计算听觉场景分析介绍

介绍了计算听觉场景分析的研究内容、理论依据、归类线索及意义，并以听觉的两大类型（数据驱动及图式驱动）为框架较详细地阐述了计算听觉场景分析系统的主要结构及研究进展，指出了信息双向互流将是未来CASA研究的主要模式。     

奇异的第二感觉——听觉分析（2）

2耳朵解剖入门 人的听觉器官是非常复杂的。作为一个感觉系统，耳朵由外耳、中耳和内耳三部分构成，见图1。     

神经营养因子与人工耳蜗的实验研究

综述了在听觉神经系统中，神经营养因子与听力损伤、电刺激、突触疲劳的关系；介绍了神经营养因子保护听觉的分子机制，及神经营养因子在人工耳蜗研究中的应用前景和意义。     

语音分离技术的研究现状与展望

从计算听觉场景分析和盲源分离两种方法综述了当前语音分离技术的研究现状和发展方向。计算听觉场景分析是用计算机来模拟人类听觉系统的处理机制。它可分为两大类：一类是数据驱动型，特点是信息由低级向高级的单向流动；另一类是图式驱动型，特点是信息由低级向高级和由高级向低级结合的双向流动。最后指出信息双向互流的混合语音分离模式将是未来计算听觉场景分析研究的主要模式：基于听觉和视觉的结合来改善语音分离效果的研究将是未来研究方向之一。此外，盲源分离的欠完全问题．非线性混叠信号的可分离性、非平稳混叠信号的盲分离问题都将需要进一步研究：基于CASA和BSS联合进行语音分离将是未来研究的热点。     

可听化技术研究与发展趋势

可听化技术是听觉显示研究的一个重要研究内容，其核心内容是对用户的听觉感知的研究。文章简要回顾近年来国内外在听觉显示和可听化的研究成果，概述了可听化技术的主要研究内容，以及可听化研究和应用的开发工具的要求；并对可听化技术的应用前景和发展趋势进行了探讨。     

旋压成形损伤断裂缺陷预测研究进展

薄壁构件旋压成形中经常出现构件破裂的现象,给生产制造带来了巨大的经济损失。主要综述了旋压成形中破裂预测的研究进展及破裂预测的损伤模型的发展概况,并结合笔者的研究经历将不同损伤模型耦合到各向异性Barlat89屈服准则中,通过半隐式图形返回算法进行数值化,来实现应力、应变和损伤值等变量的更新。然后将不同断裂模型应用于各向异性2219-O铝合金剪切旋压破裂的预测,获得了不同断裂模型预测损伤值偏离其阈值不同程度的原因。最后展望了旋压成形破裂预测中仍然存在的难题和挑战。     

听觉在产品设计中的应用研究

目的研究听觉在产品设计中的应用。方法阐述了听觉语言在产品设计中的重要性及产品设计现状与需求的关系,具体分析了残障人士和正常人士的听觉特性在产品设计中的应用。结论提出了听觉体验是产品设计中的最终目的,产品设计既要符合环境和社会需求,又要符合人体工程学的各种要求。     

高难度水平下单通道与多通道突显的效用性研究

研究在高难度水平条件下，视觉突显、听觉突显和视听多通道突显对被试搜索判断绩效的影响。实验结果与分析表明：不同的突显方式对视觉搜索绩效有明显影响；在高难度水平的视觉搜索任务中，视觉突显和听觉突显均具有较好的效用性，多通道突显的效用性比单通道突显的效用性好。     

中耳有限元分析中内耳淋巴液作用的等效模型研究

利用连续组织切片方法建立了包括鼓膜、听小骨、韧带等在内的中耳三维几何模型;将中耳听骨链内边界的内耳淋巴液等效为质量-刚度-阻尼模型,根据已经发表的内耳淋巴液的物理特性,确定等效模型的物理参数。通过对中耳有限元模型的谐响应分析,提取鼓膜脐部和镫骨底板的位移模拟结果和文献中的实验数据进行对比,证实了所建立的中耳有限元模型以及内耳淋巴液等效模型的可靠性,分析了内耳淋巴液对中耳声传导的影响,尤其是在低频段对中耳声音传导效果的影响。     

声环境评价的双耳听觉适应方法

声环境评价涉及到许多的参量。有声学量也有听觉量。听觉量一般需通过听觉实验来测量，这在实际中常常是很难实现的。本文介绍的“声环境评价的双耳听觉适应方法”，通过模拟人的左右两耳的拾音及听觉系统的双耳信号处理过程，按人的主观判断标准，用物理测量的方法估计听觉量的大小。本方法尚处于发展之中。     

