处理城市污水的反硝化脱氮除磷新工艺研究进展

反硝化脱氮除磷可以实现同步反硝化脱氮和除磷,代表了当前污水处理可持续发展战略的发展趋势。本文对反硝化脱氮除磷的新工艺进行了重点介绍,这些工艺充分发挥了反硝化聚磷菌的优势,可提高处理效率、简化操作、降低处理费用,成为目前脱氮除磷工艺技术研究的热点和重点。     

厌氧-低氧生物除磷脱氮系统的动力学研究

通过对PHA和氨氮低氧降解动力学的研究发现:PHV是一种更加慢速氧化的内碳源,从而减慢碳源被氧气直接氧化的速率,使其更接近于低氧氨氧化速率,从而有利于低氧段反硝化的持续进行。因此,提高厌氧段PHV的合成量可能是提高厌氧-低氧同时除磷脱氮系统中除磷脱氮效果的一个重要途径。     

反硝化除磷机理的研究进展

文章从微生物本质上概述且比较了生物脱氮、生物除磷、反硝化除磷的机理,并总结了反硝化除磷的优点,对以后的生物脱氨除磷研究具有一定的借鉴作用。     

乙酸钠与甲醇为外加碳源在反硝化过程中的比较

现有污水厂常存在碳源不足的现象,比反硝化速率较低,反硝化过程得不到彻底进行。本研究利用倒置A2／O系统的活性污泥,以某污水厂初沉池出水与不同量的甲醇及乙酸钠配制为一系列原水,进行反硝化反应效能的研究,以对比甲醇及乙酸钠对反硝化作用的强化效果差异。研究结果表明污水厂初沉池出水碳源中不容或复杂的可溶性有机物占较大比例。以乙酸钠为外加碳源时,可得较高的比反硝化速率。而以甲醇为外加碳源时,反硝化效率较乙酸钠高。通过不同的碳源补偿均能在一定程度上改善脱氮效果。     

异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株DN1.2的脱氮特性研究

对一株具有异养硝化-好氧反硝化能力的恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida DN1.2进行了研究,初步探讨了不同碳源种类、碳氮比、pH值、温度、氨氮质量浓度对DN1.2菌株脱氮作用的影响.结果表明,该菌在异养硝化过程中能同时去除化学需氧量(COD)和氨氮,并且不积累硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐.碳氮比是影响其脱氮效果的重要因素.不同碳源种类下菌株的脱氮能力按大小排序为:乙酸盐＞葡萄糖＞柠檬酸盐＞甘油.脱除氨氮和COD的最适初始pH为7 0～7 5,最适温度为30～34℃.在菌株DN1 2转化的氨氮中有超过50%的部分被完全从水体中去除,细胞对氨氮的同化率为38 5%.     

MB（A2/O）工艺的好氧、缺氧摄磷及微生物特性

为开发高效除磷脱氮技术,研制了将MBR与A２桙O工艺有机集成的新型MB（A２/O）组合工艺。研究 了MB（A２/O）工艺处理城市污水的好氧、缺氧摄磷性能及微生物特性,并分析了其机理。结果表明：在 MB（A２/O）系统中,聚磷菌约占活性污泥总量的２０％～４０％,其中大量存在能够利用NOX－N作为电子受体 进行反硝化除磷的DPB,约占聚磷菌数量的３５畅６６％～６７畅８３％。好氧摄磷的平均速率为２畅３０mgP·gMLSS－１· h－１,最大摄磷速率为５.４４mgP·gMLSS－１·h－１;缺氧摄磷的平均速率为１     

模糊控制强化生物除磷SBR系统的除磷过程

采用在线ORP和pH仪对两个平行的强化生物除磷(EBPR)SBR反应系统的厌氧放磷、缺氧吸磷和好氧吸磷过程进行监测。针对聚糖菌(GAO)和聚磷菌(PAO)的竞争和影响PAO和反硝化聚磷菌(DPAO)的各种因素,验证了以氧化还原电位(ORP)和pH作为除磷过程模糊控制参数的可行性和有效性。在此基础上,确立了厌氧／好氧(A／O)SBR系统和厌氧／缺氧(A2)SBR系统除磷过程的模糊控制策略。对ORP和pH的在线检测不仅可以模糊控制厌氧放磷、缺氧吸磷和好氧吸磷过程所需时间,节约能源优化处理效果,而且可以指示系统运行效果和功能微生物种群的竞争行为。     

