随机起伏界面声散射的实验与理论研究

进行了二维粗糙海面声波散射特性的水池实验,测量了不同入射角、散射角以及方位角条件下所对应的散射强度。实验通过不同位置风扇对水面的吹拂获得粗糙水面,分别对水平面上互相垂直的两个方向上的水面波高变化进行了测量,利用周期图法估计出这两个方向上的空间功率谱,验证了实验中的粗糙水面是各向同性的。利用改进的空间域处理技术去除了总声波信号中的直达波和其他固定位置散射体的散射信号,获得了粗糙水面的声波散射信号。利用小斜率近似方法计算了二维粗糙海面的声散射特性。实验与模拟计算结果比较,证实了计算二维粗糙海面声波散射特性的小斜率近似方法的有效性与准确性,相互印证了实验与理论。     

双基地声呐接收站散射波低截获技术

双基地声呐的接收站因散射主动信号存在暴露的风险,对此提出了基于发射声屏蔽的双基地声呐低截获技术。发射站采用垂直发射阵,利用屏蔽权对原始信号进行预处理,获得的低截获信号在接收站处被自动抵消,从而降低接收站散射信号的能量。仿真结果表明,发射声屏蔽技术能有效增加接收站散射信号到达目标处的能量衰减,而对到达接收站处的待测目标散射信号则无较大影响。该方法突破了以往低截获技术只是改变信号能量时频域分布的局限(在信号处理层面),利用多途结构真实降低了被截获信号能量(在物理层面),并适用于多种信号形式。     

南海深海体积混响及散射特性试验研究

深海中存在着众多的不均匀"水团"、分层、深海生物圈以及海底逸出气泡等,这些散射体对入射声信号的散射构成了深海体积混响。通过测量获取深海水体散射目标的散射强度,研究不同海区不同时间的体积混响,对进一步认识深海声学特性具有重要的作用,也有助于主动声呐系统的性能预报。从深海中的主要散射体的组成、分类及其特征出发,介绍了一种深海体积混响及散射特性的研究方法。通过垂直向下发射窄波束测量各个深度层上的散射强度,用直观的声学图像显示强度值。构建试验系统在南海进行了深海试验,通过处理和分析测量数据发现,深度100 m以内的鱼类和处于深海散射层的海洋生物是深海体积混响的主要贡献者。     

水声信号部份截取法消除边界散射干扰影响

本文通过实验论证了在有限尺度实验水池条件下采用部分截取直达声脉冲信号的方法研究声传播特性的可行性，该方法只对未被边界散射干扰的直达声脉冲信号进行部分截取，因而可以根本上消除掉边界散射对直达声脉冲信号的干扰，有效地提高了信号自理结果的可信度，该方法可降低在水声模拟实验研究中对水池尺度和边界条件的要求，具有重要的实际意义。     

基于AR倒谱法研究人体脾组织微结构的变化

本文利用AR倒谱法对人体正常脾和脾增生组织的回波信号进行了分析,对软组织中散射元的平均间距进行了估计,结果表明：两种脾组织散射元的平均间距明显不同;AR倒谱能有效的反映软组织的微观结构特征,说明AR倒谱是软组织超声散射信号分析与软组织散射元平均间距定征的一种有效方法。     

利用声相关流速剖面仪观测深水散射层

讨论了利用声相关流速剖面仪进行深水散射层观测的可行性。结合声相关流速剖面仪垂直发射编码调制信号、多阵元接收的特点以及测量流剖面三维速度的优势,提出利用回波强度和垂向速度两种方法对深水散射层进行观测。在23kHz声相关流速剖面仪工程样机海试数据的基础上,利用这两种观测方法对DSL进行了观测。观测结果表明：利用声相关流速剖面仪可以直观地观测深水散射层的分布及运动规律,这两种观测方法是实际可行的。     