复合材料层板开孔压缩损伤分析

针对纤维增强复合材料层板开孔压缩, 将复合材料层板的失效分为层内失效和层间失效, 建立了复合材料层板开孔压缩损伤分析模型。该模型基于逐渐损伤分析, 对不同复合材料开孔层板进行了失效预测, 并与文献中试验结果进行了对比, 破坏强度和失效模式均与文献试验结果非常吻合。结果表明, 本文中所建立的层板开孔压缩损伤分析模型能够模拟含孔层合板压缩过程中的损伤起始、损伤扩展和最终破坏, 并最终预测含孔层合板压缩失效模式和破坏强度。     

铸造、锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金损伤容限行为对比研究

目的 研究影响铸造、锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金的损伤容限行为差异的主要因素。方法 分别从裂纹尖端塑性变形行为、二次裂纹及断口表面粗糙度3个方面对比,分析造成3种成形方法制备的TC4钛合金的断裂韧性和疲劳裂纹扩展速率差异的原因。结果 铸造TC4钛合金断裂韧性优于锻造和粉末冶金TC4钛合金,主要是因为新产生的裂纹面积大,消耗更多断裂能量。铸造TC4钛合金疲劳裂纹扩展速率低于锻造、粉末冶金TC4钛合金,其主要原因为曲折的裂纹路径和断面粗糙度诱发裂纹闭合效应以及长而深的二次裂纹。结论 3种成形方法制备TC4钛合金损伤容限行为差异的主要原因是断裂形成了不同裂纹路径形貌。     

Preliminary Analyses of Tympanic-Membrane Motion from Holographic Measurements

Abstract:  Computer-aided, personal computer (PC) based, optoelectronic holography (OEH) was used to obtain preliminary measurements of the sound-induced displacement of the tympanic membrane (TM) of cadaver cats and chinchillas. Real-time time-averaged holograms, processed at video rates, were used to characterise the frequency dependence of TM displacements as tone frequency was swept from 400 Hz to 20 kHz. Stroboscopic holography was used at selected frequencies to measure, in full-field-of-view, displacements of the TM surface with nanometer resolution. These measurements enable the determination and the characterisation of inward and outward displacements of the TM. The time-averaged holographic data suggest standing wave patterns on the cat's TM surface, which move from simple uni-modal or bi-modal patterns at low frequencies, through complicated multimodal patterns above 3 kHz, to highly ordered arrangements of displacement waves with tone frequencies above 15 kHz. The frequency boundaries of the different wave patterns are lower in chinchilla (simple patterns below 600 Hz, ordered patterns above 4 kHz) than cat. The stroboscopic holography measurements indicate wave-like motion patterns on the TM surface, where the number of wavelengths captured along sections of the TM increased with stimulus frequency with as many as 11 wavelengths visible on the chinchilla TM at 16 kHz. Counts of the visible number of wavelengths on TM sections with different sound stimulus frequency provided estimates of wave velocity along the TM surface that ranged from 5 m s⁻¹ at frequencies below 8 kHz and increased to 25 m s⁻¹ by 20 kHz.     

钢纤维增强粉煤灰地质聚合物单轴受压过程的声发射特性

为探索纤维增强地质聚合物宏观力学行为与细观损伤演化特征之间的关联,对不同纤维体积掺量(纤维与拌合物的体积比)的钢纤维增强粉煤灰地质聚合物复合材料进行了单轴压缩试验.基于声发射技术,对试样压缩过程的声发射行为进行监测,研究了纤维体积掺量对地质聚合物单轴受压破坏行为及声发射特性的影响.结果表明:地质聚合物的强度、延性、声发射波形的上升斜率及平均频率均随纤维掺量的提高而增大,试件破坏形态由脆性灾变逐渐向延性破坏转变;在破坏前期,纤维体积掺量为0及0.5%的试件的声发射撞击率及能量释放率(简称能量率)都保持在较高水平,最终导致试件出现灾变破坏;而2.0%的纤维体积掺量使得声发射撞击率及能量率在应力-时间曲线的拐点处达到峰值,随后缓慢下降,最终导致试件呈现延性破坏;因此,仅依据声发射撞击率及能量率的快速上升来预测灾变破坏的发生,有时可能会出现谎报的情况.     

Analysis of high flow stress and microstructural evolution of TC6 titanium alloy during isothermal forging

Abstract

Elevated temperature true stress – strain curves have been determined for the isothermal deformation of a TC6 titanium alloy using hot compression testing in the deformation temperature range 800 – 1040°C, strain rate range 0.001 – 50 s^-1 and reduction in height of 30 – 50%. The experimental results show that the flow stress of TC6 titanium alloy is strongly dependent on process parameters, especially on the deformation temperature and strain rate. The peak stress and steady stress of such an alloy have the same characterisation, which increases with higher strain rate and lower deformation temperature. During isothermal forging, microstructural characterisation, including volume fraction, grain size, and grain pattern of prior α phase, varies with different temperatures, height reductions, and strain rates.     

