单双层壳体潜艇的高频回波特性研究

针对鱼雷主动声自导频段范围内潜艇目标的亮点特征问题,以Benchmark潜艇为模型,利用板块元方法和频率间接法研究了鱼雷自导声纳工作频段范围内,敷设吸声覆盖层前后单、双层壳体潜艇的回波亮点结构特征,对比了不同频率时亮点的差异,分析了敷设吸声材料对潜艇目标亮点结构特征的影响。研究结果表明,双层壳体与单层壳体潜艇回波亮点的区别主要体现在艏艉附近角度,两者在正横附近角度的差别则很小;在潜艇表面敷设的吸声覆盖层对回波亮点抑制作用较大,若鱼雷适当降低自导频段范围内发射信号的频率,潜艇内部结构还是能产生清晰的亮点。     

水下覆盖层结构的声学特性分析

根据波动理论应用分层分析的方法得到了不同入射角度、不同背衬情况时声波在水下覆盖层结构中的吸声、反射系数以及透射损失等,并数值计算了不同入射角度下三种背衬条件下的透射损失,分析表明:声波垂直入射时透射损失性能最差;水背衬时水下覆盖层结构的透射损失低频时很小,中高频时急剧增加;单壳背衬低频时壳体本身起主要的吸收作用;中高频时水下覆盖层结构的吸收作用逐渐明显;双层壳背衬时其透射损失频响曲线出现谐振峰,削弱水下覆盖层结构的声学性能,总体来说,敷设非均匀结构要优于敷设均匀结构。     

敷设空腔覆盖层水下复杂目标的声散射特性研究

研究敷设空腔覆盖层水下复杂目标的声散射特性具有重要的意义。首先通过建模软件构建目标模型，然后利用分层近似法，结合多层介质的传递矩阵方法，将含有变截面空腔的吸声覆盖层分为多个可视为圆柱空腔结构的薄层，进而实现复合结构的声反射系数的求解，最后利用基于戈登(Gordon)积分的板块元方法对目标强度进行预报，并针对复杂目标提出基于光线投射的可见面元判别方法。在此基础上，以BeTSSi Ⅱ标准模型为例，研究敷设空腔覆盖层的水下复杂目标的声散射方位特性和频率特性。结果表明：文中提出的基于光线投射的可见面元判别方法可以快速有效地提供板块元方法所需的可见面元；板块元方法对BeTSSi Ⅱ标准模型的预报结果可以很好地反映其目标强度的特征及其变化规律；模型敷设空腔覆盖层可以有效降低目标强度，与敷设等厚均匀覆盖层时相比，复合结构声反射系数曲线的第一谷值频率降低，在频率较低时敷设空腔覆盖层的吸声效果更好，可以进一步减小目标强度。该研究有助于实际工程中实现对水下平台散射特性的快速预报。     

覆盖层加筋板结构水下抗爆性能对比试验研究

为提高潜艇的隐身性能,潜艇壳体表面常敷设声学覆盖层结构。声学覆盖层常设有各类空腔等特殊结构形式,在受到水下爆炸冲击波时空腔产生变形并吸收能量,对潜艇的抗冲击性能产生影响。分别对不同覆盖层及无覆盖层的加筋平板试件开展水下抗爆炸性能对比性试验研究。通过试验获取各加筋平板试件典型部位的加速度、应变响应。比较不同覆盖层对加筋平板结构的实际抗冲效果,为今后声学覆盖层的抗冲设计和研究提供参考。     

消声瓦声参数匹配与水下目标的回波消声效果

覆盖消声瓦是水下目标隐身的一个主要方法,对敷瓦消声效果的预报是敷瓦工程的一个重要环节。预报的关键是对消声瓦吸声效果的数值分析和目标回波强度的计算方法。本文分析了消声瓦的吸声机理,据此,采用传递矩阵法和参数匹配方法求得敷瓦多层结构在任意方向的反射系数,再通过物理声学方法计算目标回波强度,给出预报值,并同实验结果进行了比较。     

薄膜材料吸声性能数值模拟

为了研究薄膜材料的吸声性能,对带空腔的单层薄膜、双层薄膜及未带空腔的双层薄膜的吸声性能进行了数值模拟。在其它参数保持不变时,随着薄膜材料的质量密度和空腔深度的增加,共振频率逐渐向低频方向移动。带空腔的双层薄膜吸声结构的吸声带宽明显高于单层薄膜的吸声带宽;未带空腔的双层薄膜吸声结构在频率低于一定值时,吸声系数可以保持常数不变。     

双层微穿孔板吸声结构设计中的共振和反共振频率计算

双层微穿孔板吸声结构设计中的共振和反共振频率计算张宗茂，顾熙棠（宁波大学机械工程系）一、引言对微穿孔板吸声结构的吸声机理已有较系统的研究’‘Ｉ“””。单层做穿孔板吸声结构的共振频率可用穿孔板共振吸声结构的共振频率计算公式求得，但双层微穿孔板吸声结构的...     

