Viewing angle enhanced integral imaging display by using a high refractive index medium

In the integral imaging system, the viewing angle is limited by the size and focal length of the elemental lens. In this regard, we propose a new method for the viewing angle enhancement in the InIm. The proposed method employs a refractive index medium between the elemental image plane and the lens array. The viewing angle enhanced InIm display is analyzed based on the imaging terms. The experimental result shows that the viewing angle is doubled.     

Effect of different traversal schemes in integral image coding

Integral imaging (InIm) is a highly promising technique for the delivery of three-dimensional (3D) image content. During capturing, different views of an object are recorded as an array of elemental images (EIs), which form the integral image. High-resolution InIm requires sensors with increased resolution and produces huge amounts of highly correlated data. In an efficient encoding scheme for InIm compression both inter-EI and intra-EI correlations have to be properly exploited. We present an EI traversal scheme that maximizes the performance of InIm encoders by properly rearranging EIs to increase the intra-EI correlation of jointly coded EIs. This technique can be used to augment performance of both InIm specific and properly adapted general use encoder setups, used in InIm compression. An objective quality metric is also introduced for evaluating the effects of different traversal schemes on the encoder performance.     

Three-dimensional measurement and imaging based on multicameras randomly distributed on the circumference

We present a three-dimensional (3D) measurement and imaging based on a multicamera system. In the presented system, projected images of 3D objects are taken by cameras located at random positions on a circumference, and then the 3D objects can be reconstructed numerically. We introduce an angle correction function to improve the quality of the reconstructed object. The angle correction function can correct the angle error caused by the position errors in the projected images due to the finite pixel size of the image sensor. The numerical results show that the point source was reconstructed successfully by introducing the angle correction function. We also demonstrate experiments: the two objects are located on a rotary stage controlled by a computer, the projected images are taken by a single camera, and by using 33 projected images, the two objects are reconstructed successfully.     

Increased horizontal viewing zone angle of a hologram by resolution redistribution of a spatial light modulator

The narrow viewing zone angle is one of the problems associated with electronic holography. We propose a technique that enables the ratio of horizontal and vertical resolutions of a spatial light modulator (SLM) to be altered. This technique increases the horizontal resolution of a SLM several times, so that the horizontal viewing zone angle is also increased several times. A SLM illuminated by a slanted point light source array is imaged by a 4f imaging system in which a horizontal slit is located on the Fourier plane. We show that the horizontal resolution was increased four times and that the horizontal viewing zone angle was increased approximately four times.     

Optical configuration and color-representation range of a variable-pitch dot matrix holographic printer

The optical system configuration and design of a dot matrix holographic printer that can create image grating pixels of variable size, arbitrary pitch, and discretionary angle on a photoresist plate are presented. With the capability to vary spot size, grating orientation, and grating pitch on the fly, this newly developed holographic printer can apply a prespecified color at each specific viewing angle. Diffractive images with various visual effects and the wide color range that are possible by use of this system are examined in detail.     

光线弯曲对激光测量热钢板厚度的影响

以无热源大平面空气壁模型,用传热学理论计算了大平面热钢板附近空所的一维温度分布,从而得到了大平面热钢板附近空气的一维折射率分布。利用光线折射理论,求出了光线的传输路径和像点的偏离量。分析和计算表明：当钢板温度、测量角和测量距离等参数增大时,像点偏离值就随着增大。对于钢板激光测厚系统,采用单表面单光路时,光线弯曲引起的测量误差较大,并且基本不随测量厚度减小而减小。采用完全对称的双面双光路时,左右光路的像点偏离正好抵消,光线弯曲引起的测量总误差很小,而且随测量厚度减小而减小。     

基于图像处理的声相云图评价方法研究

基于图像处理,提出了声相云图评价方法,用于评价声相仪的声源定位误差。分析了声相仪的成像原理,提出将方位角误差和俯仰角误差作为声相云图声源定位误差的评价指标。利用差影法提取声相云图的声源定位成像区域,并经过灰度二值化、腐蚀膨胀和加权平均之后,计算出成像区域中心的像素坐标。在声相仪不同抓拍距离平面内,通过图像标定得到成像区域中心在实际物理空间上的位置坐标,将其与所定位的声源实际位置坐标相比较,计算得到方位角误差和俯仰角误差。实验结果表明,该方法所得方位角和俯仰角与声源实际位置坐标计算所得到的真实值相比,两者差异较小,能够客观地对声相仪的声源定位误差进行评价,且操作简单。     

Enhanced three-dimensional integral imaging system by use of double display devices

We propose an enhanced three-dimensional (3D) integral imaging system using multiple display devices. Experimental results with double devices prove the improvement in the image depth for a given image quality. We present experiments on an enhanced 3D integral imaging system using double display devices, in which two 3D subimages that cover different depth ranges are separately generated in each device, and then they are combined with a beam splitter to reconstruct the whole 3D image with an enhanced depth of view. In a similar manner, the double-device system can also be used to obtain a wider viewing angle by combining two images with different viewing angle ranges. We discuss the possibility of 3D integral imaging systems using multiple display devices as extensions of the system with double display devices.     

