等离子喷涂纳米结构与传统结构热障涂层的残余应力对比研究

热障涂层的残余应力是影响其服役寿研究不多.在45钢基体上,用超音速火焰喷涂NiCocrAlY打底层,再用大气等离子喷涂ZrO2-8%(质量分数)Y2O3(8YSZ)工作层,制备了纳米结构与传统结构2种类型的热障涂层(TBC).采用SEM、XRD对这2种涂层的粉末及涂层进行了组织结构分析,用纳米压痕仪测得了2种涂层的弹性模量.用X射线衍射应力测试仪测得了2种涂层的表层残余应力.结果表明:喷涂工艺参数相同条件下,对于打底层及工作层的厚度均相同的2种涂层,纳米结构热障涂层的表层残余应力比传统结构热障涂层约低24.7%;相同打底层的纳米结构热障涂层表层残余应力随着陶瓷层厚度增加而增加,陶瓷层厚度在240 um以下时,表层为残余压应力;厚度超过300 um时,表层为残余拉应力.最后提出了相应的物理力学模型.     

纳米压痕法测试微纳米涂层的力学性能

采用G200型微/纳米压痕仪,测试了不同微纳米级涂层材料的力学性能。结果表明:使用纳米压痕法能检测和表征微纳米涂层材料的硬度和弹性模量及其随涂层厚度的变化趋势,从而了解涂层的力学性能以及与基体的结合质量情况;纳米压痕法测试涂层力学性能时存在明显的表面效应,一般建议压入深度不小于20μm,以保证表面粗糙度引起的压入深度的不确定度小于5%。     

硬质合金表面预处理状态对TiAlCrSiN/TiAlN涂层结构与机械性能的影响

采用电弧离子镀工艺在不同预处理后的硬质合金表面制备TiAlCrSiN/TiAlN涂层,采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、纳米压痕仪、压痕法等研究硬质合金表面形态和涂层结构、力学性能和结合强度。结果表明：抛光处理后的硬质合金表面十分平整,表面粗糙度低至7.7 nm。酸洗处理使硬质合金表层Co相溶解而暴露出更多的硬质相,表面粗糙度增大,TiAlCrSiN/TiAlN涂层在酸洗处理的硬质合金上生长速率增大,晶粒细小,硬度和弹性模量高,但硬模比较低。喷砂处理使Co相塑性变形而包络更多的硬质相,表面粗糙度大幅增加,TiAlCrSiN/TiAlN涂层在喷砂处理的硬质合金上生长速率稍降低,晶粒粗大,硬度和弹性模量小,但硬模比较高。酸洗+喷砂复合处理的硬质合金表面TiAlCrSiN/TiAlN涂层的硬度、弹性模量、硬模比介于两种单独处理方式的之间。     

火焰喷涂NiCrBSi涂层的纳米力学性能

为揭示热喷涂涂层在不同尺度下的力学性能,在45钢基体上制备了平均厚度为750μm的火焰喷涂NiCrBSi涂层,利用纳米压痕技术研究了不同压痕深度下涂层表/截面力学性能、弹塑性和压痕变形行为。结果表明:涂层表/截面力学性能均呈现明显的尺寸效应,硬度、弹性模量、弹塑性随压入深度增加不断降低。涂层表面表现出高弹性,其压痕弹性功与总压痕功的比值ηIT在500nm深度内达到52%,而涂层截面为40%;涂层截面具有高硬度和高模量,其纳米硬度和弹性模量在2000nm深度内比涂层表面分别高28%和33%。涂层压痕变形表现为理想塑性、凹陷、凸起和裂纹等多种特征,随着压入深度增加,涂层表/截面弹塑性差异逐渐降低,并在2500nm深度同时下降到35%。涂层单一薄层结构在不同方向具有相同的硬度和弹性模量,但随压入深度增大,压头包含的涂层体积增大,相邻薄层,特别是孔隙、裂纹、层间边界等缺陷对涂层性能的影响逐渐增强,导致涂层表/截面硬度和弹性模量的差异性随压痕深度增加不断降低。     

纳米ZrO2热障涂层热震性能研究

为了研究纳米热障涂层的热震性能,采用等离子喷涂工艺制备了纳米Y2O3-ZrO2(YSZ)热障涂层,并测试了涂层的热震性能.借助扫描电镜和X射线衍射等手段分析了涂层的物相构成和组织结构.结果表明,涂层中保留未完全熔融的小尺寸颗粒,且存在大量的孔径＜1 μm的微孔,该结构对提高涂层的热震性能极为有利.纳米涂层抗热震性能显著优于常规热障涂层,从室温至1 000℃,经800次热循环,涂层无明显的脱落现象.     

