高于全国平均水平,其心理健康水平显著低于全国常模,且心理健康情况与工作压力呈显著相关关系。回归分析发现,躯体紧张反应、心理紧张反应、社会支持、任务模糊、任务过重和工作环境6因子对员工心理健康具有重要影响作用;同时,通过中介作用检验,发现个体紧张反应和个体应对资源变量是职业任务因子与心理健康变量之间的中介变量,在职业任务与心理健康之间起完全中介作用。该结果对于电子制造业一线员工的针对性管理具有指导价值。     

上海市中心城区职业人群心理健康多因素模型及干预效果分析

背景：随着我国现代化进程和生活节奏的加快，人们的工作压力也日益加大，越来越多的人已深处或濒临工作倦怠的边缘。目的：为了掌握上海市中心城区商务楼宇员工心理健康现况与水平，为辖区员工提供员工心理支持（Employee assistant program，EAP）服务，探索实施路径与方法。方法：采用随机整群抽样静安区11幢商务楼宇，员71035人，对其一般心理健康和抑郁水平进行分析研究。同时采用多阶段随访抽取同批阳性人员组成的干预与空白对照组进行身心压力评分对照、定性访谈等方法。结果：离异或未婚、外企工作、从事技术岗位的女性在一般心理健康的评分较低，未婚、从事技术工作的中年男性有较高的抑郁情绪水平。经过一年团体心理干预，干预组效果（身心压力评分）与对照组比较有统计学意义差异（t=17．52，p=0．000），干预组47．26（1．69）身心压力评分低于对照组77．29（7．88）。结论：员工支持计划（EAP）将是未来解决发达城市中心城区楼宇员工心理问题的有效途径，团体心理咨询是这其中有效的干预方法，需要多方支持与共同参与。     

知识员工工作压力源的主成分因素结构分析

通过对武汉市17家企事业单位596名知识员工工作压力源状况的实证调查分析，探讨了知识员工工作压力源的主要因素结构及其对员工工作压力感的影响。研究结果发现，构成知识员工工作压力源的主要因素分别为：工作任务、职业生涯发展、组织管理、人际关系与能力、时间紧迫性和工作环境等。相关分析和回归分析表明，工作压力源主要因素对工作压力感有显著影响。同时，工作压力源对工作压力感的解释率并不很高，说明工作压力源并非导致工作压力感的惟一因素。     

工作压力、人格特质对造纸企业员工工作绩效的影响

目的本研究以造纸企业生产线员工为例,探讨工作压力对员工工作绩效的影响及"大五"人格在其间的调节作用。方法对192名私营与合资造纸企业生产线员工进行了问卷调查。结果工作压力与工作绩效相关显著,且对工作绩效有一定的预测作用;工作压力与"大五"人格相关显著;"大五"人格与工作绩效的相关不显著;层次回归分析结果表明,"大五"人格在工作压力对工作绩效的影响中产生调节作用。结论对于本研究对象而言,工作压力影响工作绩效,"大五"人格在其间起调节作用。     

北京房地产开发企业员工工作压力源与压力反应状况的实证研究

以北京市本土房地产开发企业员工为研究对象，借鉴以往研究工作压力量表并适当修正，对房地产开发企业的员工工作压力源、工作压力反应状况以及二者之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：目前此类企业员工整体压力负荷较为严重，工作压力源、压力反应状况在不同人口统计学变量上有显著差异，且体现出其行业特点；此类企业员工的工作与家庭冲突、职业生涯发展、自我激励与认可、组织与工作特点、职业兴趣等工作压力源对压力反应状况有较好预测效力。     

角色认知、控制感及工作压力的关系分析

通过对２ 家国有大中型企业员工的角色认知及工作压力情况的调查,分析了组织中员工角色认知、控制体验与工作压力的因素构成,其分别为角色模糊和角色冲突、控制感和控制愿望、生理压力和心理压力。在此基础上确定了对各构成因素的测量工具,并分析了各构成因素之间的相互关系。发现员工角色认知对工作压力具有显著影响,角色冲突通过对心理压力的直接影响,在角色认知对工作压力的影响中起主效应作用。控制体验在角色认知对心理压力的影响中具有明显的调节作用。     

