汽车内饰设计认知模式研究及应用

目的特征识别是认知过程的核心,探究普通用户与有专业背景的设计师对汽车内饰造型特征和特征线的认知差异,构建普通用户与设计师对汽车内饰造型的认知模型。方法以豪华车、SUV以及跑车3类车型作为实验对象,每个类别各取8个车款共计24个样本,采用问卷调查和统计分析的方法,获取汽车特征及特征线的相关数据,确定不同人群对汽车内饰造型特征的认知差异。结论在汽车内饰造型认知中,普通用户对于内饰造型元素的认知偏向于对造型特征的认知,而设计师则没有明显的偏向。对特征与特征线的识别而言,普通用户对两者的认知存在差异,设计师对两者的认知并不存在差异。构建了关于汽车内饰的用户与设计师特征识别模型,通过内饰设计实例,为汽车内饰的设计和评价提供有价值的参考。     

消费者对轿车内饰仪表板造型的认知特性研究

目的探索消费者对轿车内饰中仪表板总成造型及其设计风格的心理认知特性。方法邀请34位消费者对97款轿车仪表板造型进行相似性判断实验,以聚类分析、多维尺度分析方法处理实验数据,分别得到消费者对仪表板造型的认知分类和知觉图,并进行知觉图中造型特征分布与变化规律的定性分析。结论依据消费者造型相似性判断,将97款造型分为8个类别。97款轿车内饰仪表板造型有规律地分布在二维知觉图中,表明消费者对轿车内饰仪表板造型的心理认知空间具有两个明显的维度性,可将其归纳为整体造型特征维度以及功能性分区造型特征维度。前者反映在造型中整体面的分割、仪表板的总体比例、造型中边线曲直及其转接等设计特征方面;后者表现在中控台造型特征的差异上。此外,对于轿车内饰中方向盘、显示屏等功能性造型,并未在知觉图中发现其造型变化方面的明确分布特点。     

汽车内饰的造型设计与设计研究

目的 探讨汽车内饰造型设计和设计研究的基本范式,帮助设计师和设计研究人员有效处理汽车内饰的设计理论和研究方法问题。方法 研究以汽车内饰造型演变历史为设计研究的史论基础,提出汽车内饰的技术雏型、汽车内饰空间的形式意义、汽车内饰设计观念的变迁;探讨汽车内饰的审美与意象风格研究问题,提出汽车内饰审美的整体与局部（部件）关系;探讨汽车内饰的设计研究取向,提出内饰空间的人车交互、汽车内饰的品牌调性、汽车内饰的感知品质和汽车内饰造型的情感意义;探讨汽车内饰设计研究的复杂性,提出内饰的显性特征、隐性特征和用户需求与设计价值。结论 智能互联时代,汽车内饰的设计价值、品牌、情感塑造、场景和功能等,意味着全新的设计构架和全新的秩序,需要更具探索性的设计研究。设计作为一种架构,可以起到构建领域概念的知识框架作用,从而促进设计师解决当前问题,必须推进汽车内饰的创新设计和概念涌现,踊跃探索更大的设计边界和设计研究领域。     

汽车内饰品质感的感知模态研究

目的从用户感知模态出发,构建内饰品质感性意象评价模型。方法以情感设计为背景,提出了用户对汽车内饰的品质感是由直接知觉和认知意象共同构成;从感知觉特性出发,通过30名用户对6个汽车内饰皮质纹理样本质感的评价进行情感语义量化,形成皮质纹理意象感知尺度。结果从触觉单模态感知和视触觉双模态感知的角度,验证了用户不同感觉模态下对汽车内饰皮质纹理情感的感知差异。结论基于汽车内饰品质的情感设计,其核心在于对用户感知与情感之间客观联系的挖掘,以材料工艺所表现的产品造型感知质量成为内饰设计的必然趋势。     

BP神经网络的宇航服多维意象造型评价方法

目标 为适应宇航服造型设计对“大国形象”多维意象识别的需要,提出了以“大国形象”为导向的宇航服造型设计评价模型构建方法。方法 在大量用户调研的基础上,对“大国形象”意象集进行筛选,并采用认知实验与聚类分析相结合的方法获得宇航服产品的代表样品。采用语义差异法,对“大国形象”感性意象集中初步筛选词和宇航服产品代表样本之间的映射数据进行检验和分析,对得到的数据结果进行主成分分析,以获得宇航服产品对“大国形象”感性意象的认知空间。同时,根据全局HIEs解构原则和宇航服产品的功能约束清单建构宇航服产品造型特征空间。采用语义差异法和认知测试,得到宇航服造型多维意象认知空间。利用BP神经网络,以样本关键HIEs评价经数字编码后作为输入层,以各意象词下样本的感性意象均值作为输出层,构建宇航服造型意象评价模型。随后,采用留一交叉训练法对评价模型的准确性进行验证。结论 该评价模型能够有效解决造型特征与多维意象之间的映射及匹配,论证了造型意象和认知空间之间存在的关联性,探索出设计目标和设计意象关联判断的实践方法。     

基于多样性特征的汽车内饰副仪表创新研究

目的 探索基于多样性特征的汽车内饰,找寻其品质提升方式.方法 以副仪表为研究对象,划分多样性特征区域,通过实验筛选出用户最关注的多样性特征区域;根据实验结果有针对性地建立多样性特征的创新研究框架,通过与有代表性的传统形式对比分析,归纳多样性特征创新的具体形式.结果 实验显示用户对副仪表多样性特征区域关注度普遍集中于换挡机构区域,提出针对换挡区域的3个多样性研究维度,即造型创新、行为创新、材质创新;其中材质创新倾向于与整体内饰的氛围统一;行为创新倾向于提升内饰的多样性;造型创新则兼具统一性与多样性.结论 通过对多样性特征区域的筛选以及针对性创新设计研究,可以有效提升内饰的多样性与统一性,提高汽车内饰审美愉悦感,从而达到提升汽车内饰感知品质的目的.     

