Magnetization changes in 2% Mn pipeline steel induced by uniaxialtensile stress cycles of increasing amplitude

The application of cyclic stress to a ferromagnet normally gives irreversible magnetization shifts towards the anhysteretic magnetization. Here experimental measurements are presented that show the irreversible magnetization changes induced by cyclic uniaxial isofield stress applied after magnetization at particular points on minor hysteresis loops. Selecting the (M,H) point and magnetization history, then applying stress cycles of increasing amplitude enables irreversible changes, initially away from and later toward the anhysteretic curve, to be obtained. Examples of a second inversion (i.e., irreversible shifts initially toward, then away and subsequently toward the anhysteretic magnetization) with increasing amplitude cyclic uniaxial stress are also given. Preisach diagrams are used to interpret these results qualitatively in terms of local, more extensive and global anhysteretic states     

Stress-induced magnetization changes of steel pipes--Laboratory tests, Part II

Magnetometer surveys above gas pipelines have shown stress-induced magnetic anomalies at pipe bends. This suggests a technique for noninvasive monitoring of stress in pipelines and other ferromagnetic structures. Previous laboratory measurements of the external magnetic field changes due to single bending and internal pressure cycles on 110 mm diameter steel pipes demonstrated that stress and magnetic hysteresis effects were important. The stress-induced changes in magnetization produced during multiple cycles of elastic bending and internal pressure for pipes which have been demagnetized and then magnetized to simulate magnetic inspection of a real pipeline is reported. The stress-induced changes can be divided into relatively large irreversible changes occurring principally during initial stressing and smaller reversible changes occurring during any stress cycle. This is in agreement with Jiles' and Atherton's recent theory of the effect of stress on magnetization which shows that the application of stress to a ferromagnet shifts its magnetization towards the anhysteretic which is also slightly stress dependent. The significance of results to applications is indicated.     

The effects of stress on a ferromagnet on a minor hysteresis loop

Reversible and irreversible changes in magnetization due to stress on a minor hysteresis loop were studied at various magnetic field strengths. It was found that the irreversible changes were not always directed toward the principal anhysteretic, contrary to Jiles and Atherton's hypothesis (1986). Also, two different demagnetization methods were used within the minor loop to test the existence of postulated offset anhysteretic curves. The results of asymmetric demagnetizations seemed to support this suggestion     

Effect of order of stress and field application on changes inanhysteretic magnetization

Differences between isostress anhysteretics and the zero stress anhysteretic are found to be of the same form but larger than magnetization changes induced by stress from an anhysteretic point. The latter are separated into reversible and irreversible parts, indicating that pinning impedes changes from an anhysteretic point, thus giving smaller changes than the differences between the isostress anhysteretics     

Direction of change of magnetization of a ferromagnet subjected tostress

The magnetomechanical effect for a quenched and tempered alloy steel has been studied. In most published work it has been found that stress causes the magnetization to move toward the anhysteretic magnetization. However, in the present work it was found that under special conditions the magnetization moves away from the anhysteretic when a cyclic stress is applied. This behavior is tentatively explained by applying the Preisach model of ferromagnetic hysteresis     

Finite-element analysis of the displacement of closed DNA loops under torsional stress

Closed DNA loops that contain intrinsic curvature occur in biologically important structures that are formed by bringing together proteins attached at distinct sites. Such loops constitute topological domains that are characterized by a linking number Delta Lk. We calculate, using finite-element analysis, the structural changes induced by small changes in this linking number, Delta Lk. Because of the intrinsic curvature, the slightest change in linking number induces writhe and the loop begins to fold in space. We previously studied the case in which the initial curvature is uniformly distributed along the DNA rod. We found that there are two different folding modes, depending on the amount of intrinsic curvature and the Poisson ratio, a quantity that measures the ratio of bending stiffness to torsional rigidity. For combinations of the Poisson ratio and curvature that lie below a critical curve, called the Fickel curve, the folding is monotonic in the sense that the writhe uniformly increases as Delta Lk increases, until self-contact occurs. For combinations below this curve, the folding is non-monotonic in the sense that as Delta Lk increases the writhe first increases, then decreases back to essentially zero, and then increases uniformly until self-contact occurs. The folding behaviour and the self-contact points in the two folding modes are completely different. In this paper we first review this previous work. We then extend those results to more-complex situations in which the curvature is initially distributed non-uniformly along the DNA rod. We show that the location of the Fickel curve depends upon both the extent of the initial curvature and upon its distribution along the rod. We also show that two DNAs with the same total intrinsic curvature will fold differently depending upon the distribution of that curvature along the DNA axis, and upon the point of the loop at which the applied rotation or change in Delta Lk is introduced.     