企业员工职业适应压力与职业健康的关系研究

为了探讨企业员工的职业适应压力状况及其对职业健康的影响，使用问卷调查方式研究了307名企业员工。结果表明：①不同企业性质员工在文化适应压力因子上存在显著差异；不同职业类型员工在动态任务完成及创新、前景不确定压力、文化适应压力因子上存在显著差异；②多元回归结果显示，身体适应压力、人际适应压力对情绪健康有显著影响；动态任务及创新压力、身体适应压力、前景不确定压力对心理健康有显著影响；文化适应压力、动态任务及创新压力对生理健康有显著影响。     

电信人员工作特征与工作倦怠的关系

为探讨电信人员工作特征和工作倦怠的关系,采用工作要求-决策自主问卷和工作倦怠问卷调查了526名某大型通信公司职工。分层回归分析的结果显示,在控制了人口统计学变量之后,工作特征所解释的方差变异量,在情绪衰竭、玩世不恭和职业效能三个维度分别增加了20.7%、20.1%和7.2%。该结果表明,适当降低员工的工作要求,增强技能多样性,扩大决策自主性,可望有效地预防电信人员的工作倦怠。     

Using Bayesian networks to analyze occupational stress caused by work demands: Preventing stress through social support

Occupational stress is a major health hazard and a serious challenge to the effective operation of any company and represents a major problem for both individuals and organizations. Previous researches have shown that high demands (e.g. workload, emotional) combined with low resources (e.g. support, control, rewards) are associated with adverse health (e.g. psychological, physical) and organizational impacts (e.g. reduced job satisfaction, sickness absence). The objective of the present work is to create a model to analyze how social support reduces the occupational stress caused by work demands.     

座席员的心理资本对压力反应和工作满意度的影响

本研究旨在考察呼叫中心座席员的心理资本与工作压力、压力反应和工作满意度之间的影响关系,并探讨心理资本的调节作用。研究者通过对318位座席员进行问卷测量,通过对数据进行相关分析和分层回归分析后发现,座席员的心理资本与压力反应呈显著负相关、与工作满意度呈显著正相关;座席员的心理资本调节了其工作压力源对工作满意度的影响,但对工作压力源和压力反应之间的调节作用不显著。结论:提升心理资本有助于减轻工作压力造成的压力反应,并提高工作满意度。     

工作重塑对工作绩效作用机制研究:被调节的中介效应

目的基于自我决定理论与工作特征模型,建立并检验工作重塑对工作绩效的被调节的中介效应模型,并对植根于中国文化情境的包容性领导与权威性领导的作用进行对比分析。方法采用Bootstrap、结构方程等方法对来自各类型企业的432名员工样本数据进行统计实证分析。结果实证分析结果表明,工作重塑是员工自我赋能的工作设计方式。工作重塑对其工作绩效产生正向效用,且心理授权赋能在工作重塑与工作绩效间起部分中介作用;包容性领导强化工作重塑对心理授权赋能的作用,并正向调节心理授权赋能的中介作用。与之相对,权威性领导削弱工作重塑对心理授权赋能的作用,并负向调节心理授权赋能的中介作用。结论员工通过工作重塑方式进行自我赋能,进而提升工作绩效。包容性领导与权威性领导在此中介效应过程中起到相反的调节作用。     

Psychosocial safety climate moderates the job demand–resource interaction in predicting workgroup distress