厌氧-低氧序批式反应器处理投加不同比例发酵液城市污水的试验研究

本文的研究重点是比较以城市污水为碳源的SBR-A及以化学合成的乙酸钠和以剩余污泥发酵产生的短链脂肪酸(简称发酵液)分别作为城市污水的补充碳源的SBR-B和SBR-C三个系统中的除磷脱氮效果和特性。     

改性PbO2电极电化学催化裂解的稳定性研究(英文)

目前，国内外污水处理工艺主要以厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A2/O)处理工艺为主，A2/O工艺是一种典型的除磷脱氮工艺，特点是厌氧、缺氧和好氧三段功能明确，界线分明，可根据进水条件和出水要求，人为地创造和控制三段的时空比例和运转条件，只要碳源充足，便可根据需要达到比较高的脱氮效率。然而，传统A2/O工艺存在以下两个缺点:(1)由于厌氧区居前，回流污泥中的硝酸盐对厌氧区产生不利影响;(2)由于缺氧区位于系统中部，反硝化在碳源分配上居于不利地位，影响了系统的脱氮效果。而当发生偷排、漏排等引起的水质冲击时，A2/O工艺很难在短时间内使水质达到排放要求。电解法处理废水具有效率高、适应性强、无二次污染等特点，在处理有机废水方面优势明显。电化学氧化法是通过电极表面的电催化作用在电极上产生强氧化性物质使有机类化合物氧化降解。由产生强氧化性物质的途径和种类决定，该方法可分为直接和间接电化学氧化两类:(1)直接电化学氧化法通过在阳极表面产生金属过氧化物来实现有机类化合物的氧化降解。电极电解水生成羟基自由基(·OH)，·OH与金属氧化物(MOx)结合，形成金属过氧化物。金属过氧化物在有机类化合物降解过程中能够抑制钝...     

厌氧-低氧序批式反应器处理投加不同比例

本文的研究重点是比较以城市污水为碳源的SBR-A及以化学合成的乙酸钠和以剩余污泥发酵产生的短链脂肪酸(简称发酵液)分别作为城市污水的补充碳源的SBR-B和SBR-C三个系统中的除磷脱氮效果和特性.     

Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on nitrate removal from groundwater using a denitrifying submerged filter

A unidirectional submerged filter system was employed to purify groundwater contaminated with nitrate by biological denitrification. The influence of the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the process was tested using ethanol, methanol and sucrose as carbon sources. Inorganic-nitrogen removal, growth of the biofilm, platable denitrifying bacteria and nitrate reducing bacteria in biofilm were studied. With regard to the type of electron donor used, the presence of oxygen decreased the removal efficiency of inorganic nitrogen and caused an increase of nitrite concentration in the treated water. These negative effects depended on utilised carbon source. Biological denitrification with alcohols such as ethanol and methanol was less affected by DO than with sucrose. The development of the biofilm was also influenced by the DO concentration as excess O₂ caused reduced biofilm growth. These biofilms developed in oxygen presence had a smaller bacterial density and a lower denitrifying bacteria versus nitrate reducing bacteria ratio, which led to an unfavorable inorganic nitrogen removal and presence of nitrite in the treated water. All these effects are more pronounced when sucrose is used as carbon source.     

Nitrogen removal in the bioreactor landfill system with intermittent aeration at the top of landfilled waste

High ammonia concentration of recycled landfill leachate makes it very difficult to treat. In this work, a vertical aerobic/anoxic/anaerobic lab-scale bioreactor landfill system, which was constructed by intermittent aeration at the top of landfilled waste, as a bioreactor for in situ nitrogen removal was investigated during waste stabilization. Intermittent aeration at the top of landfilled waste might stimulate the growth of nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria in the top and middle layers of waste. The nitrifying bacteria population for the landfill bioreactor with intermittent aeration system reached between 10(6) and 10(8) cells/dry g waste, although it decreased 2 orders of magnitude on day 30, due to the inhibitory effect of the acid environment and high organic matter in the landfilled waste. The denitrifying bacteria population increased by between 4 and 13 orders of magnitude compared with conventional anaerobic landfilled waste layers. Leachate NO(3)(-)-N concentration was very low in both two experimental landfill reactors. After 105 days operation, leachate NH(4)(+)-N and TN concentrations for the landfill reactor with intermittent aeration system dropped to 186 and 289 mg/l, respectively, while they were still kept above 1000 mg/l for the landfill reactor without intermittent aerobic system. In addition, there is an increase in the rate of waste stabilization as well as an increase of 12% in the total waste settlement for the landfill reactor with intermittent aeration system.     