A nonlocal continuum damage mechanics approach to simulation of creep fracture in ice sheets

We present a Lagrangian finite element formulation aimed at modeling creep fracture in ice-sheets using nonlocal continuum damage mechanics. The proposed formulation is based on a thermo-viscoelastic constitutive model and a creep damage model for polycrystalline ice with different behavior in tension and compression. In this paper, mainly, we detail the nonlocal numerical implementation of the constitutive damage model into commercial finite element codes (e.g. Abaqus), wherein a procedure to handle the abrupt failure (rupture) of ice under tension is proposed. Then, we present numerical examples of creep fracture under four-point bending, uniaxial tension, and biaxial tension in order to illustrate the viability of the current approach. Finally, we present simulations of creep crack propagation in idealized rectangular ice slabs so as to estimate calving rates at low deformation rates. The examples presented demonstrate the mesh size and mesh directionality independence of the proposed nonlocal implementation.     

泡沫镍力学性能的实验研究

本研究在室温下控制位移,先以5mm/min的位移速度对泡沫镍进行了单轴拉伸、压缩实验,然后在不同应变率情况下进行了一系列单轴拉伸实验,得到了相应的应力-应变曲线,讨论了材料的应变率相关性.结果表明在普通拉伸试验范围内(准静态),改变变形速度会影响应力-应变曲线,屈服应力、强度极限随变形速度增大而下降;单轴拉伸时,应力应变关系明显分为线弹性变形、塑性变形、线性硬化和破坏4个阶段;单轴压缩时,具备其他泡沫材料受压典型应力-应变曲线的3阶段特征,即明显的弹性变形段、屈服平台段和紧实段.     

Deformation behavior in isothermal compression of the TC11 titanium alloy

Isothermal compression of the TC11 titanium alloy has been conducted on Gleebe-1500 hot-simulator at the deformation temperatures ranging from 1023 K to 1323 K, the strain rates ranging from 0.001 s⁻¹ to 10.0 s⁻¹, and the height reductions ranging from 50% to 70%. The effect of deformation temperature, strain rate and strain on the flow stress and the apparent activation energy for deformation is in depth analyzed. The experimental results show that the apparent activation energy for deformation in isothermal compression of the TC11 titanium alloy decreases with the increasing of strain. Moreover, the apparent activation energy for deformation in α + β two-phase region of the TC11 titanium alloy increases with the increasing of deformation temperature and decreases with the increasing of strain rate. A power dissipation efficiency map in isothermal compression of the TC11 titanium alloy is constructed at a strain of 0.6, in which three domains with higher power dissipation efficiency are observed, and deformation characteristics of the above-mentioned domains are analyzed. Finally, optical micrographs of the TC11 titanium alloy obtained on a Leica DMLP microscope showed the evidence of deformation in three domains.     

Quantitative comparison of tympanic membrane displacements using two optical methods to recover the optical phase

The study and quantification of the tympanic membrane (TM) displacements add important information to advance the knowledge about the hearing process. A comparative statistical analysis between two commonly used demodulation methods employed to recover the optical phase in digital holographic interferometry, namely the fast Fourier transform and phase-shifting interferometry, is presented as applied to study thin tissues such as the TM. The resulting experimental TM surface displacement data are used to contrast both methods through the analysis of variance and F tests. Data are gathered when the TMs are excited with continuous sound stimuli at levels 86, 89 and 93 dB SPL for the frequencies of 800, 1300 and 2500 Hz under the same experimental conditions. The statistical analysis shows repeatability in z-direction displacements with a standard deviation of 0.086, 0.098 and 0.080 μm using the Fourier method, and 0.080, 0.104 and 0.055 μm with the phase-shifting method at a 95% confidence level for all frequencies. The precision and accuracy are evaluated by means of the coefficient of variation; the results with the Fourier method are 0.06143, 0.06125, 0.06154 and 0.06154, 0.06118, 0.06111 with phase-shifting. The relative error between both methods is 7.143, 6.250 and 30.769%. On comparing the measured displacements, the results indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between both methods for frequencies at 800 and 1300 Hz; however, errors and other statistics increase at 2500 Hz.     

Numerical prediction of concrete slab response to blast loading

In this paper, a dynamic plastic damage model for concrete material has been employed to estimate responses of both an ordinary reinforced concrete slab and a high strength steel fibre concrete slab subjected to blast loading. In the concrete material model, the strength envelope is a damage-based modified piece-wise Drucker–Prager model; the strain rate effect on tension and compression are considered separately; the damage variable is based on Mazars’ damage model, which is a combination of tensile and compressive damage. The equation of state (EOS) is also a combination of the porous and solid EOS of concrete with different forms for tension and compression states. The interaction between the blast wave and the concrete slab is considered in the 3D simulation. In the first stage, the initial detonation and blast wave propagation is modelled in a 2D simulation before the blast wave reaches the concrete slab, then the results obtained from the 2D calculation are remapped to a 3D model. The calculated blast load is compared with that obtained from TM5-1300. The numerical results of the concrete slab response are compared with the explosive tests carried out in the Weapons System Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Department of Defence, Australia. Repetitive applications of blast loading on slabs are also simulated and the results compared with test data.