Psychosocial safety climate (PSC) arises from workplace policies, practices, and procedures for the protection of worker psychological health and safety that are largely driven by management. Many work stress theories are based on the fundamental interaction hypothesis – that a high level of job demands (D) will lead to psychological distress and that this relationship will be offset when there are high job resources (R). However we proposed that this interaction really depends on the organizational context; in particular high levels of psychosocial safety climate will enable the safe utilization of resources to reduce demands. The study sample consisted of police constables from 23 police units (stations) with longitudinal survey responses at two time points separated by 14 months (Time 1, N = 319, Time 2, N = 139). We used hierarchical linear modeling to assess the effect of the proposed three-way interaction term (PSC × D × R) on change in workgroup distress variance over time. Specifically we confirmed the interaction between emotional demands and emotional resources (assessed at the individual level), in the context of unit psychosocial safety climate (aggregated individual data). As predicted, high emotional resources moderated the positive relationship between emotional demands and change in workgroup distress but only when there were high levels of unit psychosocial safety climate. Results were confirmed using a split-sample analysis. Results support psychosocial safety climate as a property of the organization and a target for higher order controls for reducing work stress. The ‘right’ climate enables resources to do their job.     

Job demands,job resources and safety outcomes: The roles of emotional exhaustion and safety compliance

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the job demands–resources (JD–R) model in explaining the relationship of job demands and resources with safety outcomes (i.e., workplace injuries and near-misses). We collected self-reported data from 670 crude oil production workers from three sub-companies of a major oilfield company in China. The results of a structural equation analysis indicated that job demands (psychological and physical demands) and job resources (decision latitude, supervisor support and coworker support) could affect emotional exhaustion and safety compliance, and thus influence the occurrence of injuries and near-misses. The implications of the present findings regarding both the JD–R model and occupational safety research were discussed.     

Effects of stressful job demands and control on physiological and attitudinal outcomes in a hospital setting.

We tested the job demands--job control model of stress with a group of 136 registered nurses. Significant interactions between subjective and objective measures of work load and a measure of perceived control predicting physiological and attitudinal outcomes indicated support for the model. In addition, objectively assessed job demands were significantly associated with blood pressure and cortisol levels. The model also predicted elevations in physiological responses after individuals left work, suggesting that potentially health-impairing reactions to jobs that have high demands and low controllability might carry over to home settings and thus pose a high risk of long-term health impairment. The results have implications for the role of personal control in occupational stress generally and for nurse-management practices specifically.     

Psychosocial safety climate as a lead indicator of workplace bullying and harassment, job resources, psychological health and employee engagement

Psychosocial safety climate (PSC) is defined as shared perceptions of organizational policies, practices and procedures for the protection of worker psychological health and safety, that stem largely from management practices. PSC theory extends the Job Demands–Resources (JD-R) framework and proposes that organizational level PSC determines work conditions and subsequently, psychological health problems and work engagement. Our sample was derived from the Australian Workplace Barometer project and comprised 30 organizations, and 220 employees. As expected, hierarchical linear modeling showed that organizational PSC was negatively associated with workplace bullying and harassment (demands) and in turn psychological health problems (health impairment path). PSC was also positively associated with work rewards (resources) and in turn work engagement (motivational path). Accordingly, we found that PSC triggered both the health impairment and motivational pathways, thus justifying extending the JD-R model in a multilevel way. Further we found that PSC, as an organization-based resource, moderated the positive relationship between bullying/harassment and psychological health problems, and the negative relationship between bullying/harassment and engagement. The findings provide evidence for a multilevel model of PSC as a lead indicator of workplace psychosocial hazards (high demands, low resources), psychological health and employee engagement, and as a potential moderator of psychosocial hazard effects. PSC is therefore an efficient target for primary and secondary intervention.     

工作特征、职业倦怠与工作绩效的关系研究

本文以石化行业员工工作绩效为焦点,探讨工作特征对员工职业倦怠及工作绩效的影响,运用问卷调查法对某石化企业188名操作员工(男147人,女41人)进行调查,结果表明:工作要求(工作环境、工作安全感、身体负荷、设备条件)显著影响职业倦怠中的耗竭和疏离感维度;工作资源(同事支持、上级支持、培训、管理制度)对职业倦怠中的职业效能维度有显著的影响,并通过影响职业效能对关系绩效影响显著;此外工作资源直接对任务绩效有显著的影响;职业倦怠中耗竭和疏离感维度对职业效能维度有负向影响,表明石化行业员工的工作特征对其职业倦怠及工作绩效有良好的预测作用.