Influence of probe size on the measurement accuracy of non-uniform ELF magnetic fields

The accuracy of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic field measurements can be sensitively varied by the meter probe size when the spatial distribution of the magnetic flux density is highly non-uniform, e.g. if the measurement point is close to the field source. The deviation between measured and actual field varies from point to point depending on the probe dimension and on the source configuration, once the other measurement conditions are fixed. The analysis of this effect is developed through a two-dimensional numerical model that enables the evaluation of the actual field value and of the corresponding probe indication. The error distribution, i.e. the deviation between actual and measured value, is computed for magnetic fields generated by industrial three-phase systems under both balanced and unbalanced supply conditions. The analysis shows how, for a given source, the error depends not simply on the distance from the source in relation to the probe size, but on its spatial distribution, which is complex and cannot be a priori predicted without using a computational tool such as the one proposed.     

Theoretical analysis for three-dimensional integral imaging systems with double devices

By adoption of double-device systems, integral imaging can be enhanced in image depth, viewing angle, or image size. Theoretical analyses are done for the double-image-plane integral imaging systems. Both ray optics analysis and wave optics analysis confirm that the double-device integral imaging systems can pick up and display images at two separate image planes. The analysis results are also valuable in the understanding of the conventional integral imaging systems for image positions off the central depth plane.     

The 44th Physical Society Exhibition

Data are presented on the dimensional characteristics of relief images on a reversal colour material (Kodachrome II Film) and their connection with image density. From simple theoretical consideration it is deduced that the relief image may have a significant influence on the definition ofa projected image, but that the magnitude of this contribution will be strongly dependent on the half-angles of illumination and collection in the projection system.

Various demonstrations are presented showing that the relief image can make an appreciable contribution to the definition for rather more specular conditions of illumination and collection than are used in conventional transparency projectors. However, this is only readily apparent when the projected image subtends a much larger angle than is regularly used in viewing. For angles of illumination and collection used in a transparency projector the effects of a relief image on a 24 x 36 mm transparency on the definition of the projected image are just detectable at viewing distances such that the image subtends about four times the normal angle, but not at normal viewing distances.

Even under circumstances such that the relief image has a considerable influence on definition, image elements away from the centre of the field exhibit asymmetrical halo effects. In general, these effects would be regarded as objectionable. Moreover, the increase in definition in the centre of the field obtained by use of a relief image may be accompanied by a general increase in graininess into the projected image.

The overall conclusion is that under normal conditions relief Images make only a small contribution to the definition of projected images of 24 x 36 mm transparencIes, and that, 10 general, the advantages resulting from a major contribution of the relief image are more than outweighed by the disadvantages.     

Viewing angle enhancement for two- and three-dimensional holographic displays with random superresolution phase masks

Holographic displays employing binary phase modulation have been demonstrated to be attractive on the grounds of efficiency and miniaturization, and they offer a plausible approach to two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) image projection and display. A novel algorithm--one-step phase retrieval--and corresponding hardware architecture have recently been proposed, providing the performance required for real-time holographic display. However, since viewing angle varies inversely with pixel size, very small display pixels are required to achieve a wide field of view. This is particularly problematic for 3D displays, as the requirement for a large display with small pixels has hitherto necessitated an unachievably large electrical bandwidth. We present a novel approach, utilizing fixed random pixelated quaternary phase masks of greater resolution than the displayed hologram, to dramatically increase the viewing angle for 2D and 3D holographic displays without incurring a bandwidth penalty or significantly degrading image quality. Furthermore, an algorithm is presented to generate holograms accounting for the presence of such a phase mask, so that only one mask is required.     

Pixel patterns for voxels in a contact-type three-dimensional imaging system for full-parallax image display

Incomplete voxels, which can be seen only at a part of the viewing zone's cross section in the optical configuration of a full parallax multiview imaging system based on a two-dimensional point light source array, are identified. Their corresponding pixel patterns are found to maximize the space where the voxels can exist in the configuration and to increase the voxel resolution of the displayable three-dimensional images. Furthermore, the pixel patterns for the rhomb-shaped pixel cells are also defined, and some problems related to voxel-based image synthesis are discussed.     

