聚焦超声的辐射力计算与高强度聚焦超声功率测量实验

研究聚焦超声场的辐射力计算。应用几何声学方法,推导了聚焦超声作用于测试靶上的辐射力通用公式,讨论了全反射靶和全吸收靶上的辐射力。最后给出了应用辐射力法测量高强度聚焦超声装置的声功率的实例,其结果与良热法测得的声功率接近,偏差不大于3%。     

HIFU聚焦探头声场功率测量的凹锥面反射靶设计分析

在HIFU聚焦探头声功率测量中,常用吸收靶来进行声功率测量。锥面反射靶是辐射压力法测量大功率超声功率常用的反射靶面,本文分析了凹锥面反射靶的设计参数与HIFU聚焦探头参数之间的关系。为这种靶面参数设计提供了理论依据。本文分析中未计及靶材及厚度对测量结果的影响。     

毫瓦级超声功率副基准

中国计量科学研究院1982年研制建立的毫瓦级超声功率到基准，采用辐射力法获得总声功率值。当超声波通过交界面的不同介质时，在此交界面上产生辐射压力，通过对此压力的测量就可以计算出超声的功率。该装置是由电子微量天平和消声水槽反射靶悬吊系统组成，标准超声源产生的高频激励电压供给超声换能器，以发射超声束，超声束作用在靶上，所产生的辐射力由电子微量天平读取。毫瓦级超声功率副基准1986年被批准为国家副基准，1982年曾荣获广东省科技二等奖。其技术指标为平均声功率测量范围：门一Woo）mw；频率范围：（1－500）MHz；不确定…     

辐射压力法与声光法测定超声功率

本文介绍两种相互独立的超声功率绝对测量方法——辐射压力法和声光法,并对同一标准超声源进行测量,以验证声光法的可靠性。一、两种测量方法的原理及测量装置辐射压力法的测量原理是:在小振幅平面超声场中,两种媒质交界面上出现的时间平均单向压力即辐射压力,其值等于界面两边声能密度的差值。由此产生的辐射压力可用一个置于超声场中的靶来测定。超声换能器所辐射的总功率w与作用在全反射靶上的辐射力之间的关系为: W=CF/2cos~2θ (1)式中,W——总声功率,W; F——沿超声波轴线方向作用于靶上的力,N; c——超声在液体中的传播速度,m/s; θ——靶面法线与入射声束之间的夹角。瓦级超声功率所产生的辐射力约为零点几至几十毫牛顿。     

辐射力天平法测量相控阵超声换能器的声功率

超声换能器相控阵已用于聚焦超声治疗的研究和应用已有20多年历史,但其声功率P的测量仍缺乏方便有效简易的测量方法。文章旨在提出一种基于凸球面吸收靶的辐射力天平（Radiation Force Balance,RFB）方法,测量其声功率。理论推导了这种RFB在各种阵元组合下的比值r=P/cF（c为水中声速,F为阵的声束轴方向的总辐射力）。论述了测量各种组合的发射声功率的实施方法和测量程序。为实际的测量系统设计和应用建立了良好的工作基础。     

聚焦换能器离散发射阵列的辐射力计算

为了对医学超声中使用的聚焦换能器离散阵列的辐射力进行估算,文章中应用几何声学的方法,推导了聚焦换能器离散发射阵列超声作用于吸收靶上的辐射力公式,并分别给出了活塞阵元与聚焦阵元的辐射力公式。将该几何声学公式与瑞利积分结果比较显示,当声束倾斜角θi<30°,半孔径角α<15°时,误差不超过4.5%。这种结果说明了这种方法可以用来有效地估算离散阵列聚焦换能器的辐射力。     

聚焦换能器声功率近场互谱测量方法研究

针对辐射力天平法与量热法只能获得单一声功率量值,而高强度聚焦声场中焦平面扫描易损坏水听器的问题,开展基于近场互谱的声功率测量研究。搭建单水听器近场互谱测量系统,对声场预聚焦区域两平行平面进行声场扫描;基于互谱声强原理计算电声强频谱,进而通过水听器声压灵敏度幅频响应计算声强与声功率。通过单边互功率谱极坐标变换水听器幅频响应修正的方法,解决非线性声场中水听器幅频响应不平坦带来测量误差的问题。与基于浮力变化原理的量热法对比,超声功率测量偏差小于10%,验证近场互谱法测量高强度聚焦超声功率的有效性。     

