冲击载荷作用下武器战斗部装药Grüneisen物态方程

针对武器战斗部装药(PBX炸药)在高过载作用下出现提前起爆现象,进而对其在平面正冲击波作用下的物态方程形式进行了研究。基于平面正冲击波关系式及雨贡纽曲线,应用冲击波速度与粒子速度的相互关系,采用"对称碰撞"实验方式进而对不同密度PBX炸药在不同冲击波阵面后的物态方程进行了研究。获得了不同密度PBX炸药的冲击因子及声速;给出了Grüneisen物态方程的相关参量,为预测PBX炸药在更大冲击波阵面后的内部压强、密度、能量状态提供了重要的依据;揭示了Grüneisen系数Γ与体应变ξ呈高度线性关系。     

3种典型面心立方金属的超声物态方程比较研究

旨在通过对各种解析物态方程的对比研究,试图寻找一种可以利用较低压力下的超声测量数据建立在较宽广的压力范围内适用于简单面心立方金属的等温物态方程模型。对于Al、Cu、Ag3种面心立方金属,结合实测DAC实验数据对比研究了基于较低压力下的超声测量数据计算的各种解析状态方程适用的压力范围,发现目前尚不存在一种完全适用于材料从低压段到极高压力区的物态方程模型,而从较低压力下得到的超声测量数据出发,选取Vinet等温物态方程模型,可以在相当高的压力范围内(对铝约200GPa,对于铜和银约100GPa)很好地描述几种面心立方金属的压缩性。     

不同合金成分的T91/316L焊缝在550℃高流速液态铅铋共晶合金中的腐蚀行为

T91/316L异种钢焊缝在高流速液态铅铋共晶合金(LBE)中的腐蚀是T91和316L钢在未来核电领域应用中所面临的重要挑战。利用ER309L、ER316L和ERNiCr-3三种不同焊丝获得了T91/316L异种钢焊缝,采用自主设计的旋转腐蚀试验装置研究其在550℃高流速(相对流速2.98 m/s)液态LBE中的腐蚀。三种焊缝经过300 h、600 h和900 h的腐蚀试验后,腐蚀表面均表现出明显的方向性。焊缝在高流速液态LBE中的腐蚀机理主要为焊缝基体中Fe、Cr、Ni元素和LBE中Pb、Bi、O元素的溶解与迁移。由于不同元素的溶解度以及所形成氧化物相的稳定程度不同,最终在焊缝表面形成了由疏松外氧化层和致密内氧化物层构成的双层结构。三种焊丝中,利用309L焊丝所得的焊缝的耐高流速LBE腐蚀性最好,利用316L焊丝所得的焊缝次之,利用NiCr-3焊丝所得的焊缝最差。经焊后再热处理所得的焊缝具有更好的耐高流速LBE腐蚀性。     

应力对316L在液态铅铋共晶合金中腐蚀行为的影响

目的 研究应力对316L在高温液态铅铋合金(LBE)中腐蚀行为的影响。方法 将316L制成C型环试样，加载应力后将其置于500 ℃的LBE中腐蚀2 500 h，利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、场发射扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)等手段分析腐蚀程度。结果 在应力作用下，316L在LBE中的腐蚀机制仍然为氧化腐蚀，且形成的氧化层结构和成分与无应力状态下的一致;材料表面氧化层总厚度显著增加，且内/外氧化层之间更容易产生裂纹，随腐蚀时间的延长，外氧化层有剥落的趋势。施加应力后，试样的氧化速率系数从0.190 1 μm/h增大至0.278 1 μm/h，其中内氧化层生长速率增加得更显著。EBSD分析表明，施加应力后，316L组织未发生改变，晶界附近的腐蚀加剧。结论 在应力作用下，基体晶界缺陷密度增加，元素在晶界处的扩散速率增大，内氧化层的生长速度加快，腐蚀速度增加。     

R32与POE或PVE润滑油混合物的物性计算模型与分析

准确计算制冷剂-润滑油混合物的热力性能是分析和评价润滑油对压缩机性能影响的基础。根据厂家提供的实验数据,利用显式拟合关联式法和经验公式修正,本文分别给出了R32/POE和R32/PVE混合物工质对的物性计算模型,同时用相同的方法给出了R410A/POE的混合物溶解度与黏度计算模型来进行对比,模型对物性参数的预测值与厂家提供的实验数据的偏差均在5%以内,为压缩机优化设计及性能分析提供了准确、可靠的热力学模型。此外,在GX工况下对比分析了混合物溶解度随温度、压力的变化及混合物黏度随溶解度、温度、压力的变化,并对混合物的物性做了比较分析,对于制冷剂R32,PVE润滑油较POE润滑油更适用于;而对于润滑油POE,R32与POE的混合性较R410A与POE的混合性好。     