Image-plane cylindrical holographic stereogram

A two-step holographic process is introduced to fabricate a cylindrical multiplex hologram as an image-plane hologram. By adoption of the achromatic angle in the process the hologram is capable of generating an achromatic image. The most important factors, the location as well as the width of the viewing slits, that affect the quality of the observed image are analyzed and discussed. The change of aspect ratio for the observed image as a function of the viewing distance is theoretically and numerically analyzed. This method can not only eliminate the annoying picket-fence effect but can also increase the vertical viewing range for the observer. Computer simulations as well as experimental results are provided.     

图像法集料粒径检测表征参数的选择及实验研究

图像法检测集料粒径时,集料的表征参数是影响粒径检测结果的重要因素。研发的图像法集料粒径检测系统由LED光源、工业CCD相机和LabVIEW软件平台组成。采用不同的等效径对图像中的集料粒径分级,通过不同等效体积对图像中的集料质量进行计算,并对比不同等效径和等效体积算法对集料粒径检测结果产生的影响。为了使图像法的检测结果和筛分法结果相近,方便在线人员观测,得到了一组符合筛分法检测的图像法粒径表征参数。实验结果表明:选择等效椭圆Feret短径作为等效粒径最符合筛分法的粒径含量,选择投影面积×等效椭圆Feret短径作为等效体积和实际体积相关性最大。     

Continuous parallax in discrete pixelated integral three-dimensional displays

An evaluation of the retention of continuous parallax in pixelated integral three-dimensional image displays is presented. The integral image capture process is first considered, to provide a starting point for the investigation. The complementary display system is then examined in detail. The viewing geometry of the display system is analyzed to provide a foundation for the work to follow, and an experimental investigation and simulations of the characteristics of emitted ray bundles are presented. Next, an analytical model of decoding lenslet array operation is derived, leading to an understanding of the process responsible for production of continuous parallax in replay. It is found that if the lateral resolution of the lenslet is matched to that of the display, continuous parallax is retained in the replayed image, where the finite aberration-limited resolution of the lenslet acts to produce a low-pass reconstruction filter. A condition is derived for optimal continuous parallax in replay, based on a relationship between pixel width and lenslet rms spot size.     

Analysis on viewing characteristics of an integral floating system

The relation between the viewing characteristics and the system parameters of the integral floating system, which is a brand new three-dimensional display technique, is analyzed. The system parameters considered include the focal length and the pitch of the lens array, the focal length of the floating lens, the image resolution of the integrated image, and the distance from the integral imaging system to the floating lens. The viewing characteristics of the integral floating are defined and described in terms of viewing window, floating image resolution, and floating image thickness. The ray-optical analysis is performed for the explanation of the viewing window and the floating image resolution, while the wave-optical methods are used to analyze the image thickness.     

Elimination of conjugate image for holograms using a resolution redistribution optical system

A technique to alter the ratio of the horizontal and vertical resolution of a spatial light modulator has been proposed. This technique increases the horizontal resolution by a factor of K and decreases the vertical resolution by a factor of 1/K. The proposed technique increases the horizontal viewing angle by a factor of approximately K, although a conjugate image appeared. In the present study, the resolution redistribution technique is modified to eliminate the conjugate image. The height of a horizontal slit placed on the Fourier plane of a 4 f imaging system used for the resolution redistribution system is reduced by half. The horizontal resolution becomes K times larger, and the vertical resolution becomes 1/2K times smaller. The improved technique generates only the object wave. We demonstrated fourfold enlargement of the horizontal resolution to increase the horizontal viewing angle by approximately four times without generating the conjugate image.     

Monte Carlo simulation of the atmospheric point-spread function with an application to correction for the adjacency effect

Monte Carlo techniques are used to simulate atmospheric point-spread functions (PSF's) that are appropriate for the viewing geometries typical of the Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS). A model sensor is located at an altitude of 20 km and views a Lambertian surface through a horizontally homogeneous and vertically stratified atmosphere. Simulations show the effects on the PSF of variation of the aerosol phase function, the aerosol optical thickness, the sensor viewing angle, and the wavelength. An algorithm that uses the PSF to correct high-contrast images for adjacency effects is developed and applied to an AVIRIS image of Big Pine Key in the Florida Keys. A method to approximate the atmospheric PSF's without the need to resort to a Monte Carlo simulation is described. Correction of the AVIRIS image through the use of the approximated PSF is consistent with a previous correction. Error analysis is difficult and scene dependent; however, the correction algorithm is shown to be capable of indicating regions of high-contrast images in which conventional estimates of surface-leaving radiance are likely to be unreliable due to adjacency effects.