Perspectives of China’s Wind Energy Development

Wind energy is a kind of clean renewable energy, which is also relatively mature in technology, with large-scale development conditions and prospect for the commercialization. Wind energy’s development and utilization is an important measure to increase energy supply, adjust energy structure, ensure energy security, protect the ecological environment, reduce greenhouse gas emission and build a harmonious society. Wind energy is a kind of clean renewable energy, which is also relatively mature in technology, with large-scale development conditions and prospect for the commercialization. The development of wind energy is a systematic project, involving policy, law, technology, economy, society, environment, education and other aspects. The relationship among all the aspects should be well treated and coordinated. This paper has discussed the following relationships which should be well coordinated: relationship between wind resources and wind energy development, relationship between the wind turbine generator system and the components, relationship between wind energy technology and wind energy industry, relationship between off-grid wind power and grid-connected wind power, relationship between wind farm and the power grid, relationship between onshore wind power and offshore wind power, relationship between wind energy and other energies, relationship between technology introduction and self-innovation, relationship among foreign-funded, joint ventured and domestic-funded enterprises and relationship between the government guidance and the market regulation, as well as giving out some suggestions.     

Special report on relationship between wind farms and power grids

The installed capacity of a large scale wind power plant will be up to a number of hundreds MW, and the wind power is transmitted to load centers through long distance transmission lines with 220 kV, 500 kV, or 750 kV. Therefore, it is necessary not only considering the power transmission line between a wind power plant and the first connection node of the power network, but also the power network among the group of those wind power plants in a wind power base, the integration network from the base to the existed grids, as well as the distribution and consumption of the wind power generation by loads. Meanwhile, the impact of wind power stochastic fluctuation on power systems must be studied. In recent years, wind power prediction technology has been studied by the utilities and wind power plants. As a matter of fact, some European countries have used this prediction technology as a tool in national power dispatch centers and wind power companies.     

Assessment of wind energy potential in China

In this paper, China wind atlas is made by numerical simulating and the wind energy potential in China is calculated. The model system for wind energy resource assessment is set up based on Canadian Wind Energy Simulating Toolkit (WEST) and the simulating method is as follow. First, the weather classes are obtained depend on meteorological data of 30 years. Then, driven by the initial meteorological field produced by each weather class, the mesosclae model runs for the distribution of wind energy resources according each weather class condition one by one. Finally, averaging all the modeling output weighted by the occurrence frequency of each weather class, the annual mean distribution of wind energy resources is worked out. Compared the simulated wind energy potential with other results from several activities and studies for wind energy resource assessment, it is found that the simulated wind energy potential in mainland of China is 3 times that from the second and the third investigations for wind energy resources by CMA, and is similar to the wind energy potential obtained by NREL in SWERA project. The simulated offshore wind energy potential of China seems smaller than the true value. Although there is difference in method and conclusion for wind energy resource assessment by different institutes, the important conclusion accepted by the all is that China has rich wind energy resources. According to the simulated results of CMA and considering lots of limited factors to wind energy development, the final conclusion can be obtained that the wind energy availability in China is 700-1200 GW, in which 600-1000 GW is in mainland and 100-200 GW is on offshore, and wind power will become the important part of energy composition in future.     

The Transient Modal Dynamic Analysis of a Coke Tower

Dynamic analysis must be performed when the duration of the applied load is short or if the load is dynamic in nature. Wind load, as a random load, can lead to the vibration of the coke tower. In order to study the influence to the strength of the coke tower by wind, ABAQUS was used to conduct the transient modal dynamic analysis of the wind load. The response of the structure during loading and unloading was mainly observed. The results indicate that, with the effect of wind, the maximal nodal displacement appears at the top of the tower, which is 0.79 mm; while the maximal stress locates at the node around the skirt, the maximum is 3.26 MPa. Both of the displacement and stress cannot cause the failure of the structure. After loading and unloading, the structure engenders vibration along the loading direction. The frequency is 10 Hz, under the effect of external loads, it may easily cause the resonance of the structure, which can cause damage to the structure. So it must be taken into consideration during the process of design and operation.     

Loads Analysis of Flanges of a Transonic and Supersonic Wind Tunnel Wide Angle Diffuser

Compared with general circular flanges,flanges on conical shells have different configurations.In the Chinese national code GB150,however,there are no related contents about flange design of this kind of type.So,it needs to study loads of flanges of this kind of type.This paper takes the flange connection of a wide angle diffuser in a transonic and supersonic wind tunnel as the background,according to the principles of flange design in Chinese national code GB150,combining the characteristics of flanges of a wide angle diffuser,the loads of flanges have been analyzed,and the equations of loads and their locations have been presented.     