敷设超弹性覆盖层舰船水下爆炸冲击实验与仿真分析

针对在船体湿表面敷设超弹性覆盖层,对减少远场水下爆炸冲击对舰船造成的损伤具有较好效果,而覆盖层为薄壁结构与舰船尺度不匹配,在有限元分析中易造成较大困难甚至无法计算问题,提出具有较高计算效率的仿真近似方法。该方法基于超弹性覆盖层均匀化理论,考虑应变率相关性,将覆盖层实体结构替换成等效连续体模型,对全舰船进行水下爆炸冲击响应仿真分析。对敷设、未敷设覆盖层水面实船进行水下爆炸对比试验,通过试验数据与仿真结果比较研究、分析讨论,对超弹性覆盖层抗冲击性能进行深入阐述。     

基于COMSOL的空腔声学覆盖层的斜入射吸声性能分析

基于平面波斜入射理论,利用有限元软件COMSOL建立了双层平板空腔声学覆盖层单元的斜入射仿真模型,并研究了斜入射条件下覆盖层结构和材料参数对其吸声性能的影响。通过与理论解的对比,验证了该仿真模型的准确性;讨论了入射角度,空腔结构,穿孔率和覆盖层厚度等参数变化对于覆盖层吸声性能的影响。结果表明:当入射角度变化时,吸声系数的峰值谷值间的频率间隔会随着入射角度的增加而增大,而且峰值和谷值也会随着入射角度的增加而增大;当穿孔率较大或者覆盖层厚度较厚时,吸声系数的峰值和谷值频率值会向低频移动,且数值也会更大。     

敷设不同覆盖层圆板结构水下抗爆响应特性

在舰船壳体湿表面敷设柔性覆盖层是一种能有效提高其抗冲击性能的方法。多孔蜂窝覆盖层受爆炸冲击波载荷作用后胞元孔壁易于压溃,有效地分散冲击波能量,大幅度减少响应前期阶段的入射冲量,屈曲变形会吸收大量能量。水下爆炸试对于揭示模型的抗冲击机理起着重要的作用。总结对敷设不同覆盖层-圆板结构的水下爆炸响应特性的试验研究。考察有无柔性覆盖层对结构响应的影响,同时解释水下冲击波、气泡对柔性覆盖层的作用过程及覆盖层的抗冲机理。     

不同参数下的单、双层圆柱壳体速度场研究

研究圆柱壳体表面速度场的重构：疗法对潜艇水下辐射噪声的预报具有重要的意义。采用了分区段重构轻外壳速度场的思想，在此基础上建立无限流体中的有限长单、双层加肋圆柱壳模型，分析了壳体表面速度场随不同结构参数的变化规律，并对单、双层圆柱壳体，以及双层圆柱壳体内、外壳的振动响应性能作了一定的比较。得到了单区段壳体长度的选取、模型刚度特性以及不同频段内壳体间耦合作用等对壳体速度场的影响，为研究潜艇轻外壳速度场重构方法提供了理论依据。     

复合材料迭层板壳有限单元法现状分析

本文从剖析单元构成因素的角度出发,综合评述了目前用于复合材料板壳结构分析的各种有限单元,分析了这些单元的特点及其适用范围,并说明Mindlin类等参板壳单元广泛应用迭层板壳的原因以及存在问题、解决办法。还深入地讨论了杂交单元应用至迭层板壳计算的优点。     

Static,free vibration and thermal analysis of composite plates and shells using a flat triangular shell element

Finite element static, free vibration and thermal analysis of thin laminated plates and shells using a three noded triangular flat shell element is presented. The flat shell element is a combination of the Discrete Kirchhoff Theory (DKT) plate bending element and a membrane element derived from the Linear Strain Triangular (LST) element with a total of 18 degrees of freedom (3 translations and 3 rotations per node). Explicit formulations are used for the membrane, bending and membrane-bending coupling stiffness matrices and the thermal load vector. Due to a strong analogy between the induced strain caused by the thermal field and the strain induced in a structure due to an electric field the present formulation is readily applicable for the analysis of structures excited by surface bonded or embedded piezoelectric actuators. The results are presented for (i) static analysis of (a) simply supported square plates under doubly sinusoidal load and uniformly distributed load (b) simply supported spherical shells under a uniformly distributed load, (ii) free vibration analysis of (a) square cantilever plates, (b) skew cantilever plates and (c) simply supported spherical shells; (iii) Thermal deformation analysis of (a) simply supported square plates, (b) simply supported-clamped square plate and (c) simply supported spherical shells. A numerical example is also presented demonstrating the application of the present formulation to analyse a symmetrically laminated graphite/epoxy laminate excited by a layer of piezoelectric polyvinylidene flouride (PVDF). The results presented are in good agreement with those available in the literature.The work was partly sponsored by a grant (DAAHO4-95-1-0175) from the army research office with Dr. Gary Anderson as the grant monitor.     

