冷冻海鲜产品保温箱结构设计与优化

目的为了提高保温箱的保温性能,对冷冻海鲜产品保温箱的结构进行设计和优化。方法针对冷冻海鲜产品"小批量,多批次"的运输需求,设计一款用于冷冻海鲜产品运输的保温箱,同时利用Ansys Workbench进行瞬态热分析,得出保温箱内的温度场变化情况,并通过分析温度场模拟的结果来改进保温箱的结构。最后通过实验与数值模拟相比较的方式,验证模拟的可靠性。结果在保温箱边角处增加少量保温材料就能将保温箱的保温性能提高9.9%。结论通过数值模拟的方式来改进保温箱的结构是可靠的。     

食品冷藏保温箱温度场模拟与实验验证

目的 研究食品冷藏保温箱在冷食冷藏工况下内部温度场的分布情况,验证保温箱温度的分布以及保温性能是否达到设计要求。方法 采用有限元方法,使用COMSOL Multiphysics构建食品冷藏保温箱热分析模型,按照冷食冷藏的工况进行温度场模拟仿真,再通过实验验证模拟结果的准确性。结果 模拟结果显示,食品冷藏保温箱内部餐盒装满0 ℃食品时,在外界环境温度为46 ℃的高温条件下贮存4 h后,食物温度由上至下递增,食物平均温度为5.55 ℃。实验结果显示,食物平均温度为6.65 ℃,均低于10 ℃。模拟结果与实验结果的平均误差为1.1 ℃。结论 食品冷藏保温箱餐盒内食物温度实验数据与模拟数据变化趋势基本一致,用数值模拟方法分析保温箱温度场可行有效。蓄冷板对提高食品冷藏保温箱保温效果有较大作用,保温性能可满足设计要求。     

相变蓄冷式双温区城市宅配保温箱的研制及测试

目的 为了减少保温箱的冷量损耗,且能够将多种生鲜产品共同贮藏,设计一种相变蓄冷式双温区保温箱。方法 保温箱内设有冷藏区和微冻区,通过热负荷计算得出各区域所需蓄冷剂用量,并利用数值模拟和试验验证等2种方法来研究保温箱的保温效果,最后将试验数据与模拟数据进行对比,验证理论计算和数值模拟的可靠性。结果 蓄冷板放置在保温箱顶部时,保温箱箱体中部的温度最高,顶部的温度最低,温度场虽有分布不均的情况出现,但两区域总体温度在2 h内趋于稳定,并分别维持在适宜生鲜产品保存的温度区间（1~4 ℃和?10~0.5 ℃）。结论 所设计的保温箱可以有效维持保鲜温度,并满足多种生鲜产品共同贮藏的设计要求。     

复合材料包装箱保温功能设计及验证

目的为满足包装箱保温功能技术要求,探究包装箱保温层厚度设计方案。方法基于低导热系数聚氨酯保温材料,通过傅里叶定律及安全系数理论分析确定包装箱保温层厚度,再对实物包装箱按照GJB 150.4.A—2009《军用装备实验室环境试验方法》进行高低温试验并验证。结果在高低温试验中,当箱内温度为22.2℃,箱外温度为40℃时,4 h后箱内最高温度可达29.2℃;当箱内温度为25.5℃,箱外温度为?30℃时,4 h后箱内最低温度降至2℃。通过分析,得出箱体内部温度与时间以及箱体温差之间的关系,箱体外部升温1℃时,箱体内部升温速率为0.037~0.1℃/h;箱体外部降温1℃时,降温速率为0.07~0.094℃/h。结论该设计方案能满足包装箱保温功能技术要求。     

覆膜金属粉末激光烧结过程温度场的数值模拟

目的 对覆膜金属粉末变长线扫描激光地过程的温度场进行研究。方法 对激光源的加热特性。粉末材料的热物性参数及激光烧结动态过程是行研究分析。建立温度场数学模型,应用限元方法进行计算。结果与结论 温度场的数值计算结果与实验测量结果基本吻合。利用模场计算结果可以进行工艺参数优化。     