Wind tunnel study of aerodynamic wind loading on middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge

Wind loading on steel pylon will take majority part of the whole wind loading on bridges. In traditional wind-resistance design, wind loading on pylons is determined according to codes, or by using CFD techniques. In this paper, segment sectional model tests are carried out to investigate the wind loading on middle pylon of Taizhou Bridge, which has complicated three-dimensional flow due to its feature of double columns. Through the force measuring tests, aerodynamic force coefficients of every segment of the pylon columns have been obtained. It is found that the tested aerodynamic force coefficients are much smaller than those given by codes. The interference effects of aerodynamic force coefficients between columns of pylon are discussed. The results show that the interference effect is the most evident when the yaw angle is about 30 º from transverse direction. This kind of interference effect can be described as diminutions in transverse aerodynamic force coefficients and magnifications in longitudinal aerodynamic force coefficients of downstream columns.     

Optimization Design of TMD for Vibration Suppression of Offshore Floating Wind Turbine

In order to suppress the responses of the large vibration displacements and loads of the offshore floating wind turbine under the harsh marine environment,an effect method for restraining vibration,putting tuned mass dampers( TMD) in the cabin of wind turbine,is proposed in this paper.A dynamics model for offshore floating wind turbine with a fore-aft TMD is established based on Lagrange equation; Parameter identification of the wind turbine is performed by the non-linear least squares Levenberg-Marquardt( LM) algorithm; Parameter optimization of the TMD is researched when considering the standard deviation of the tower top longitudinal displacements as the objective function.Aiming at five typical combined wind and wave load cases under normal running state of the wind turbine,the dynamic responses of the wind turbine with / without TMD are simulated and the suppression effect of the TMD is investigated.The results show that:there exists the optimum TMD mass ratio1.8% when the damped free vibration of the wind turbine,and the standard deviation of the tower top longitudinal displacements is decreased 60% in 100 seconds by the optimized TMD.The standard deviation suppression rates of the longitudinal displacements and loads about the tower and blades increase with the increasing TMD mass ratio when the wind turbine vibration under the combined wind and wave load cases,and when the mass ratio changes from 0.5% to 2%,the maximum suppression rates are from 20% to 50%,which effectively reduce the vibration responses of the wind turbine.The research results of this paper preliminarily verify the feasibilities of using TMD for restraining vibration of the offshore floating wind turbine.     

Study on dangerous collision area of ships out of control in Sutong Bridge area

Motion state of ship out of control in bridge area was analyzed. Motion procedure after losing control was divided into two steps. One is drift step within stopping period. The other is drift step without inertia, which is induced by wind and current. Mathematical model for motion of ship out of control, considering wind-induced drift, current-induced drift, stopping ability, etc., was established. Dangerous collision areas for main pier and auxiliary piers were analyzed according to different calculation conditions.     

屋顶风机工程应用现状及改进措施

介绍了屋顶风机类型及特点,指出了目前屋顶风机在设计和使用中存在的问题,针对存在问题提出了屋顶风机注意问题及产品改进措施,给出了经改进后屋顶风机的的实际结构形式。     

大跨度桥梁考虑桥塔风效应的随机风场模拟

将谐波合成法与修正的谱描述法结合用于大跨度桥梁主梁及桥塔上的随机风场模拟。论述了利用谐波合成法对桥梁上顺风向风场的模拟过程,其中考虑了风谱沿高度的变化、由不对称互相关函数引起的重谱以及与频率有关的相位关系,对涉及的复数形式的目标谱密度阵给出了实用的分解方法。文中对用上述理论模拟出的风场样本进行了风谱的相关性检验,计算结果与目标值吻合良好,证明了所用模拟方法的可靠性。最后,使用该方法模拟生成了一座大跨度斜拉桥上随机风场的样本。     

考虑摆动效应的覆冰导线两自由度驰振稳定性分析

该文推导了考虑覆冰导线摆动的水平竖向耦合两自由度驰振模型,结合覆冰导线模型高频天平测力试验结果,采用劳斯判据分析了基于导线自振特性的广义两自由度准椭圆形覆冰导线的驰振稳定性。分析结果表明:在进行准椭圆形覆冰导线两自由度驰振稳定性分析时,气动力系数需采用七阶以上多项式描述;导线摆动对稳定性分析影响较大,不考虑导线摆动影响分析得到的不稳定风向角范围偏小,临界风速偏大;提高结构阻尼可以有效的提高驰振临界风速。最后得到了准椭圆形覆冰导线两自由度驰振稳定性分析的一般结论。     

斜拉桥拉索安装亮化灯具的风致稳定性研究

斜拉桥拉索上安装亮化灯具可能存在风致稳定性问题。以某斜拉桥拉索亮化灯具安装的初步设计方案为工程背景,制作了几何缩尺比为1∶1的节段模型,并进行了测力和测振风洞试验,试验结果表明:由于设计方案中两条钢丝的存在,该桥拉索灯具安装的初步设计方案可能会使拉索发生经典驰振。然后,提出了一种灯具安装的建议方案:取消钢丝,将电线直接螺旋固定在拉索表面。通过详细的测振试验表明:建议方案不会使拉索产生不稳定的驰振振动。     