一种用于水声运动目标成像的空间散射模型

水声成像过程中为了分析所接收的运动目标回波、理解接收信号的形成机理,提出了一种用于该情况的空间散射模型,并利用此模型仿真了"T"型阵成像声呐接收的回波信号。对信号的分析说明了空间散射模型的正确性。以空间散射模型为基础,利用傅里叶变换波束形成算法对不同条件下的球体目标进行了水声成像,并分析了成像性能。性能分析说明了水声目标大小、距离等因素对成像的影响情况,还特别强调了在运动情况下目标的成像情况。以上工作完成了对"T"型阵水声成像过程的模拟,为成像过程回波信号研究和成像声呐研制提供了理论基础和仿真手段。     

基于虚拟仪器的布里渊信号的采集和识别

主要工作是利用LabVIEW同时结合c语言作为软件平台,来精确控制增强型CCD(ICCD)对布里渊散射信号的采集以及识别,达到信号采集的自动控制和识别。     

多角度动态光散射法的纳米颗粒精确测量

基于动态光散射原理,采用自主研发的多角度动态光散射装置,对纳米及亚微米颗粒粒径准确测量方法进行了探究。自研装置采用带有光阑组的精密入射光路设计,以及匹配液池及Beam-stop设计,极大提高了信噪比;同时避免了测量角度的互补方向上,由于样品池与空气界面折射率不同导致的反射光信号对有效信号的干扰。在此基础上,对不同浓度、粒径的聚苯乙烯(PS)颗粒溶液进行了测定及不确定度分析。结果表明,对同一粒径的PS颗粒,增加颗粒浓度时,多重散射首先发生于大、小测量角度,越接近90°,发生多重散射的浓度越高;随着粒径增大,受不可忽略的颗粒间相互作用的影响,粒径测量结果表现出了强烈的角度依赖性,甚至波动性。     

基于时-空离散化的海底混响时间序列仿真方法

以海底混响为研究对象,提出了一种混响仿真时通过时空离散化处理降低计算量的方法.以混响的点散射模型为基础,海底混响认为是海底散射体对发射信号的响应,用线性网络对其进行描述,得到冲击响应函数.通过对冲击响应函数时间离散射化处理,相应的对海底进行空间区域划分,进而把散射体散射信号叠加时的叠加总数转化为时间域离散化之后的时间段...     

An analytical study of platinum silicide formation

Rutherford backscattering has been used in a previous investigation of the kinetics of platinum silicide formation. In this earlier study, several interesting features were observed in the backscattering spectrum which corresponded to a scattering from the surface regions of the sample. The backscattering technique by itself was not sufficient for the interpretation of these features. In this paper, the same features were investigated by means of Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy and electron probe microanalysis. The same samples were used in both investigations. The Auger investigation was able to demonstrate that these surface effects were related to oxygen and aluminum contamination of the films. The contaminants were found to move with the platinum-platinum silicide phase boundary while the small amount of oxygen present in the annealing furnace caused the oxidation of the silicon on the surface by diffusion through the unreacted platinum. The electron microprobe results and the secondary ion mass spectroscopy results, while generally corroborating the backscattering and the Auger results, were less informative. The results from all four techniques are compared and found to be complementary in nature.     

Backscattering of light from disklike particles: is fine-scale structure or gross morphology more important?

The backscattering of light from disklike objects possessing periodic structures (e.g., resembling a wheel with spokes, hereafter called a pinwheel) or an object with a wavelength-sized deviation from a flat disk (e.g., a spherical cap) has been computed by using the discrete dipole approximation. The disks ranged in diameter from 1.5 to 2.7 microm with thicknesses from 0.04 to 0.15 microm. The goal of the study was to obtain some understanding of the differences between the backscattering of a collection of such objects in random orientation and a collection of randomly oriented homogeneous disks of the same size, i.e., the conditions under which the gross morphology (e.g., disklikeness) of these objects determines their backscattering. The computations for pinwheels showed that their backscattering cross sections were nearly identical to those of homogeneous disks of similar size (but with reduced effective refractive indices that are easily estimated) as long as the maximum separations between the spokes was less than one quarter of the wavelength. In this regime the backscattering is totally governed by the particle's gross morphology and effective index. For larger spoke separation, departures from a homogeneous disk are observed and manifest as significant increases (many times) in backscattering. In the case of spherical caps with the same projected area as the associated disk, the computations again show a complete similarity in their backscattering, and when the disks are sufficiently thin (with thickness divided by wavelength<0.15 to 0.25) there is very little difference between the backscattering of a cap and the associated disk.     

