辐射阻抗变换器的一个应用

曾有文献介绍过一种穿孔板变换压电换能器辐射阻抗的装置。借助这种装置有效地提高了换能器的辐射阻抗，使在空气中应用的超声换能器辐射效率和接收灵敏度显著改善。理论上认为在换能器辐射面前平行装置一块穿孔板时，穿孔和权后的空气薄层组成一个共振系统。当入射声波的频率接近共振系统的固有频率时，系统的内部空气就会产生强烈振动。整个系统近似为一个闭管，近换能器一端为闭端，穿孔板的另一端为开端。显然，闭端声阻抗很大，管的开端处声阻抗很小。设ｃ为空中气声速（ｃｍ／ｓ），ｌ为“等效的”闭管长度（ｃｍ），ｂ为穿孔板厚度（…     

弯曲振动气介式超声换能器的振动特性及辐射声场研究

本文对弯曲振动气介式超声换能器进行了研究，推出了夹心式换能器与弯曲圆板二者复合振子的机电等效电路及其总体频率方程，得出了其远场声压分布及指向性的解析表达式，并数值计算了换能器近场三维声压分布。     

发射换能器带障板特性分析

对发射换能器带障板的声场特性进行了分析,对两种类型的发射换能器带障板的增益进行了计算,并实际加以测试。障板增益在换能器工作频段内存在一个凹点(即较大负增益),随着安装距离的增大,凹点对应的频率逐渐下移,换能器在凹点频率的指向性得到展宽。适当的应用反声障板,可以起到改善发射换能器的指向性,调节发送电压响应等作用。     

DAM复合型阻尼吸声穿孔板吸声性能的研究

本文对ＤＡＭ复合型阻尼吸声穿 板吸声性能进行了较为系统的研究，讨论了填充吸声材料，Ｂ腔厚度，阻尼穿孔板孔径，穿孔率对吸声性能的影响。     

声障板对圆柱换能器轴向波束抑制技术研究

文章研究了声障板对圆柱换能器轴向波束抑制特性。利用有限元仿真方法建立了带轴向反声障板的圆柱形换能器的水中模型,通过改变障板距离圆柱形换能器的相对距离、直径等参数,探索了障板对圆柱形换能器轴向波束的抑制效果,并实际制作了带轴向障板的圆柱形换能器。结果表明:有限元仿真计算结果与试验测试结果吻合较好,利用障板技术可以有效地抑制圆柱换能器轴向声压。     

超声换能器激励的板声源振动特性的有限元分析

为了解超声清洗等应用中常用超声换能器激励的板声源的振动特性,使用有限元方法对其进行了研究,并通过实验验证了仿真结果。结果表明使用有限元法对超声换能器激励的板声源的振动分析是可行的,超声换能器激励的板声源的振动并非活塞式振动,而具有复杂的振动分布。     

穿孔板背面紧贴吸声薄层时的声学特性

文章对穿孔板背面紧贴吸声薄层时的声学特性进行了理论分析与计算。并与实验结果作出比较。理论与实验者表明，当穿孔板背后紧贴吸声薄层后，由于穿孔末端增加的附加声阻，将会显著提高穿孔板的吸声效果。同时拓宽吸声频率带宽度。     

SoundTex吸声无纺布的吸声特性

吸声无纺布是新型吸声材料。本文主要介绍ＳｏｕｎｄＴｅｘ吸声无纺布贴于穿孔板后的吸声特性，并同时还与穿孔板后贴玻璃棉吸声特性进行比较。     

一种超声料位仪换能器

本文叙述了一种用于空气中测量料位的换能器，它向纵向振子为策动源，台阶补偿高阶弯曲板为辐射面，并为发收两用型。 该换能器具有高指向性、低机械Ｑｍ值和高灵敏度的特点，已成功用于量程为２０ｍ煤仓的煤位检测。     