新型斜拉桥与摩天轮复合结构流场数值模拟与风洞试验研究

为研究天津慈海桥的压强分布系数,建立了新型斜拉桥与摩天轮复合结构有限元模型,采用了RANS的RNGk-ε模型作为慈海桥进行数值分析的湍流模型,采用非平衡壁面函数模拟壁面附近复杂的流动现象。运用数值风洞法对斜拉桥部分周围流场进行数值模拟,得到斜拉桥周围流场的速度分布和斜拉桥表面的压强系数。通过风洞试验进行测量,介绍了风洞试验的风洞和试验模型,得出了32个测点不同方向的压强系数。把其中具有代表性的测点数值风洞理论值与风洞试验结果进行比较分析,结果对比说明:理论与试验数据一致,所得到的压强分布系数可以用于工程实际。同时证明该文所采用的数值模拟方法来预测斜拉桥表面的平均压强分布情况可以推广应用。     

POD方法在双坡屋盖风压场预测中的应用

应用本征正交分解(POD)技术对双坡屋盖的随机风压场进行了预测。结合风洞试验同步测量的风压数据,采用了两种方案预测屋盖上未布测点位置的风压系数时间序列。预测出数据的统计特性(均值、均方根值及极值)和功率谱等与实测数据进行了比较,发现所预测风压系数时间序列的均值和均方根值精度较好。虽然预测的风压极值大部分被低估,但是预测数据的功率谱在低频段与实测数据相吻合。因此将预测的数据应用于结构的风致响应计算是可行的。     

模型表面粗糙度对冷却塔风荷载的影响

采用两种粗糙条数量和五种粗糙条厚度分析模型表面粗糙度对冷却塔风荷载的影响,应用本征正交分解法(POD)进行风压点的加密和重构,分析不同粗糙度下冷却塔的风压分布和总体受力,并将试验结果与规范、以往的实测和风洞试验结果进行比较.研究发现:冷却塔模型的表面越光滑,喉部附近B层测点最人负风压的绝对值越大;当模型表面粗糙条数量增...     

复杂体型高层建筑表面风压及周围风环境的数值模拟

采用离散化的数值模拟方法对一幢复杂体型高层建筑及其裙房的表面风压与周围风环境进行了模拟计算,并在边界层风洞中进行了模型试验测定。数值模拟基于Reynolds时均方程,分别采用了两种湍流封闭模型:标准k?ε模型和重整化群k?ε模型。通过将两种模型的风压计算结果与风洞试验结果进行比较,获得了该类建筑物表面风压的分布特性,并对建筑周围的风环境作了分析和评价,为结构设计和建筑覆面设计提供了依据。     

单层网壳结构等效静风荷载分布估计

单层网壳对外荷载分布极为敏感,且稳定问题是其结构设计中的主要问题,因此风荷载分布的估计对其结构静力抗风分析非常重要。但目前常采用的等效静风荷载分布并不能有效反映其脉动分量对结构稳定性的可能不利影响。首先简单回顾了目前单层网壳抗风分析的方法,并介绍了一种基于风洞试验的有效风荷载分布估计方案。随后从稳定分析角度提出了一种新方法,可用来简单高效地估计单层网壳的有效风荷载分布,同时还可就风荷载的影响进行保守分析。最后,分别采用单层球面和柱面网壳作为算例,基于风洞试验结果,比较了不同估计方法在分析这类结构极限承载能力及稳定性问题时的效率,表明了所提出方法在单层网壳稳定分析中估计有效风荷载分布时的优点。     

高层建筑横风向风致响应及等效静力风荷载的分析方法

高层建筑横风向风致响应和等效静力风荷载是风工程和结构工程领域关注的问题。基于既有高层建筑横风向气动力和气动阻尼研究成果,推导出一套高层建筑横风向风致响应及等效静力风荷载的计算方法。该方法考虑了广义气动力的振型修正、气动阻尼及背景分量对风致响应的影响。通过算例与日本AIJ(2004)推荐的横风向荷载的计算方法进行了比较,显示了本计算方法的便捷性和结果的准确性,并分析了振型修正、气动阻尼和背景分量等因素对计算结果的影响。     

考虑高架桥和风屏障影响的高速列车龙卷风荷载特性研究

针对高速列车在龙卷风等局地强风作用下的运营安全,开展了高架桥上高速列车在模拟龙卷风作用下气动力识别刚体模型测压实验,研究了不同龙卷风中心作用下列车气动力的空间分布特征,评价了风屏障对列车气动力的影响。结果表明:相比混凝土栏杆,风屏障将减小龙卷风作用下列车的整体阻力、升力和倾覆力矩系数的最不利值,但会增加整体俯仰和横摆力矩系数最不利值。采用风屏障将改变“气流?车?桥”间的相互作用机制,从而改变列车整体风力系数最不利值发生的龙卷风中心位置。风屏障高度对列车整体风力系数各分量的影响规律不相同。