小型CO_2制冷系统用气冷器的仿真研究

用有限单元法建立了气冷器稳态分布参数模型,并通过实验对模型的准确性进行了验证。运用该模型对小型CO_2制冷系统用气冷器的传热性能、系统内的假临界现象及平均密度进行了研究,结果表明:在质量流量相同时,进口温度的变化对气冷器换热的影响很小,对气冷器管内假临界状态的出现位置影响很小;在气冷器进口温度相同时,质量流量越大,假(准)临界点出现的位置越向后移,当质量流量足够大时,气冷器内可能不会有假临界现象发生;气冷器进、出口处CO_2的算术平均密度值与气冷器内真实平均密度值相近,而对数平均密度和平方平均密度与气冷器内CO_2的真实平均密度值相差较大。     

基于流型的R32/润滑油混合物在压缩机吸气管内的滞油量预测模型

本文实验研究了R32/PVE 68混合物在过热度为12℃、饱和温度为7.5℃、名义油质量分数为0%～5%、制冷剂质流密度为90～230 kg/(m²·s)下的滞油情况，采用拆除称重法测量4种不同倾角(水平、45°、60°、竖直)吸气管内的滞油量，使用高速相机获取混合物流型。结果表明：当质流密度为90～120 kg/(m²·s)、流型为分层波纹流时，滞油量随质流密度的增加而增大，其余工况下滞油量均随质流密度的增加而减小；当含油率为1%时，质流密度在达到160 kg/(m²·s)后，流型发生转变，由波纹层状流转变为波纹环状流，并逐渐成为完全发展的环状流。采用基于流型分析的偏心圆模型预测压缩机吸气管滞油量，结果表明87.83%的实验数据误差在±20%,平均绝对误差为9.35%。为进一步验证该模型适用范围，建立了关于滞油量的数据库，共291个数据点，平均绝对误差12.90%,最大绝对误差为65.77%,证明该模型可以较好的预测吸气管内滞油量。     

铅铋共晶合金的流动速度对CLAM钢腐蚀行为的影响

为了研究中国低活化马氏体(CLAM)钢在不同相对流速铅铋共晶合金(LBE)中的腐蚀行为,本研究对CLAM钢在550℃不同流动速度(0 m/s、1. 70 m/s、2. 98 m/s、3. 69 m/s、4. 77 m/s)的液态LBE中进行了500 h的腐蚀试验。试验后分别对腐蚀试样表面进行SEM、XRD检测以及对试样截面进行SEM-EDS和面扫描检测。结果表明,经过500 h腐蚀试验后的试样表面均形成双层结构的氧化层,外氧化层由Fe_3O_4组成,内氧化层由(Fe,Cr)_3O_4组成。在LBE相对流速从0 m/s增大到2. 98 m/s的过程中,试样表面氧化层的厚度逐渐增大,这是由于相对流速的增大提高了Fe元素的溶解速率和O元素的扩散迁移速率,进而导致试样表面发生严重的氧化腐蚀。而当LBE相对流速从2. 98 m/s继续增大到4. 77 m/s时,CLAM钢表面的氧化层厚度逐渐减小,这是由于随着LBE相对流速的进一步增大,试样表面冲蚀腐蚀程度逐渐加重,外氧化层厚度因遭受一定程度的剥落而急剧减小,进而使得试样表面总氧化层的厚度逐渐减小。本研究结果为未来ADS嬗变系统的实际应用提供了数据支持和参考。     

二元混合物气液相变特性的分子动力学研究

采用分子动力学方法,研究了二元氩氪混合物的气液相变特性.根据氩分子和氪分子特点,采用Lennard-Jones势能函数表征分子间的相互作用,基于Leap-frog积分方法获得粒子运动速度和位移,使用周期性边界条件,编制了分子动力学程序.首先模拟了纯质氩的气液共存系统特性,给出了不同温度下的气液相密度分布,并与实验结果进行对比,发现计算结果与实验结果符合得很好,证明了本文方法的正确性.接着模拟了氩氪混合物的气液共存系统,预测了不同温度和不同组分初始浓度对平衡时混合物性质的影响,给出了平衡后气液相中组分百分比和密度分布等性质,研究结果对精馏等工艺过程具有较好的理论指导作用.     