溶液注入热等离子体中直接制备纳米结构热障涂层

采用一种新的方法,将Y2O3稳定的ZrO2前驱体溶液雾化注入直流等离子体中直接制备热障涂层.扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射分析、激光闪烁法分别观察分析了涂层的显微组织、纳米晶粒、相结构和热导率,排水法、冷热冲击法分别检测了涂层密度和热循环性能.实验结果显示等离子体喷涂液体制备出来的热障涂层不具有层状组织,晶粒尺寸小于100nm,组成相为四方相,硬度为350左右,热导率在1.2～1.5 W/m·K范围,涂层中存在16%左右的孔隙率,具有比常规微米结构热障涂层更优越的热循环性能.分析结果表明液体注入热等离子体中的雾化沉积既区别于物理化学气相沉积,又区别于粉末注入热等离子体中的熔化沉积,属于表面工程技术下的交叉领域.     

高温热处理对等离子体喷涂的纳米氧化锆热障涂层的影响

热障涂层已广泛用于燃气发动机燃烧室等高温零部件上。纳米热障涂层韧性改善,厚度可以增加,能够提高零部件使用温度和使用寿命。首先利用低压等离子体在镍基体上喷涂制备NiCoCrAlYTa金属中间结合层和大气等离子体喷涂制备Y_2O_3部分稳定的ZrO_2纳米陶瓷面层,然后将纳米氧化锆热障涂层样品在大气中于1050～1250℃温度范围内煅烧处理2～20h。通过扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪分析纳米氧化锆热障涂层高温煅烧前后的组织结构变化和相组成变化,并与常规微米氧化锆热障涂层进行比较。研究结果表明:经高温煅烧后,纳米氧化锆热障涂层中晶粒大小和在陶瓷面层/金属中间结合层界面上形成的TGO的厚度随煅烧温度升高和时间的延长而增大;纳米热障涂层中TGO的增长速度比常规微米热障涂层快;纳米热障涂层经高温煅烧空气中冷却后,主要由四方相组成;与常规微米热障涂层的相组成比较,纳米氧化锆热障涂层中的四方相为低稳定剂四方相。     

超音速火焰喷涂参数及粉末粒度对WC-12Co涂层弹性模量的影响

利用多功能超音速火焰喷涂(HVO-AF)焰流温度的特点(1400~2800℃)分别在三种条件下(HVOF,HVO-AF和HVAF)制备WC-12Co涂层。用Knoop压痕法对涂层的弹性模量进行测试,并测量涂层的显微硬度。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱分析(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)探讨涂层的显微结构、成分和相组成。结果表明:与微米结构涂层相比,纳米结构涂层组织均匀、致密,孔隙率低,显微硬度与弹性模量均大幅提高,其中HVO-AF状态下制备的纳米结构WC-Co涂层平均硬度与弹性模量最高,分别为1515MPa和308GPa,而HVOF与HVAF状态下的纳米WC-Co涂层平均硬度与弹性模量分别为1390MPa,286GPa和1469MPa,270GPa;HVO-AF状态下的微米结构涂层平均硬度与弹性模量为1065MPa和242GPa。在HVO-AF状态下,焰流温度适中,可有效控制纳米WC-12Co粉末的分解,测得的涂层弹性模量最高。     

8Cr4Mo4V钢表面减摩耐蚀涂层研究

为了提升8Cr4Mo4V钢表面的减摩耐蚀性能,利用真空磁控溅射镀膜技术,在单晶硅P(111)、8Cr4Mo4V钢表面分别制备了WCx和CrN/WCx2种涂层.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了涂层截面形貌,采用UMT高温摩擦磨损试验机、台阶仪、纳米压痕仪、电化学工作站和盐雾试验机分别研究了8Cr4Mo4V钢和2种涂层的摩擦磨损性能、硬度和弹性模量、电化学腐蚀性能和耐盐雾腐蚀性能.结果 表明:涂层截面结构致密均匀,涂层的增加使8Cr4Mo4V钢的摩擦系数降低至0.20以下,磨损率降低2～3个数量级,纳米硬度提高3倍以上,弹性模量降低24％左右,电化学腐蚀降低1个数量级,耐盐雾性能明显提升,涂层起到了很好的保护基材的作用.     