基于递归分析的微裂纹缺陷超声检测技术研究

为准确检测金属构件微裂纹缺陷,采用超声脉冲反射法对金属试块进行检测,并提取超声背散射信号进行分析。通过对背散射信号进行简单的建模,说明其组成要素。由于背散射信号的非线性特征,缺陷回波信号会对系统的递归特性产生影响;在此基础上提出了基于递归分析的方法分别对含人工微裂纹缺陷金属试块的无缺陷区、单裂纹区及双裂纹区背散射信号进行检测研究;通过合理的参数选择,对采样信号进行递归分析并绘制递归图;对比含缺陷信号与无缺陷信号,发现前者会在递归图中产生明显的白色交叉条纹带。使用递归定量分析进一步研究了含缺陷背散射信号的递归特征量。结果表明多种特征量对缺陷回波信号比较敏感,其中递归率(RR)和捕获时间(TT)在缺陷位置有明显的特征。     

Backscattering measurements of atmospheric aerosols at CO2 laser wavelengths: implications of aerosol spectral structure on differential-absorption lidar retrievals of molecular species

The volume backscattering coefficients of atmospheric aerosol were measured with a tunable CO2 lidar system at various wavelengths in Utah (a desert environment) along a horizontal path a few meters above the ground. In deducing the aerosol backscattering, a deconvolution (to remove the smearing effect of the long CO2 lidar pulse and the lidar limited bandwidth) and a constrained-slope method were employed. The spectral shape beta(lambda) was similar for all the 13 measurements during a 3-day period. A mean aerosol backscattering-wavelength dependence beta(lambda) was computed from the measurements and used to estimate the error Delta(CL) (concentration-path-length product) in differential-absorption lidar measurements for various gases caused by the systematic aerosol differential backscattering and the error that is due to fluctuations in the aerosol backscattering. The water-vapor concentration-path-length product CL and the average concentration C = /L for a path length L computed from the range-resolved lidar measurements is consistently in good agreement with the water-vapor concentration measured by a meteorological station. However, I was unable to deduce, reliably, the range-resolved water-vapor concentration C(r), which is the derivative of the range-dependent product CL, because of the effect of residual noise caused mainly by errors in the deconvolved lidar measurements.     

Quantitative Mossbauer Study on Retained Austenite and Carbide in High Speed Steel

The retained austenite in high speed steel oftwo different heat treatment regimes wasquantitatively,determined by transmissionMssbauer spectroscopy (TMS),backscatteringX-ray geometry,Mossbauer spectroscopy (BXMS)and X-ray diffraction technique.The results meas-ured by these methods were in agreement with eachother.It was demonstrated that the concentrationof carbides in high speed steel could be measured bytransmission Mossbauer spectroscopy or Mossbau-er spectroscopy in backscattering X-ray geometryaccurately.     