液化天然气冷量Yong特性及其应用

在建立了精确预测液化天然气密度及汽液相平衡算法的基础上，考虑真实流体效应影响，推导了液化天然气低温Ｙｏｎｇ、压力Ｙｏｎｇ及冷量Ｙｏｎｇ分析数学模型。运用上述模型计算各种Ｙｏｎｇ的大小，并讨论了环境温度，系统压力，混合物组分对ＬＮＧ冷量Ｙｏｎｇ特性的影响。     

Sensitivity of streamer mode to single ionization electrons

Making use of electrons extracted by UV photons on aluminum cathodes, the ionization threshold of the streamer mode has been measured, and a fully efficient operation range for single ionization electrons has been found. Operation conditions have been investigated for Ar-isobutane and He-isobutane gas mixtures, and 50 and 100 μm wire diameters.     

Liquid chromatography/electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry: analysis of pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of biomolecules and drugs in the attomole range

The corona discharge used to generate positive and negative ions under conventional atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions also provides a source of gas-phase electrons. This is thought to occur by displacement of electrons from the nitrogen sheath gas. Therefore, suitable analytes can undergo electron capture in the gas phase in a manner similar to that observed for gas chromatography/electron capture negative chemical ionization/mass spectrometry. This technique, which has been named electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/mass spectrometry, provided an increase in sensitivity of 2 orders of magnitude when compared with conventional atmospheric pressure chemical ionization methodology. It is a simple procedure to tag many biomolecules and drugs with an electron-capturing group such as the pentafluorobenzyl moiety before analysis. Pentafluorobenzyl derivatives have previously been used as electron capturing derivatives because they undergo dissociative electron capture in the gas phase to generate negative ions through the loss of a pentafluorobenzyl radical. A similar process was found to occur under electron capture atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions. By monitoring the negative ions that were formed, it was possible to obtain attomole sensitivity for pentafluorobenzyl derivatives of a representative steroid, steroid metabolite, prostaglandin, thromboxane, amino acid, and DNA-adduct.     

Electron parameters in Xe-Ne mixtures

The effect made by xenon concentration and by reduced electric field on the parameters of electrons in Xe-Ne mixtures is numerically studied. It is demonstrated that the increase in xenon concentration in mixture leads to a decrease in the average electron energy, to an increase in the frequency of collisions of electrons with gas atoms, and to variation of the transport coefficients of electrons. The increase in xenon concentration in mixture above ≈10% leads to an abrupt slowing down of the rates of excitation of xenon atoms. The efficiency of ionization increases with the xenon concentration increasing to ≈7%. The fraction of electron energy spent for excitation of xenon decreases with increasing electric field, and more energy is put into the ionization of xenon and into excitation and ionization of neon. The results of calculation of parameters of electrons make it possible to limit the search for xenon concentrations in Xe-Ne mixture, which are optimal for vacuum ultraviolet radiation, to the range of 1–10%.     

Many-electron effects in electron-impact ionization of multiply charged ions

Many-electron phenomena critically influence the ionization of multiply charged ions by electron impact. In general, inner-shell electrons play an increasingly important role in the electron-impact ionization process as the ionic or nuclear charge increase along an ionic sequence. A few specific examples are given to illustrate the signature and relative contributions of a number of indirect ionization mechanisms to the total ionization cross sections.     

Simulation of explosive welding using the Williamsburg equation of state to model low detonation velocity explosives

Explosive welding is a process for producing bi-metallic plates and tubes. Whilst well established it has been essentially an empirical process. In most welding operations, low-speed explosives such as ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) mixtures, are used. Such explosives have a low velocity of detonation with an appreciable detonation zone. The usual Jones–Wilkins–Lee equation of state (EOS) is not valid. A more representative EOS is the Williamsburg EOS.Recent work to numerically model the process is described. A notable advance is the use of the finite difference engineering package AUTODYN with a Williamsburg-type EOS to model low detonation velocity ANFO explosive and perlite mixtures. In this work, the Williamsburg EOS was coded as a subroutine in the AUTODYN software package which was then used to simulate most aspects of the explosive welding process. The computed results were validated by explosive welding trials.The phenomenon of jetting and the interfacial waves usually observed in explosive welding were successfully reproduced.     

Characterization of hydrophobic peptides by atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry

The use of photoionization at atmospheric pressure shows great potential for the mass analysis of large apolar or hydrophobic peptides. Mass spectra that were obtained using this technique showed mainly singly charged ions. While polar peptides spectra do not produce fragment ions, others lead to B-type or C-type in-source fragmentation. These dissociation reactions, which could involve electron capture dissociation processes in the case of the C-type ions, are observed for hydrophobic peptides. Both the compatibility of this ionization mode with reversed- or normal-phase liquid chromatographic separation and its sensitivity allow liquid chromatography coupling to both mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry for the analyses of hydrophobic peptide mixtures. Atmospheric pressure photoionization seems to be an interesting alternative method to study hydrophobic peptides that are not easily ionizable by more classical ionization techniques such as electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.     