复合材料气密包装箱设计及试验验证

目的 为适应产品集装化大批量输送、环境适应性强、快速保障的需要,研究轻质高强复合材料气密包装箱设计方案。方法 首先进行包装箱设计需求分析,明晰包装箱设计要点。其次,分别从性能、结构、工艺三方面开展设计。基于复合材料设计特点,采用系统最优的设计思路进行增强材料、基体材料和芯材料的设计及选型,提出箱体设计方法。针对内装物长期存储问题,提出气密包装箱关键密封结构设计方法。基于低导热系数聚氨酯保温材料,进行包装箱保温结构设计,满足包装箱在恶劣自然环境下的保温要求。结合包装箱低成本设计要求,提出包装箱真空导流工艺技术路线。结果 包装箱承压能力可以达到20 kPa以上,可适应高温55 ℃、低温−50 ℃的使用环境,充气后72 h压降不大于10%,同时可以满足堆码、吊装及叉装工作要求。结论 该复合材料包装箱可以适应产品快速、高效保障的需求,有广阔的市场前景和推广价值。     

汽车转向节淬火过程温度场数值模拟、淬硬层深度预测与验证

本文采用ANSYS对某汽车40Cr转向节的淬火冷却过程温度场进行了数值模拟、温度场的求解,并考虑了材料热物性参数随温度的变化,得到瞬态温度场,进而对照40Cr的CCT推导组织转变,利用临界冷却速度预测了某些位置的淬硬层深度,并通过金相组织分析和硬度测试进行了验证。模拟结果和实验结果基本吻合。实测淬硬层与预测淬硬层深度相比,其值偏大;实测硬度值与预测硬度值相比,其值偏小。     

激光熔凝过程中三维温度场的数值模拟

采用有限元法,模拟计算了激光表面熔凝单晶合金材料中的三维温度场分布,得到了材料表面及截面的温度梯度分布,为激光熔凝过程中CET转变及液固相变过程中温度梯度G的变化提供了理论依据。将材料热物性参数随温度的变化引入计算模型,并得到了其对计算结果的影响,为下一步残余应力的数值模拟做了预研准备。计算结果表明:随温度变化的材料的热物性参数对温度梯度G的影响较大;在单晶合金凝固过程中,材料内温度梯度G对CET转变起关键作用;模拟结果与实验测量结果吻合很好。     

环形热管蓄冷保温箱的模拟优化与实验研究

目的 解决蓄冷冷链运输中存在的温度波动大、均匀性差等问题。方法 文中提出通过环形热管来优化箱内温度场均匀性的方案，以柠檬为实验材料，采用FLUENT数值模拟软件对不同环形热管结构下柠檬保温过程进行仿真，并对4层环形热管模型进行实验验证，确定箱内温度分布规律。结果 环形热管均对保温箱温度场均匀性有明显改善作用，4层环形热管与无环形热管的蓄冷保温箱相比，蓄冷保温过程结束时，不均匀度由1.71减少为0.83，降低幅度为51.46%，温度极差可由8.32 ℃减小为3.24 ℃，降低幅度为61.06%。顶部留出的空隙会出现环流现象，能一定幅度地减少有效蓄冷保温时间，增大温度极差和温度不均匀度。结论 验证实验和模拟结果的温度偏差在1.25 ℃以内，说明建立的模型适用于该蓄冷保温箱的数值模拟。针对文中箱体结构，最佳热管环数为4层左右;其结果可为优化蓄冷保温箱的温度分布提供参考依据。     

高效率、高可靠阴极热子组件结构开槽方案研究

阴极热子组件作为星载行波管的电子注源,要求它具备优良的热、力特性,以满足星载行波管高效率、高可靠、长寿命的需求。本文利用ANSYS有限元软件对星载行波管阴极热子组件结构进行了热模拟,并完成了热测实验,实验结果表明,阴极温度计算精度在5%以内,结构整体的温度计算误差在72℃以内,验证了热模型的可靠性。进一步的,理论研究并数值模拟了阴极支持筒开槽方案及关键开槽参量对结构热效率和力学可靠性的影响,提出了开槽方案的设计方法。最后,对现结构开槽方案进行了优化设计,模拟结果表明,优化后的阴极热子组件结构热效率提高了15.2%,同时结构满足力学试验的要求。     