聚焦换能器声强和声功率测量方法研究

针对聚焦声场的特点,以及辐射力天平(RFB)只能获得单一功率指标的缺点,提出一种基于近场测量法的聚焦换能器声强和声功率评价方法。通过声场测量系统对聚焦换能器预聚焦区域中两个平面上的声压扫描测量,运用声强法得到聚焦换能器的声强分布以及辐射声功率。采用活塞换能器的远场测量法与近场测量法进行比对,两种方法得到的声功率误差不超过12%。比较预聚焦区域声功率值和焦点处声功率值,分析声功率评价方法的准确性。发现聚焦声场中不同位置处的声功率值一致性误差5%,同一位置处的声功率值重复性误差2%。结果表明,近场测量法适用于对聚焦换能器声强和声功率的评价,可有效避免直接测量对测量设备的损坏,同时还克服双水听器声强互谱法频率上限低以及测量系统相位不匹配的缺点。     

基于自易校准技术的柱面会聚波超声功率测量研究

基于自易校准技术研究了柱面会聚波超声功率的测量方法。首先从定义柱面会聚波的互易常数、自由场发送电流响应及电压灵敏度等电声特性参数开始,重点讨论了反射系数及衍射修正系数的计算方法,推导了凹圆柱面聚焦换能器声功率自易测量计算的表达式。然后,将实测结果与辐射力法的测量结果比较取得很好的一致性。通过实验证明了自易校准法应用于柱面会聚波超声功率测量的合理性和可行性。     

超声功率计力平衡系统的理论分析

在超声的医学效应和作用机制上都需定量地测定超声换能器的总辐射功率以控制超声辐射剂量和测定生物效应的阈值。为此我们研制了一种以辐射力法为基础的临床用便携式声功率计。本仪器的一个独到之处就是采用了闭环式力平衡传感系统，具体模型如图。未接通电源时，浮子沉在水底，接通电源后线圈中有电流通过产生磁力，使浮子抬起悬在水中，达到初始平衡态。当有一声辐射力作用于靶面时浮子下沉，光敏二极管的进光量变化，引出的电压差值增大，使线圈中的电流增大磁力增强，使浮子在低于初始平衡位置的某处重新平衡。通过理论推导，在达到理想…     

Amplitude-dependent losses in ultrasound exposure measurement

Energy losses resulting from the nonlinear propagation of ultrasonic pulses in water have been measured using a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane hydrophone and a radiation-force balance. The focused ultrasonic transducers used were of low focal gain operating at source intensities and frequencies typical of those used in medical diagnostic applications. Energy transfer into harmonic components has been quantified by hydrophone measurements at the focus. At values of shock parameter sigma>pi/2, total loss of intensity was observed, with the greatest loss reaching 2.75 dB of the intensity predicted by linear extrapolation from low-amplitude measurements. A similar but smaller-magnitude reduction in the radiation force measured by a force balance was observed. These results are related to ranges of acoustic parameters obtained from surveys on clinical equipment. It is concluded that a significant majority of contemporary clinical scanners can generate ultrasonic pulses which will lose energy during transmission through water due to amplitude-dependent nonlinear losses, and that it is necessary to consider these, and other nonlinear phenomena, when predicting exposure conditions in vivo.     

Calibration of a focusing transducer and miniature hydrophone as well as acoustic power measurement based on free-field reciprocity in a spherically focused wave field

The free-field transmitting voltage response at the pressure focus of a spherically focusing transducer was defined and calibrated based on the reciprocity theorem of a free-field spherically focused acoustic wave. The acoustic power, the radiation conductance, and the pressure at the pressure focus were derived and measured accordingly from the transmitting current response on the imaginary mirror symmetric spherical surface of the radiating surface. A miniature hydrophone was calibrated by the self-reciprocity of the spherically focusing source. Comparison results show that the measured acoustic power deviation between the reciprocity method and the radiation force balance method are within +/- 5% for two air-backed focusing transducers at 1.53 MHz and 5.27 MHz, respectively, and the maximum deviation of a hydrophone calibration between the new method and the free-field plane wave reciprocity method is within 1.4 dB in the frequency range from 1 MHz to 2 MHz in experiments.     