Equilibrium magnetization properties of irreversible superconducting niobium with peak effect

Measurements of the equilibrium magnetization curve of type II superconductors have usually only been possible on reversible specimens. In this paper, a method to measure the equilibrium magnetization curve of irreversible type II superconductors is described. Results obtained by this method from a hysteretic Nb specimen exhibiting the peak effect are reported. They show an irregularity in the shape of the equilibrium magnetization curve in the neighborhood ofH _c2 which corresponds to a minimum of the compressional modulusK of the flux line lattice. The minimum ofK also corresponds with the maximum of the critical current densityj _c, which strongly suggests that in this case the peak effect is originated by a “soft point” of the flux line lattice. The observed anomaly ofK is discussed in terms of a possible first-order phase transition in the flux line lattice.     

Theoretical analysis of contact printing on magnetic tape

The magnetization process in contact printing is considered to be the same process as an ideal anhysteretic magnetization process. In the anhysteretic magnetization process a self-demagnetization effect by an internal field is an important factor, especially at short wavelength. Therefore, the internal field effect should be evaluated dynamically depending on the instantaneous strength of the diminishing bias field. It was shown that such an anhysteretic magnetization process including the internal field effect can be represented as a first-order feedback system in an automatic control theory. Thus the numerical analyzing method for the anhysteretic magnetization was established, and excellent coincidence between the numerically computed result and the experimental result in the contact printing was obtained. Consequently the distribution patterns of the magnetization and the internal field in the duplicated tape was computed.     

The wiping-out property of the moving model (magnetic hysteresis)

Some properties of the moving Preisach model are examined. It is found that this model can introduce hysteresis in materials where it is not intrinsically present. It is shown that the moving model has the wiping-out property, even in the case where a reversible component of magnetization is present in addition to the irreversible component computed by the moving model. The implication of this model to the overwrite problem in magnetic recording is discussed.<>     

Asymmetric hysteresis loops of systems of bistable nanoscopic wires

A system of bistable magnetic nanowires of diameter D = 57 nm, length L = 115 nm, magnetization M = 370 emu/cm3 is simulated. The probability distribution of the switching fields of the wires is Gaussian, with mean Hs = 710 Oe and standard deviation u(Hs) = 105 Oe. The wires are randomly distributed on a plane, with directions parallel (OX) or perpendicular (OY) to the axis direction where the magnetic field is applied. The magnetostatic interaction between the wires leads to an asymmetry of the hysteresis loop of the system. Namely, we obtain different curves M(H) for ascending and descending magnetic field. This behaviour is due to the wires which are perpendicular to the applied magnetic field. The directions of their magnetic moments remain often unchanged during the hysteresis experiment, and their contribution to the magnetic moment measured along OX is equal to zero. However, they interact with the wires parallel to the field, and this interaction influences the magnetic state of the parallel wires. The effect can be useful when we are interested in tailoring the shape of the hysteresis loop. Also, a given magnetic configuration of the wires parallel to OY produces a unique asymmetry of the hysteresis loop of the wires parallel to OX. Once an additional field is applied along OY, this unique state is destroyed. The effect can be useful for safety systems.     