Comparative modeling of biological nutrient removal from landfill leachate using a circulating fluidized bed bioreactor (CFBBR)

Anaerobically digested swine wastewater contains high concentrations of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). A pilot-scale experiment was carried out for nutrients removal and recovery from anaerobically digested swine wastewater by struvite crystallization. In the pilot plant, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) and a continuous-flow reactor with struvite accumulation devices were designed and employed. The wastewater pH value was increased by CO(2) stripping, and the struvite crystallization process was performed without alkali and Mg(2+) additions. Results of the long-term operation of the system showed that, both reactors provided up to 85% P removal and recovery over wide ranges of aeration times (1.0-4.0 h), hydraulic retention times (HRT) (6.0-15.0 h) and temperatures (0-29.5°C) for an extended period of 247 d, in which approximate 30% of P was recovered by the struvite accumulation devices. However, 40-90% of NH(4)(+)-N removed was through air stripping instead of being immobilized in the recovered solids. The recovered products were detected and analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and chemical methods, which were proved to be struvite with purity of more than 90%. This work demonstrated the feasibility and effects of nutrients removal and recovery from anaerobically digested swine wastewater by struvite crystallization without chemical additions.     

Nitric oxide removal from flue gas with a biotrickling filter using Pseudomonas putida

The development of an effective biotrickling filter (BF) system to inoculate a newly isolated strain of Pseudomonas putida SB1 for the effective treatment of nitric oxide (NO) is described. The experiments were carried out in a bench-scale BF under high concentrations of O(2) and NO in simulated flue gas. A method including alternating aeration in screening and rescreening based on the pH changes for cultivating natural aerobic denitrifying bacteria was employed. The SB1 showed a denitrifying capability of 95% nitrate removal rate over a 24h period in an aerobic environment, with no nitrite accumulation. The BF system was able to consistently remove 82.9-94.2% NO when the inlet NO was 400ppm in an enriched oxygen stream of 2-20%. The oxygen had no negative effect on the aerobic denitrifier SB1, but rather enhanced the total efficiency in part by chemical oxidation and in part by the strain activities. A kinetic relation between the oxygen concentration and biological NO removal was developed to confirm that the microbial metabolism played the main role. 79.3% of the total NO removal can be attributed to bio-denitrifying at 20% oxygen, and most chemical oxidation occurred concurrently. Overall, the study demonstrates that NO removal by the aerobic denitrifying process in BF is feasible in flue gas.     

Performance of a reactor containing denitrifying immobilized biomass in removing ethanol and aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) in a short operating period

A horizontal-flow anaerobic immobilized biomass reactor (HAIB) containing denitrifying biomass was evaluated with respect to its ability to remove, separately and in a short operating period (30 days), organic matter, nitrate, and the hydrocarbons benzene (41.4 mg L-1), toluene (27.8 mg L-1), ethylbenzene (31.1 mg L-1), o-xylene (28.5 mg L-1), m-xylene (28.4 mg L-1) and p-xylene (32.1 mg L-1). The purified culture, which was grown in the presence of the specific hydrocarbon, was used as the source of cells to be immobilized in the polyurethane foam. After 30 days of operation, the foam was removed and a new immobilized biomass was grown in the presence of another hydrocarbon. The average hydrocarbon removal efficiency attained was 97%. The organic matter, especially ethanol, was removed with an average efficiency of 83% at a mean influent concentration of 1185.0 mg L-1. A concomitant removal of 97% of nitrate was observed for a mean influent concentration of 423.4 mg L-1. The independent removal of each hydrocarbon demonstrated that these contaminants can be biodegraded separately, without the need for a compound to be the primary substrate for the degradation of another. This study proposes the application of the system for treatment of areas contaminated with these compounds, with substitution and formation of a biofilm in a 30-day period.     

Influence of hydraulic loading and air flowrate on urban wastewater nitrogen removal with a submerged fixed-film reactor

Nutrient disposal to sensitive areas, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater treatment plants, provokes eutrophication reducing water quality. Fixed film technology is widely used for the removal of organic matter and nitrogen by the biological process of nitrification-denitrification. This paper studies a nitrification and post-denitrification lab-scale plant with a downflow aerobic submerged filter for removal of organic matter and nitrification, followed by an anoxic upflow biofilter for denitrification. Recycled construction material (clay shists) was employed as support material and methanol was used as carbon source. After 2 weeks of acclimation in which nitrification reached steady-state conditions, different hydraulic loadings (0.35-1.59 m(3)/m(2)h) and air flowrates (7.78-43.5 m(3)/m(2)h) were applied for 1 year. The highest hydraulic loading which complied with the EU regulation on nitrogen disposal was 0.71 m(3)/m(2)h (1.6 h). Hydraulic retention time (HRT), which corresponded to a nitrogen removal of 0.64 kg N/m(3) per day operating at an air flowrate of 25.6 m(3)/m(2)h. Concerning to organic matter removal efficiency, the aerobic reactor accepted a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) volumetric loading of 16.0 kg COD/m(3) per day with a 75% COD removal efficiency. For all the tests carried out, suspended solids (SS) concentration in the outlet water was less than 35 mg/l.     