A new high intensity focused ultrasound applicator for surgical applications

Improved high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) surgical applicators are required for use in a surgical environment. We report on the performance and characteristics of a new solid-cone HIFU applicator. Previous HIFU devices used a water-filled stand-off to couple the ultrasonic energy from the transducer to the treatment area. The new applicator uses a spherically-focused element and a solid aluminum cone to guide and couple the ultrasound to the tissue. Compared with the water-filled applicators, this new applicator is simpler to set up and manipulate, cannot leak, prevents the possibility of cavitation within the coupling device, and is much easier to sterilize and maintain during surgery. The design minimizes losses caused by shear wave conversion found in tapered solid acoustic velocity transformers operated at high frequencies. Computer simulations predicted good transfer of longitudinal waves. Impedance measurements, beam plots, Schlieren images, and force balance measurements verified strong focusing and suitable transfer of acoustic energy into water. At the focus, the -3 dB beam dimensions are 1.2 mm (axial)×0.3 mm (transverse). Radiation force balance measurements indicate a power transfer efficiency of 40%. In vitro and in vivo tissue experiments confirmed the applicator's ability to produce hemostasis     

聚焦超声声场中的散射体成像方法

在实验室条件下,研究了聚焦超声声场中的散射体成像问题。将一个纽扣作为散射体置于一聚焦换能器所产生的声场中,以频率为1.17MHz的脉冲信号经功率放大后激励聚焦换能器,声波作用于纽扣后发生散射,借助于三维自动扫描系统和PVDF膜片水听器,测量得到了散射声场中前三次谐波的声场分布,膜片水听器敏感元件有效尺寸为1mm。利用角谱法反演了散射体所在处的声场,通过与散射体实际的形状特征进行比较,发现反演的结果与散射体特征吻合良好,由此得出结论,在信噪比足够大的情况下,利用聚焦声场所产生出的高次谐波,可以得到分辨率较高的成像效果。     

基于超声驻波场的水下颗粒操控研究

超声波产生的声辐射力可以实现对微小物体的操控。针对微米尺度颗粒在液体环境的操控问题,基于黏性介质中的声辐射力理论,建立由双凹球面聚焦超声换能器驱动下的水下颗粒操控模型。利用COMSOL软件仿真了模型的声场、声流场及颗粒操控动态过程,最后通过水下颗粒操控实验对仿真结果进行验证。研究发现,颗粒在水下操控过程受到声辐射力与声流曳力的共同作用,由声波干涉作用形成的局部驻波场主要依靠声辐射力将颗粒团聚在波节位置,但随着颗粒尺寸的减小,颗粒无法继续束缚,颗粒操控将由依靠声辐射力转变为声流曳力。此外声场强度的增加会增强颗粒操控的抗扰动能力。     

红外热成像聚焦超声声场测量方法综述

基于红外热成像技术对聚焦超声声场进行快速、定量测量的方法具有扫描速度快、空间分辨率高、适用频率范围广等优点。但是由于红外线的穿透能力限制,在红外摄像仪和超声吸收体之间需要一个空气层,因此使得超声吸收体内部声场较为复杂,目前已有三种模型对此进行描述,且都得到了相应的实验验证。本文通过分析基于三种模型的超声吸收体内部声场分布和声强估计方法,对其进行了较为详细的描述。为进一步研究该项技术提供了理论参考依据。     

Scattering of focused ultrasonic beams by two spherical cavities in close proximity

Ultrasonic fields generated by one and two spherical cavities placed in front of a point-focused acoustic lens are modeled by the semi-analytical distributed point source method (DPSM). Results are generated by properly considering the interaction effect between two cavities placed in the focused ultrasonic field. The interaction effect between the two cavities prohibits the linear superposition of single cavity solutions to obtain the solution for two cavities placed in close proximity. Therefore, although some analytical and semi-analytical solutions are available for the single cavity in a focused ultrasonic field, those solutions cannot be simply superimposed for solving the two-cavity problem even for a linear elastic material. Solution of this problem is necessary to evaluate when two cavities placed in close proximity can be distinguished by an acoustic lens and when it is not possible. The comparison between the reflections of ultrasonic energy from two small cavities versus a single big cavity is also investigated.     

Techniques and physical properties of 10MHz short pulse focused ultrasonic transducer

A focused ultrasonic transducer used for biomedical purposes with a fundamental frequency of 10MHz and a pulse width of one and a half periods is described in this paper. Its physical properties are given including (1) focused acoustic field recorded by an optical means, (2) electric waveform for triggering the transducer and the corresponding waveform of the wave received by another transducer, and (3) result of tests on a sample object.