转动态薄辐齿轮振动分析的传递矩阵法

本文用截锥壳模拟薄辐齿轮，由截锥薄壳理论导出了计算转动态截锥壳振动特性及瞬态响应的传递矩阵公式。文末给出了算例。     

A biomechanical model of rock drilling in the piddock Barnea candida (Bivalvia; Mollusca)

The bivalve Barnea candida (Pholadacea) makes its burrow in clay, soft rock and peat. Barnea has developed a number of adaptations to accommodate this lifestyle. Four muscles enable burrowing. These are situated around a dorsal pivot in such a way that the piddock is able to rotate the shells around two approximate orthogonal axes. The anterior adductor muscle anterior (AAM-A) and the posterior adductor muscle rotate the shells around a dorso-ventral axis; the anterior adductor muscle posterior (AAM-P) and the ventral adductor muscle rotate the shells around an antero-posterior axis. The AAM-A and the AAM-P have evolved from a single anterior adductor muscle and are attached to a piece of the shell that is folded inside out, the umbonal reflection. At the dorsal side of the piddock, the shell margins are reduced. This prevents collision of these margins during movement. Electrical stimulation experiments revealed that the opening of the antero-ventral side of the piddock is faster than its closure. These results were incorporated into a computer model that could simulate shell movements. The computer model allowed predictions about the shapes of burrows and scrape marks. As in Nature, simulated burrows had a long droplet shape with straight scrape marks.     

2.25 Thickness dependent effects of thermal ageing in thin conductive films

Al and Zn films, 110–900 Å thick, are dc or rf sputtered; SnO₂ films in the 1500–8000 Å thickness-range are rf sputtered. Thickness dependence variations in electrical resistance are consistent with a two-layer model: the first layer, less than 150 Å thick, is the thinner continuous layer that may be obtained; the second layer has a surface smoothness increasing with thickness up to a value near 1300 Å, above this thickness the surface ordering progressively decreases. Mayadas-Shatzkes conduction (with a constant grain diameter) occurs within metal films; thus the electronic reflection factor on grain boundaries and the electronic specular reflection factor on interfaces are determined. Thermal ageing slightly modifies the grains but improves the interface specular factor and induces thickness dependent ageing effects. Variations in the tcr of metallic films are consistent with the two-layer model and the approximate M-S equations.     

An engineering method for complex structural optimization involving both size and topology design variables

This work presents an engineering method for optimizing structures made of bars, beams, plates, or a combination of those components. Corresponding problems involve both continuous (size) and discrete (topology) variables. Using a branched multipoint approximate function, which involves such mixed variables, a series of sequential approximate problems are constructed to make the primal problem explicit. To solve the approximate problems, genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized to optimize discrete variables, and when calculating individual fitness values in GA, a second-level approximate problem only involving retained continuous variables is built to optimize continuous variables. The solution to the second-level approximate problem can be easily obtained with dual methods. Structural analyses are only needed before improving the branched approximate functions in the iteration cycles. The method aims at optimal design of discrete structures consisting of bars, beams, plates, or other components. Numerical examples are given to illustrate its effectiveness, including frame topology optimization, layout optimization of stiffeners modeled with beams or shells, concurrent layout optimization of beam and shell components, and an application in a microsatellite structure. Optimization results show that the number of structural analyses is dramatically decreased when compared with pure GA while even comparable to pure sizing optimization.     

Stability of spirally stiffened shells under external pressure

Based on the use of a semizero-moment theory of thin shells, simple computational formulas for determination of the critical pressure on the shell have been obtained; these formulas contain all the necessary mechanical and geometric characteristics of the shell and the structure which are, in essence, a generalization of the well-known and widely used formulas for homogeneous isotropic shells. __________ Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 196–198, January–February, 2006.     

Analysis of laminated bimodulus composite thin shells of revolution using a doubly curved quadrilateral finite element

This paper presents a finite element analysis of laminated bimodulus composite thin shells of revolution using a 48 d.o.f. doubly curved quadrilateral finite element. All the three displacements of the shell element reference surface are expressed as products of one-dimensional first-order Hermite interpolation polynomials. The constitutive relationship for a bimodulus composite is assumed to depend on the fibre-direction strain experienced by each orthotropic layer. Consequently the true state of strain and the corresponding constitutive relationship in a bimodulus composite structure are to be determined iteratively. The true state of stress/strain is obtained by specifying a maximum error in the locations of the two neutral surfaces (one along each of the orthogonal reference axes) in the shell. The use of the quadrilateral shell finite element is validated by solving the problem of (i) a freely supported single layer (0°) bimodulus composite square plate and (ii) a freely supported single layer (0°) cylindrical panel, which are subjected to sinusoidal transverse loading and for which analytical solutions are available. Next, the problems of a single layer (90°) pinched cylindrical shell and a single layer (0°) open crown hemispherical shell are solved to show the ability of the present program.