Magnetization changes for cobalt-rare-earth permanent magnet alloys when heated up to 650°C

Changes in magnetization with temperature are of concern to the engineer designing permanent magnet devices. Of particular interest are the reversible and irreversible losses which occur when a magnet is heated to a slightly elevated temperature. In this paper the nature of the irreversible magnetization losses which occur when Co-Sm and other cobalt-rare-earth permanent magnets are heated above room temperature are discussed. It is shown that the losses are dependent upon the operating point of the demagnetization curve, and also that post-sintering thermal processing can play a significant role in controlling the changes in magnetization with temperature. Data are given on the effect of composition and high-temperature aging and cooling rate on the irreversible losses. Measurements of demagnetization curves at temperatures up to 200°C are given for a Co-Sm magnet and the data is related to the irreversible losses.     

Effect of Tritium Loading on the Superconducting Properties of Niobium and Tantalum

Niobium and tantalum sheets were loaded with tritium and their superconducting properties were investigated. Superconductivity is rather robust in both materials though they belong to different types of superconductors. The critical temperature does not change in the case of Nb at low field but decreases slightly in the case of Ta. The tritium-loaded Nb shows a higher remanent magnetization which we attribute to the subsurface accumulation of defects, but the high field irreversible magnetization is smaller than for the bare sample. In the case of Ta, both the remanent magnetization and the irreversible magnetization are slightly reduced after tritiation.     

45冷轧钢拉应力作用的力-磁效应研究

在不同的最大拉应力作用下，反复加载．卸载，测量了45冷轧钢试件在加载和卸载过程中试件表面某确定点漏磁场随拉应力的对应关系。试验结果表明，当最大拉应力＜610MPa时，磁感应强度随应力的变化关系为线性关系。当最大拉应力处于610MPa与屈服点653MPa之间时，磁感应强度随应力的关系由直线关系变为折线关系，并且折线极值点的位置由较小应力处迅速变为较大应力处位置。在极值点位置向高应力方向移动过程中，磁感应强度的变化量迅速增大。当最大拉应力大于屈服点时，磁感应强度的变化量保持较大的状态，折线极值点的位置基本保持不变。得到了试件在拉应力作用下的磁化关系，同时证实了可以通过磁信号的大小对试件的安全性做出评估。     

Comprehensive model of magnetization curve, hysteresis loops, andlosses in any direction in grain-oriented Fe-Si

We report an investigation and theoretical assessment of the DC magnetic properties of high-permeability grain-oriented (GO) Fe-Si laminations under variously directed applied fields. We verified that normal magnetization curves, hysteresis loops, and energy losses depend on the field direction according to the sample geometry. This is explainable in terms of specific 180° and 90° domain wall processes and magnetization rotations. We present a novel phenomenological theory of the magnetization curves and hysteresis losses in GO laminations, excited along a generic direction; the theory is based on the single crystal approximation and pre-emptive knowledge of the magnetic behavior of the material along the rolling (RD) and the transverse (TD) directions. This approach is consistent with the general structure of Neel's phase theory, with the additional consideration of hysteresis and losses. Epstein and cross-stacked sheet testing methods are the two base measuring configurations; all the other testing geometries (single sheet, disk, square) are expected to display intermediate behavior. The devised model provides, through a direct procedure, thorough and accurate prediction of magnetization curves and quasi-static losses in these two basic cases. Its application to the other geometries is equally possible, with only a limited amount of supplementary information     

Effect of stress on abrasive and erosive wear of steels and sprayed coatings

The effect of stress on abrasive and erosive wear was studied for the hypoeutectoid steel, two hypereutectoid tool steels and flame sprayed coatings. In the experiment, the specially designed tester as well as SEM and contact profilometer were applied. Abrasion and erosion remove asperities protruding from the surface of coatings. The imposed stress increased erosive wear of coatings. Application of compressive stress to steels reduces roughness of the wear scar. Compressive stress caused distinct damage localization in abraded and eroded coatings, mean spacing of surface irregularities Rsm observed in erosion test was about 50% larger than in unstressed coatings. Results of fractal analysis confirm stress-induced change in surface topography.     