双迭片弯曲换能器接收特性的分析与计算

本文理论上导出边缘固定金属压电陶瓷双迭片圆板弯曲振动换能器在忽略辐射阻尼和损耗及满足薄板小挠度和轴对称条件下位移的一般解,并进一步得到了共振频率,自由场电压灵敏度的计算公式,和实验样品的测试结果进行了比较,所得结果对金属压电陶瓷双迭片圆板弯曲振动换能器的设计具有参考价值。     

Geometry,mechanical properties and mounting of perforated plates for ballistic application

In this paper, the ballistic resistance of perforated plates made of different types of steel, mounting and geometry was investigated. Different types of steel in various heat treatment conditions were tested. Target mounting was also varied: rigid, oblique and hanging. Furthermore, four different perforated plate geometries were tested: two plate thicknesses and two hole diameters. Their behaviour was tested using impact from firing 12.7 mm M-8 API ammunition at eleven perforated plate samples. These samples were placed by means of a steel frame over a 13 mm RHA plate, at two distances. Damaged area on targets was correlated to ballistic resistance of the whole armour to find the optimal perforated plate. It was found that perforated plates, in optimized case offer a frequent fracture of the penetrating core in up to five parts. This debris is unable to penetrate the basic plate, offering mass effectiveness of the whole armour model of 1.76 and the mass effectiveness of the perforated plate of 5.91.     

Piezoelectrically actuated flextensional micromachined ultrasound transducers--I: theory

This series of two papers considers piezoelectrically actuated flextensional micromachined ultrasound transducers (PAFMUTs) and consists of theory, fabrication, and experimental parts. The theory presented in this paper is developed for an ultrasound transducer application presented in the second part. In the absence of analytical expressions for the equivalent circuit parameters of a flextensional transducer, it is difficult to calculate its optimal parameters and dimensions and difficult to choose suitable materials. The influence of coupling between flexural and extensional deformation and that of coupling between the structure and the acoustic volume on the dynamic response of piezoelectrically actuated flextensional transducer are analyzed using two analytical methods: classical thin (Kirchhoff) plate theory and Mindlin plate theory. Classical thin plate theory and Mindlin plate theory are applied to derive two-dimensional plate equations for the transducer and to calculate the coupled electromechanical field variables such as mechanical displacement and electrical input impedance. In these methods, the variations across the thickness direction vanish by using the bending moments per unit length or stress resultants. Thus, two-dimensional plate equations for a step-wise laminated circular plate are obtained as well as two different solutions to the corresponding systems. An equivalent circuit of the transducer is also obtained from these solutions     

用于超声清洗复合振动换能器的研究

本文研究了一种由纵向振动夹心式压电超声换能器与弯曲圆盘组成的用于液体中超声处理的复合振动辐射器。推出了恢复合振动系统的共振频率设计方程，分析了各个振动模式的机电转换特性及其声波辐射特性，测量了振动系统的共振频率及其有效机电耦合系数。从实验及理论结果可以看出，振动系统的频率测试值与设计值基本符合。在一定的共振频率上，该振动系统具有最大的有效机电耦合系数，是一种很有前途的功率超声辐射器。     

一种带障板宽波束宽带纵振动换能器

介绍了一种带障板宽波束宽带纵振动换能器。通过将纵振动换能器的纵振动模态和前盖板弯曲振动模态有效耦合来达到拓宽换能器工作频带的目的;并提出利用反声障板边界结构大幅度增大发射波束宽度的方法。利用有限元软件分析了其在水中的特性。分析结果表明,通过纵弯模态耦合方式可有效拓宽换能器的频带宽度;通过障板在纵振动换能器中的应用可有效调节纵振动换能器的波束特性,从而实现宽波束的目的。实际制作该换能器并测试了其在不同情况下的性能,测试结果表明:有限元分析结果跟实验测量结果吻合。在9.5~18 kHz的频率范围内实现了发送电压响应起伏不超过3 dB的宽带工作;在11、12、13、14 kHz,实现了120°~160°的宽波束。     

Radiation impedance and equivalent circuit for piezoelectric ultrasonic composite transducers of vibrational mode-conversion