感应熔覆原位自生TiC增强钛基复合涂层的纳米力学性能

为揭示感应熔覆原位TiC/Ti复合涂层微观结构与力学性能的对应关系，利用单一纳米压痕测试方法研究涂层内不同相结构的纳米力学性能变化规律，利用点阵压痕测试方法研究涂层微区结构的力学性能。单一压痕结果显示原位TiC增强相的纳米压痕硬度和弹性模量分别为21.3 GPa和275 GPa,富α-Ti与富β-Ti区域的基质相平均纳米硬度分别为4 GPa和6 GPa,平均弹性模量分别为130 GPa和155 GPa。点阵压痕与单一压痕测试结果之间具有较好的对应关系，对点阵纳米压痕测试结果进行三峰高斯拟合得到的最小峰值代表了涂层基质相的力学性能，中间峰值反映涂层的综合力学性能，最大峰值因受增强体尺寸与压痕位置的影响低于原位TiC增强体的真实力学性能。在考虑涂层微观结构与增强体尺寸的情况下，通过合理设置点阵压痕测试条件，选择适当的测试区域，可以在获得原位钛基复合涂层不同相结构真实力学性能的同时，揭示涂层的综合性能。     

Microstructure and indentation mechanical properties of plasma sprayed nano-bimodal and conventional ZrO2–8wt%Y2O3 thermal barrier coatings

The nanostructured agglomerated feedstock used for plasma spraying was obtained by the nanoparticle reconstituting technique. Nanostructured and conventional ZrO₂–8wt%Y₂O₃ (8YSZ) thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) have been prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) on 45# steel substrates with the NiCrAlY as the bond-layer. The microstructure and phase composition of feedstocks and corresponding coatings were characterized. The top layer of nanostructured 8YSZ TBCs is denser and has fewer defects than that of conventional TBCs. The elastic modulus, micro-hardness and Vickers hardness of nanostructured 8YSZ TBCs exhibit bimodal distribution while the conventional 8YSZ exhibit mono-modal distribution. The elastic modulus and elastic recoverability were also obtained by the nanoindentation test. The results indicate that the elastic modulus of nanostructured 8YSZ coating is lower than that of conventional 8YSZ coating, but the nanostructured 8YSZ coating has higher elastic recoverability than that of the conventional 8YSZ coating. The prediction of the average elastic modulus was established by the mixture law and weibull distribution according to the fraction of phases with different molten characteristic.     

Tribological Properties of Mo-N Hard Coatings on Ti6Al4V by Double Glow Discharge Technique

Mo-N hard coatings on Ti6Al4V were formed using double glow discharge technique. The fundamental coating properties, such as the phase, hardness and elastic modulus were investigated. The tribological performances of the coatings in dry wear condition were studied by means of ball-on-disc wear machine. The experimental results showed that the thickness of the Mo-N hard coating was about 10 µm. The coating was single fcc γ-Mo2N phase with (200) preferred orientation. The hardness and the elastic modulus of the coating was 13.80 GPa and 261.65 GPa respectively. The surface treatment enhanced the hardness and elastic modulus of the surface of Ti6Al4V base greatly. With GCr15 slider ball, the friction coefficient of the Mo-N hard coating was in the range of 0.56~0.65 at the steady state. Though the coating did not show friction reducing effect, it improved the wear resistance of Ti6Al4V greatly.     

铝合金微弧氧化陶瓷层微观形貌与力学性能的不均匀性

利用直流脉冲微弧氧化电源于硅酸盐系电解液中对尺寸为200mm×200mm×1mm的LY12铝合金样品进行表面处理,采用扫描探针显微镜和纳米金刚石压头观察并测定了样品表面中心区域和边缘区域陶瓷层的微观形貌、弹性模量、硬度及抗擦伤性能的差异。结果表明:铝合金微弧氧化陶瓷层的弹性模量和硬度平均值不仅较Al2O3的理论值有较大差距,且样品平面内陶瓷层的形貌和性能也不均匀,中心区域陶瓷层的微孔密度大而孔径小,同时陶瓷层的厚度、弹性模量、硬度以及临界载荷平均值分别较边缘区域减小约25.0%、27.7%、25.6%和8.50%。     

纯钛表面微弧氧化膜纳米压入法研究

微弧氧化是一项较新的等离子体化学-电化学成膜技术，硬度和弹性模量是膜的基本微区力学性能。采用交流微弧氧化方法的铝酸盐溶液中在TA2纯钛表面制备出较厚的氧化膜，利用纳米压入法测定了膜的硬度和弹性膜量，并探讨了微弧放电对氧化膜相组成和性能的影响。研究结果表明：膜的显微硬度和弹性模量分布有相似的变化规律，从膜表层到膜内部，硬度和弹性模量逐渐增加，并在内层膜达到最大值，分别为9.78GPa和176GPa，比钛基体高的多；膜不同浓度处TiO2金红石和TiAl2O5相的相对含量变化决定了硬度和弹性模量的分布。     