Assessment of insulating package performance by mathematical modelling

A mathematical model has been developed in the present work to describe the temperature change in a typical insulated shipping container as a function of time. The model was created by combining steady state and transient models in a 2D geometry of a typical shipping container and was subsequently validated by an ice melt test and comparison of temperature change obtained from the model and experimental measurement. An excellent agreement was obtained between the computational model developed in this work and experimental results. In addition, a parametric study was also carried out to investigate various factors in controlling the insulation performance of the packaging. It was found that the model has capability of evaluating the effect of a wide range of packaging design parameters such as thermal conductivity, surface emissivity, packaging geometry, and sounding temperature.     

Investigation of the effect of thermal insulation materials on packaging performance

This investigation evaluates thermal insulation performance of a typical shipping container with different insulation materials. A mathematical model developed from our previous work was used to analyse the effect of packaging characteristics on insulative performance. A number of materials were employed as a liner to insulate a typical cardboard box, and the effect of these materials on package insulative performance was evaluated through experimental tests and the transistent thermal model. The results showed that application of aluminium foil to the internal liner surface of polyethylene gave 46% increase in the package insulative performance compared with the original polyethylene-insulated packages. An improvement of 79% and 106% in insulative performance per unit liner thickness was obtained from packages insulated with a polyisocyanurate board and aerogel blanket compared with the polystyrene-insulated package. The results also indicated that temperature surrounding the package played a significant role in the maximum insulation time. Furthermore, an excellent agreement was obtained between the mathematical model and the experimental results across all packaging aspects studied in this work.     

不同压力下具有内热源的包装箱内传热特性

目的研究具有内热源的某产品包装箱在不同压力下的传热特性。方法搭建具有内热源的某产品包装箱传热特性实验系统,对不同压力下内部具有热源的某产品包装箱内的温度场进行测量,讨论产品各部件的传热特性,并基于计算结果,拟合各部件的传热关联式。结果常压状态下各测点温度较低压状态更易达到平衡,箱体内温度场的分布符合被加热物四周热边界层厚度分布规律。包装箱内对流传热能力随着压强的增大而增强,且箱内压强处于较小范围时,压强的增加对于箱内各部的冷却效果更加显著。结论正常工作的温度范围内,该产品包装箱内传热能力的强弱主要受对流传热影响,对流传热能力随着压强的增大而增强;得到了各部件壁面传热关联式,误差在5%以内。     

冰激凌PLA保温包装结构设计及其保温性能研究

为了使冰激凌在“最后一公里”配送时始终处于合理的温度范围内,设计了一种基于3D打印技术的保温包装杯。分析了不同容器壁厚、不同外界温湿度对保温杯保温性能的影响,同时建立了关于外界温度-厚度-保温时间的三维曲面模型及曲面方程,并对3种不同温度和厚度的包装模型进行了验证。结果表明:30mm的容器壁厚足以使冰激凌的保温时间达到配送要求的60min;当外界温湿度为23℃/50%RH,30℃/85%RH时,3个测试点的保温时间均能满足最低配送要求,当外界温湿度为40℃/90%RH时,只有中心点的保温时间达到配送要求;理论值与试验值的误差在±10%,该曲面方程具有一定的参考价值。     

基于DEFORM-3D大型挤压筒温度场的仿真分析

在金属静液挤压成形工艺中,挤压筒与模具的预热工艺(预热温度、加热及保温时间)对金属挤压成形过程以及挤压制品的力学性能有着重要影响。本工作采用DEFORM-3D软件对40 MN卧式静液挤压机的挤压系统的温度场进行了有限元仿真,给出了挤压系统的稳态、瞬态温度场以及挤压筒内表面的瞬态温度分布;并对挤压筒内表面的温度进行了实验验证,测试结果表明,挤压筒内表面温度分布与仿真结果非常吻合,相对误差小于5%。因此,本工作所建立的温度场仿真模型为大型挤压系统预热工艺参数的确定以及挤压系统自身结构优化提供了一个有效的理论依据。     