The piezoelectric ultrasonic composite transducer, which can be used in either gas or liquid media, is studied in this paper. The composite transducer is composed of a longitudinal sandwich piezoelectric transducer, a mechanical transformer, and a metal circular plate in flexural vibration. Acoustic radiation is produced by the flexural circular plate, which is excited by the longitudinal sandwich transducer and transformer. Based on the classic flexural theory of plates, the equivalent lumped parameters for a plate in axially symmetric flexural vibration with free boundary conditions are obtained. The radiation impedance of the plate is derived and the relationship between the radiation impedance and the frequency is analyzed. The equivalent circuits for the plate in flexural vibration and the composite transducer are given. The vibrational modes and the harmonic response of the composite piezoelectric transducer are simulated by the numerical method. Based on the theoretical and numerical analysis, two composite piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers are designed and manufactured, their admittance-frequency curves are measured, and the resonance frequency is obtained. The flexural vibrational displacement distribution of the transducer is measured with a laser scanning vibrometer. It is shown that the theoretical results are in good agreement with the measured resonance frequency and the displacement distribution.     

Plate equations for piezoelectrically actuated flexural mode ultrasound transducers

This paper considers variational methods to derive two-dimensional plate equations for piezoelectrically actuated flexural mode ultrasound transducers. In the absence of analytical expressions for the equivalent circuit parameters of a flexural mode transducer, it is difficult to calculate its optimal parameters and dimensions, and to choose suitable materials. The influence of coupling between flexural and extensional deformation, and coupling between the structure and the acoustic volume on the dynamic response of piezoelectrically actuated flexural mode transducer is analyzed using variational methods. Variational methods are applied to derive two-dimensional plate equations for the transducer, and to calculate the coupled electromechanical field variables. In these methods, the variations across the thickness direction vanish by using the stress resultants. Thus, two-dimensional plate equations for a stepwise laminated circular plate are obtained.     

A new approach for the design of ultrasono-therapy transducers

In this paper we describe a new approach for the design of ultrasono-therapy transducers. Usually, in this kind of transducer, a lambda/2 front plate is inserted only in order to ensure a good mechanical protection of the active crystal from the surrounding medium. However, with an accurate design, the plate can also be used to match the piezoelectric element to the load both in terms of gain and bandwidth. To this end we apply the technique normally used in acoustical imaging and nondestructive testing, and, by means of a distributed matrix model, we optimize the thickness and impedance of the plate in order to obtain a strong response and a large bandwidth at the working frequency. Using a front plate of thickness about lambda/3, the model predicts better performances than the ones obtained with the classical design, also in terms of efficiency. An experimental comparison between a transducer realized according to the proposed design and a commercial half wave transducer shows better performances the former and therefore validates the new design criterion.     

Transient response of perforated plate matrix heat exchangers

Perforated plate matrix heat exchangers are used in a number of applications such as helium liquefiers, Joule–Thompson cryocoolers operating with pure fluids and mixtures, etc. The time taken for cool down of cryocoolers is very critical in many applications, for example, those used in mobile applications (e.g. missiles). In this paper we study the effect of different parameters on the transient response of perforated plate matrix heat exchangers.     

Broadband ultrasonic transducers using a LiNbO3 plate with a ferroelectric inversion layer

Some heat treatment of a lithium niobate (LiNbO/sub 3/) plate induces domain inversion, thereby yielding a ferroelectric inversion layer. In such a piezoelectric plate with an inversion layer, even-order thickness-extensional modes, as well as odd-order modes, can be excited piezoelectrically. Therefore, the ultrasonic transducer using such a piezoelectric plate is expected to operate over a wide frequency range. In this paper, it is shown that broadband ultrasonic transducers can be obtained at a certain thickness ratio of inversion layer to plate, and that the transducer characteristics differ depending on whether the inversion layer is on the front side or on the backside. The broadband characteristics are experimentally demonstrated by fabricating transducers with 9 MHz or 75 MHz center frequency using 36/spl deg/ rotated Y-cut LiNbO/sub 3/ plates with a ferroelectric inversion layer.