Laboratory investigations of stormwater remediation via slag: Effects of metals on phosphorus removal

The use of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag for the removal of phosphorus (P) from various simulated stormwater blends was investigated in the laboratory. The form of P measured was the inorganic orthophosphate (PO(4)-P). The stormwater solutions used in this preliminary study were synthesized as blends of P and typical concentrations of some of the most common and abundant metals in stormwater (e.g. cadmium, copper, lead and zinc), and contacted with EAF slag to determine P removal efficiency and sorptive competition. Results showed that the presence of cadmium, lead and zinc had minimal effect on the removal process; copper was a significant inhibitor of P uptake by the EAF slag media. P removal was greatest in the metal-free and multi-metal stormwater solutions.     

Removal of lead(II) by adsorption using treated granular activated carbon: batch and column studies

In the present study, a deeper understanding of adsorption behavior of Pb(II) from aqueous systems onto activated carbon and treated activated carbon has been attempted via static and column mode studies under various conditions. It probes mainly two adsorbents that is, activated carbon (AC) and modified activated carbon (AC-S). Characterization of both the adsorbents was one of the key focal areas of the present study. This has shown a clear change or demarcation in the various physical and chemical properties of the modified adsorbent from its precursor activated carbon. Both the adsorbents are subjected to static mode adsorption studies and then after a comparison based on isotherm analysis; more efficient adsorbent is screened for column mode adsorption studies. The lead removal increased for sample of treated carbon. The extent of Pb(II) removal was found to be higher in the treated activated carbon. The aim of carrying out the continuous-flow studies was to assess the effect of various process variables, viz., of bed height, hydraulic loading rate and initial feed concentration on breakthrough time and adsorption capacity. This has helped in ascertaining the practical applicability of the adsorbent. Breakthrough curves were plotted for the adsorption of lead on the adsorbent using continuous-flow column operation by varying different operating parameters like hydraulic loading rate (3.0-10.5 m3/(hm2)), bed height (0.3-0.5 m) and feed concentrations (2.0-6.0 mg/l). At the end, an attempt has also been made to model the data generated from column studies using the empirical relationship based on Bohart-Adams model. This model has provided an objective framework to the subjective interpretation of the adsorption system and the model constant obtained here can be used to achieve the ultimate objective of our study that is, up scaling and designing of adsorption process at the pilot plant scale level. AC-S column regeneration using 0.5 and 1.0M concentration of HNO3 has been investigated. It has shown a regeneration efficiency of 52.0% with 0.5 M HNO3.     

Biological nitrogen and phenol removal from saline industrial wastewater by submerged fixed-film reactor

In this study a biological nitrogen removal process using a submerged fixed-film reactor was applied to treat industrial wastewater with phenol (1g/l), a high nitrogen concentration (0.4 g N/l) and high salinity (30 g/l). The process consisted of a pre-denitrification system with a down-flow-up-flow biofilter (two columns, each with an effective volume of 21 l) packed with clayey schists from recycled construction material. The efficiency of the system for reducing COD, phenol concentration and total nitrogen was tested under different running conditions such as influent flow (10, 12 and 15 l/d), air loading (6.8 and 13.6m(3)/m(2)h) and effluent recirculation (300%, 400%, and 600%). The system demonstrated a high capacity for reducing COD concentration (95.75+/-0.72%), independently of running conditions. The aerobic column eliminated most of the phenol in the influent. Nitrogen removal took place mainly in the anoxic column, and was conditioned by the air loading in the aerated column, owing to the dependence of nitrification on the supply of oxygen. However, this process was not able to achieve a nitrogen oxidation superior to 63%, in spite of a sufficient supply of oxygen and the diluting effect of high recirculation (600%) on the phenol concentration in the influent. In spite of the limitations observed in the process of nitrification, results for the removal of total nitrogen were as high as 83%, owing to a combination of different processes for nitrogen removal.