Application of the body force method to the calculation of stress intensity factors for a crack in the arbitrarily shaped plate

The body force method was applied to the stress analysis of the arbitrarily shaped plate with an inner or edge crack. Stress intensity factors were obtained for various problems and its accuracy was discussed.The resultant forces along the boundary were satisfied as boundary condition. Moreover, it was made clear that in order to obtain the solution, the equilibrium conditions for the total body forces distributed along the boundary must be satisfied. The basic stress functions used for the analysis not only express the stress field of a point force but also satisfy the free surface condition of the crack.     

Rotational hysteresis in polycrystalline alloys

Rotational hysteresis has been studied at very low rotational speeds in nearly isotropic polycrystalline materials. Measurements were made on disc shaped samples of pure iron, 1.2% C steel and mild steel. The magnitude and direction of the moment were measured as the disc was rotated starting from an initial magnetization parallel to the external field. For large angles of rotation the measurements give the usual hysteresis loss measured in continually rotating specimens. However it was also possible to measure the approach to the steady state and the response of the moment to small changes in the direction of the external field. The results are explained in terms of two models, one appropriate to low fields, below the maximum in the rotational loss curve, the other to the high field regime. At low fields the losses are due to domain wall motion, and the model predicts that the ratio of alternating to rotational loss ispisqrt{2}. At high fields the loss is thought to be due to a mechanism not present in alternating fields. This is the unstable rotation of the magnetization in each grain past its direction of difficult magnetization. To test the model Barkhausen noise measurements were made under alternating and rotating conditions. The results are compared with numerical calculations on the behaviour of 25 interacting dipoles.     

A novel theoretical model of stress–electrical potential hysteresis loop during fatigue

Abstract

A theoretical model for finding the electrical potential values as the stress changes during the fatigue test has been developed. It shows relatively small deviation from the experimental results. The results also indicate that during cyclic loading the changes in electrical resistivity of the material can be neglected. The changes observed in electrical potential primarily represent the geometrical shape change in the test specimen.     

Effect of interaction on magnetic properties of a particulate medium

Samples of magnetic particles were prepared in dry powder form, as well as in a plastic binder system. Magnetic measurements were made on the samples as function of the volumetric packing factor. Coercive force Hc, squareness, and anhysteretic magnetization measurements are correlated with the uniformity of particle dispersion. It was found that the behavior of Hc, squareness, and the initial anhysteretic susceptibility as a function of the packing factor are good indications of the degree of dispersion of the particles. It is shown that if the particles are well dispersed, Hcincreased with increased dilution, and the initial anhysteretic susceptibility increased at both high and low dilutions. A mathematical model is developed to explain the observed results. The model consists of a double distribution of interaction fields to account for the well-dispersed and the agglomerated particles.     

Calculation of hysteresis loops in face-centered cubic thin films

A total energy equation for a single-crystalline face-centered cubic thin film with its close-packed (111) plane parallel to the film plane is used to calculate in-plane and out-of-plane hysteresis loops at various values of the cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant (K₁). In-plane loops show that the easy and hard axes are the <112> and <110> directions, respectively, and that the coercivities, which are nearly independent of the sign of K₁, are quite low over the K₁ values due to the small variation of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy during the field sweep. The out-of-plane loops are similarly shaped to those of typical thin films, except for the appearance of a small hysteresis loop near the origin, which is attributed to an irreversible magnetization jump from one easy axis to another in the (111) plane. The magnetic parameters such as K₁ are estimated by comparing the theoretical results for in-plane and out-of-plane hysteresis loops with the experimental results measured for an epitaxial Co thin film. The value of K₁ is estimated to be − 1.2 × 10⁶ erg/cm³, which is significantly higher than that of − 6×10⁵ erg/cm³ for bulk Co, but is in good agreement with the values of − 1.3 to − 1.6 × 10⁶ erg/cm³ reported for Co thin films.