Studies on the RF sputtered amorphous SiGe thin films

In this study, rf sputtered hydrogenated amorphous silicon-germanium thin films deposited at room temperature have been investigated by spectroscopic ellipsometry and Rutherford backscattering. Technological parameters were determined for good layer quality of amorphous material. The layer thicknesses were first evaluated from the Rutherford backscattering and spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements, then measured directly by step-profiler, and compared to each other. The inherence of technological parameters and composition of the layers is discussed. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

In vivo measurements of ultrasonic backscattering in blood

Ultrasonic backscattering in blood including its dependence on the hematocrit, plasma proteins, shear rate, and flow disturbance, has been studied extensively theoretically and experimentally in vitro. However, much of the result has never been validated in vivo. To do so, backscattering measurements were made on pigs using a 10-MHz non-focused intravascular transducer in direct contact with blood. The probe was placed in either the abdominal aorta or the inferior vena cava. The backscattering coefficient (BSC) of blood flowing in these vessels as well as downstream from a stenosis was measured using an approach that was originally developed for measurements with focused transducers. With this approach, 6% porcine red cell saline suspensions prepared immediately after each in vivo measurement were used as the reference medium. Result from seven pigs at hematocrits ranging from 29 to 36% (31.9±2.5%) demonstrated that BSC of blood in the vena cava, (4.62±2.06)×10^-5 cm-sr^-1, is consistently higher than that in the aorta, (2.65±1.22)×10 ^-5 cm-sr^-1. The difference has been attributed to the lower shear rate and the formation of red cell aggregation in venous blood. These in vivo results are in agreement with those obtained in vitro. In response to stenoses created by ligating the aorta, backscattering of the blood measured downstream from the stenosis showed that the closer the site of measurement relative to the stenosis, the higher the backscatter, presumably resulting from the higher degree of flow disturbance. In vitro backscattering results on porcine whole blood were also acquired at 20 MHz with a Diasonics intravascular scanner     

用蒙特卡罗方法计算俄歇电子谱中的背散射因子

俄歇电子谱（AES）要成为样品定量分析的手段，必须考虑背散射电子与俄歇电子平均逃逸深度对俄歇电子产额的影响。本文提出一种对固体中低能电子背散射过程的简化模型，并进行蒙特卡罗计算机模拟研究，以确定背散射因子的方法，不仅可减少计算时间又能保持必要的精度，而且具有不依赖于实验测量误差的优点。以铜、银材料为实例，所得的背散射因子与文献报道相符，表明所采用的简化模型是合理的。     

Extracting electron backscattering coefficients from backscattered electron micrographs

Electron backscattering micrographs possess the so-called Z-contrast, carrying information about the chemical compositions of phases present in microstructures. The intensity at a particular point in the backscattered electron micrograph is proportional to the signal detected at a corresponding point in the scan raster, which is, in turn, proportional to the electron backscattering coefficient of a phase at that point. This article introduces a simple method for extracting the electron backscattering coefficients of phases present in the microstructure, from the backscattered electron micrographs. This method is able to convert the micrograph's greyscale to the backscattering-coefficient-scale. The prerequisite involves the known backscattering coefficients for two phases in the micrograph. In this way, backscattering coefficients of other phases can be determined. The method is unable to determine the chemical compositions of phases or the presence of an element only from analysing the backscattered electron micrograph. Nevertheless, this method was found to be very powerful when combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and the calculations of backscattering coefficients.     

Design of fractal patch antenna for size and radar cross-section reduction

This research study presents a novel design of star-shaped fractal patch antenna for miniaturisation and backscattering radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. The proposed fractal antenna gives 50% size reduction compared with a conventional circular microstrip patch (CCMP) antenna. The antenna is studied experimentally for return loss behaviour using vector network analyser R&S ZVA40. It can be useful for wireless application in 0.85-4 GHz frequency band. Further, the study focuses on backscattering RCS (both monostatic and bistatic) reduction by the proposed antenna compared with the CCMP antenna. It is found that increase in number of fractal iterations included in the conventional patch to design fractal antenna geometry reduces backscattering RCS at multiband compared to the conventional patch antenna. This reduction in backscattering RCS by the antenna is observed at multiband. The antenna can be tuned for low backscattering by variation in the substrate dielectric constant and thickness and the superstrate dielectric constant and thickness. For maximum RCS reduction by the antenna, optimisation of substrate thickness becomes necessary. The study also deals with effect of frequency and aspect angle variation on backscattering RCS reduction.