基于用户偏好的体温测量仪造型设计

目的 研究体温测量仪造型特征与用户感性意象之间的映射关系,设计出符合用户偏好的体温测量仪。方法 以魅力工学理论为研究基础,运用评价构造法对目标用户进行访谈,整合收集的访谈资料,提炼出8项体温测量仪造型魅力因素,以及其包含的25项具体魅力形态特征,进一步运用数量化Ⅰ类理论,分析用户感性意象与体温测量仪魅力形态特征之间的映射关系,从而明确各个具体魅力形态特征对用户感性意象的影响程度,为设计出符合用户偏好的体温测量仪造型提供设计参考。结论 以实验研究结果为设计依据,完成体温测量仪的造型设计,通过对比实验对设计结果进行验证分析。结果表明,设计出的体温测量仪造型能很好地满足用户偏好,同时,可根据用户对体温测量仪的不同感知意象的偏好,有针对性地识别出相应的魅力形态特征,从而设计出满足用户偏好的体温测量仪。     

创新模式下的汽车内饰造型认知及其模型构建

目的研究汽车内饰造型的认知模式,构建创新模式下的汽车内饰认知模型,为汽车内饰设计提供一个新的思路和方法。方法通过文献调研,从汽车内饰造型认知入手,分析造型要素与多重感知认知模型,探讨认知模式与创新模式的关系,提出创新模式下的内饰造型认知模型,并通过设计案例验证。结论汽车内饰作为承载功能协调的一个整体,将汽车内饰的各个设计元素割裂出来单独研究,结果是不适宜的。创新是催生一切新产品的源头,并产生新的造型要素。汽车内饰的创新结果可归纳为美学与使用方式创新、意义创新以及类别创新,3个创新模式的集合。结合汽车内饰造型的认知模式,构建的基于创新模式的汽车内饰造型认知模型,具有理论和实践的可行性,该模型可以辅助设计师有效处理设计创新和用户认知的关系。     

基于眼动追踪的汽车造型特征线设计方法研究

目的 在汽车造型设计开发之前,有效预测汽车造型特征线产生的意象是否真正符合用户隐性意图,便于提高汽车行业情感意象设计水平。方法 首先,获取用户群体需求信息,引导设计方向;其次,建立汽车造型意象认知模型,通过案例分析,构建“标杆车”造型特征线目标意象集;再次,依据眼动实验,提出基于眼动指标（注视点数目、注视时间、平均注视时间）的汽车造型特征线提取模型,进行汽车造型特征线显著性分析与特征线提取;最后,采用形状文法坐标变换规则,结合贝赛尔曲线描述,通过类比形式进行规则映射分析,使用矢量工具Adobe Illustrator 改变特征曲线各锚点与控制点坐标值,实现汽车造型特征的继承与变异。结果 以阿尔特SUV概念研发项目为例,论述该设计方法,通过奔跑的狮子形态进行意象类比,得出最终设计方案。结论 对最终设计方案进行用户喜好度意象评估,用户喜好度为87.65%,证实了该汽车造型意象设计方法的可行性,为汽车行业满足用户群体偏好特征意象,提供了一种新的设计方法。     

基于产品形象的工程机械品牌造型识别设计

目的 根据不同品牌间产品形象的差异性,打造具有品牌识别特征的工程机械产品造型.方法 提出以产品形象为原理的工程机械品牌造型设计方法.根据产品形象视觉和理念的识别构成,结合造型特征识别实验与评价的数据分析,提取具有高识别度的造型特征加以分析;通过语义差分法提取产品意象风格要素,分析其造型识别语义;最后融合两者进行品牌造型创新设计.结果 以三一重工起重机造型设计项目为例,根据视觉形象和理念形象的分析结果设计出具有三一重工识别特征的全新造型.结论 融合产品形象原理进行设计分析,能有效得到产品造型的品牌识别要素,具有一定的可行性和科学性,可为其他工程机械产品造型设计提供较好的参考与借鉴意义.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Study on Bond Ability of Arc-Spraying Coatings with Different Surface Pretreatment on Cast-Iron

Arc spraying coatings are widely used in various applications, but uncommon in cast iron substrate. Different surface pretreatment technology is tested on substrates of gray cast iron. Surface roughness and residual stress were measured by TR200 and X-ray diffraction analyzer. Influence of different surface pretreatment methods ( dry blasting and fusebond) on roughness and residual stress was analyzed. The arc-sprayed coatings of wire 3Cr13 (φ2mm) on gray cast iron substrate is studied. The microstructure and interface of bonding layer were observed by SEM. The bond strength was taken by tensile test. Results show that bond strength with grit blasting is higher than fuse-bond; it is feasible to make wire 3Cr13 coating with arc spraying on cast iron substrate roughened by grit blasting.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.     

Evaluation of fatigue life of steel using steel grain size

The insightful discussion of the relationship between the construction of metallographic and fatigue life and proposition of mathematical relationships describing this relationship was conducted in the paper. This paper presents a method for estimating the fatigue life, based on the construction of the microstructural material taking into account the grain size and the participation of ferrite and pearlite phase.