可折叠水产品运输保温包装箱结构设计

目的 开发可折叠水产品运输保温包装箱。方法 借鉴纸包装结构设计中的可折叠设计思想, 以塑料中空板为箱体材料, 结合保温材料, 得到可折叠水产品运输保温包装箱结构设计方案, 将其与普通塑料泡沫箱进行物流成本对比分析, 通过抗压试验测定分析不同类型水产品运输保温包装箱的抗压强度。结果 该包装箱实现了空箱储运时可折叠, 降低了物流成本; 箱子抗压强度好, 优于市场上常用的水产品塑料泡沫箱, 同时可通过调整外箱体材料及保温材料来优化包装箱的各方面性能; 在采用该包装箱进行水产品包装时, 需在内包装中增加塑料袋来满足水产品物流运输过程中防水渗漏的要求。结论 该可折叠水产品运输保温包装箱的结构设计方案可行, 力学性能好。     

Approach on Thermal Strain Behaviour of PBGA Solder Joints

Abstract: The aim of this study was to provide a systematic method to analyse and test the thermal strain behaviour of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) solder joints in electronic packaging. Based on the structural, thermal and physical properties of the PBGA sample, the thermal strain test was developed to measure the strain distribution at the surface of the bismaleimide triazin (BT) substrates and the printed circuit board (PCB) surface under thermal cycling, at the temperature range of 0 to 100°C. The experimental results show that the changing trends of strain in the BT and PCB surfaces were approximately the same during the thermal cycling. Comparison between the experimental results and simulation illustrates the validity of the experimental test and finite element modelling results. It builds a basis for future work for evaluating the design and reliability of the BGA packaging.     

抗事故包装箱热防护结构的设计及其性能分析

对抗事故包装箱的火灾环境条件进行了研究 ,初步确定了抗事故包装箱的设计模型 ,提出了一种可用于分析评价抗事故包装箱防火 (或高温 )性能的理论模型 ,并对影响结构热响应的几个关键因素进行了有限元数值模拟     

Air velocity characteristics within vented pallets loaded in a refrigerated vehicle with and without air ducts

During transport using refrigerated vehicles, this being a vital link in the cold chain, the maintaining of even temperature throughout the cargo is essential in order to preserve the quality, safety and shelf life of perishable food. Within the refrigerated container, the temperature level and its homogeneity are directly governed by airflow patterns. The design of the air-distribution system should allow these airflows to compensate heat fluxes exchanged through the insulated walls or generated by the products.In this paper, a reduced-scale model and CFD predictions were used to investigate experimentally and numerically the airflow patterns within a typical refrigerated truck configuration loaded with vented pallets filled with spherical objects. The experiments were carried out using a laser Doppler velocimetry and thermal sphere-shaped probes located inside the pallets. The aim was to investigate air velocity characteristics above and within pallets. The performance of ventilation was characterized with and without supply air duct systems. Both configurations are extensively used in refrigerated transport. Full-scale measurements were also performed within a load of fruit during transport in a refrigerated truck in order to evaluate the temperature distribution under given operating conditions.The numerical modelling of airflow was performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) fluent code and the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) turbulence model. Numerical and experimental data make it possible to evaluate the air ventilation levels and their heterogeneity between the pallets. The numerical predictions show reasonable agreement with experimental data. The studied supply air duct system improves significantly the homogeneity of ventilation in the vehicle.     

包装容器密封结构多组分气体泄漏渗透计算方法

目的建立含气体泄漏及渗透的橡胶圈密封包装容器内多组分气氛浓度场计算方法。方法分析了密封圈结构密封容器多组分气体内外交换方式及其计算方法,在此基础上建立了密封器内多气体组分变化规律的微分方程数值解方法以及CFD(计算流体力学)方法,并计算模拟了较长时间内容器气氛变化情况。结果两种方法均可对包装容器密封结构多组分气体的泄漏和渗透进行较好的模拟,在贮存40 d时,两者的计算结果差异不大于3.2%,其中,CFD计算方法在处理多组分浓度分布方面具有天然的优势,并且计算结果更合理。结论建立了考虑泄漏、渗透的密封容器内多组分气氛变化规律计算模拟方法和多组分气体浓度场变化规律数值模拟方法。