Radiative ion-ion neutralization: a new gas-phase atmospheric pressure ion transduction mechanism

All atmospheric pressure ion detectors, including photo ionization detectors, flame ionization detectors, electron capture detectors, and ion mobility spectrometers, utilize Faraday plate designs in which ionic charge is collected and amplified. The sensitivity of these Faraday plate ion detectors are limited by thermal (Johnson) noise in the associated electronics. Thus approximately 10(6) ions per second are required for a minimal detection. This is not the case for ion detection under vacuum conditions where secondary electron multipliers (SEMs) can be used. SEMs produce a cascade of approximately 10(6) electrons per ion impinging on the conversion dynode. Similarly, photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) can generate approximately 10(6) electrons per photon. Unlike SEMs, however, PMTs are evacuated and sealed so that they are commonly used under atmospheric pressure conditions. This paper describes an atmospheric pressure ion detector based on coupling a PMT with light emitted from ion-ion neutralization reactions. The normal Faraday plate collector electrode was replaced with an electrode "needle" used to concentrate the anions as they were drawn to the tip of the needle by a strong focusing electric field. Light was emitted near the surface of the electrode when analyte ions were neutralized with cations produced from the anode. Although radiative-ion-ion recombination has been previously reported, this is the first time ions from separate ionization sources have been combined to produce light. The light from this radiative-ion-ion-neutralization (RIIN) was detected using a photon multiplier such that an ion mobility spectrum was obtained by monitoring the light emitted from mobility separated ions. An IMS spectrum of nitroglycerin (NG) was obtained utilizing RIIN for tranducing the mobility separated ions into an analytical signal. The implications of this novel ion transduction method are the potential for counting ions at atmospheric pressure and for obtaining ion specific emission spectra for mobility separated ions.     

A three dimensional beam profile monitor based on residual and trace gas ionization

A three dimensional beam profile monitor based on tracking the ionization of the residual gas molecules in the evacuated beam pipe is described. Tracking in position and time of the ions and electrons produced in the ionization enables simultaneous position sampling in three dimensions. Special features which make it possible to sample very low beam currents were employed. The characteristics of this detector make it particularly suitable for sampling beams produced at radioactive beam facilities, provided an auxiliary gas feed can be utilized.     

Atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

A novel ionization source for biological mass spectrometry is described that combines atmospheric pressure (AP) ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). The transfer of the ions from the atmospheric pressure ionization region to the high vacuum is pneumatically assisted (PA) by a stream of nitrogen, hence the acronym PA-AP MALDI. PA-AP MALDI is readily interchangeable with electrospray ionization on an orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight (oaTOF) mass spectrometer. Sample preparation is identical to that for conventional vacuum MALDI and uses the same matrix compounds, such as alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. The performance of this ion source on the oaTOF mass spectrometer is compared with that of conventional vacuum MALDI-TOF for the analysis of peptides. PA-AP MALDI can detect low femtomole amounts of peptides in mixtures with good signal-to-noise ratio and with less discrimination for the detection of individual peptides in a protein digest. Peptide ions produced by this method generally exhibit no metastable fragmentation, whereas an oligosaccharide ionized by PA-AP MALDI shows several structurally diagnostic fragment ions. Total sample consumption is higher for PA-AP MALDI than for vacuum MALDI, as the transfer of ions into the vacuum system is relatively inefficient. This ionization method is able to produce protonated molecular ions for small proteins such as insulin, but these tend to form clusters with the matrix material. Limitations of the oaTOF mass spectrometer for singly charged high-mass ions make it difficult to evaluate the ionization of larger proteins.     

Development of high-sensitivity ion trap ion mobility spectrometry time-of-flight techniques: a high-throughput nano-LC-IMS-TOF separation of peptides arising from a Drosophila protein extract

A linear octopole trap interface for an ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been developed for focusing and accumulating continuous beams of ions produced by electrospray ionization. The interface improves experimental efficiencies by factors of approximately 50-200 compared with an analogous configuration that utilizes a three-dimensional Paul geometry trap (Hoaglund-Hyzer, C. S.; Lee, Y. J.; Counterman, A. E.; Clemmer, D. E. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 992-1006). With these improvements, it is possible to record nested drift (flight) time distributions for complex mixtures in fractions of a second. We demonstrate the approach for several well-defined peptide mixtures and an assessment of the detection limits is given. Additionally, we demonstrate the utility of the approach in the field of proteomics by an on-line, three-dimensional nano-LC-ion mobility-TOF separation of tryptic peptides from the Drosophila proteome.