An investigation into the mechanical and tribological properties of plasma electrolytic oxidation and hard-anodized coatings on 6082 aluminum alloy

A ceramic coating on AA6082 aluminum alloy prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) has been studied and compared against a sulphuric acid hard-anodized coating on the same alloy. Surface morphology and microstructures of the coatings have been examined by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction is used to determine the phase composition of the coatings. The adhesion strength of the coatings has been evaluated using a scratch test method. The coating's mechanical properties such elastic modulus and hardness data have been generated using a dynamic ultra-microhardness tester. Sliding wear tests with different loading rates are performed on the coatings in order to assess their wear resistance. Test results show that the PEO treated samples exhibit significantly better mechanical properties compared to hard anodized samples. The elastic modulus and hardness of the PEO coating are 2-3 times greater than of the hard anodized coating and subsequently, an improved wear resistance of the PEO coating has been achieved. The mechanical properties of the coatings and their relations to their tribological performance are discussed.     

Microstructure and properties of zirconia-alumina nanolaminate sol-gel coatings

Zirconia-alumina multilayer nanolaminate coatings were applied on stainless steel 316 substrates by a sol-gel dipping method. The coatings were characterised using X-ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy. The hardness and elastic modulus, the wear resistance and the oxidation resistance of the coatings were measured and assessed. It was observed that the coatings possessed fine grains, fine pores and high retention of tetragonal zirconia phase. The coatings exhibited high hardness and elastic modulus as well as good resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. However, these properties may be influenced by the interactions at the coating/substrate interface.     

Probing nanomechanical properties of nickel coated bacteria by nanoindentation

As a powerful method for the study of mechanical properties at micro-/nanoscale, nanoindentation was applied to measure the hardness and elastic modulus of bacteria-templated metallic nanomaterials for the first time. Based on the morphological characterization by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), nanoindentation testing results showed that after coating with nickel via electroless chemical plating, the elastic modulus and hardness of bacterial cells were increased about 17 times and 50 times, respectively, indicating a great improvement in mechanical properties. This study would lay a forceful mechanical foundation for a better and general understanding of this kind of biotemplated metallic nanomaterials, which showed potential applications in nanoelectronics, nanomagnetism and nanomechanics.     

TC4钛合金表面交流微弧氧化膜研究

在铝酸盐溶液中,采用交流微弧氧化方法在ＴＣ４钛合金表面制备出氧化物陶瓷膜．使用显微力学探针测定了膜的硬度和弹性模量分布,并探讨了微弧放电对氧化膜和钛合金基体组织、性能的影响．结果表明,钛合金表面经微弧氧化处理后,膜／金属界面附近钛合金基体显微组织保持不变,基体上也不存在硬化区．另外,来自溶液氧原子没有扩散进入未氧化的钛合金基体．氧化膜的显微硬度和弹性模量分布有相似的变化规律．从膜表层到膜内部,硬度和弹性模量逐渐增加．靠近钛／膜界面附近时达到最大值。分别为１３和２３０ＧＰａ膜不同深度处ＴｉＯ_２金红石和ＴｉＡｌ_２Ｏ_５尖晶石相的相对含量变化决定了硬度和弹性模量分布．     

Nanomechanical and nanotribological characterization of noble metal-coated AFM tips for probe-based ferroelectric data recording

Probe-based data recording is being developed as an alternative technology for ultrahigh areal density. In ferroelectric data storage, a conductive atomic force microscope (AFM) probe with a noble metal coating is placed in contact on lead zirconate titanate (PZT) film, which serves as the ferroelectric material. A crucial mechanical reliability concern is tip wear during contact of the ferroelectric material with the probe. To achieve high wear resistance, the mechanical properties (such as elastic modulus and hardness) of the metal-coated probe should be high. Nanoindentation experiments were performed in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of four commercial noble metal coatings, namely, Pt, Pt-Ni, Au-Ni and Pt-Ir, deposited on AFM probes. The effective hardness and elastic modulus were evaluated, using a contact mechanics model that accounts for the effect of the underlying silicon substrate. The Pt-Ir coating was found to exhibit the highest hardness, highest elastic modulus and lowest creep resistance. Nanoscratch studies reveal that the noble metal coatings are removed primarily by plastic deformation. The Pt-Ir and Pt coatings show the highest and lowest scratch resistance, respectively, which is consistent with results obtained from wear tests of the noble metal-coated AFM probes on a PZT surface.