在采用平行流冷凝器的冷藏车中应用新型制冷剂的模拟分析比较

运用分布参数法,对目前正广泛使用的环保制冷剂R134a和新型中低温用混合制冷剂R404A在平行流冷凝器内的换热和流动情况进行了模拟分析和比较,结果表明在采用平行流冷凝器的冷藏车运行工况范围内,R404A的传热和流动性能优于R134a,是一种有广阔应用前景的新型中低温混合制冷工质.     

冷藏车层叠式蒸发器应用R404A与R22和R134a的比较

采用分布参数法对层叠式蒸发器建立数学模型，并对蒸发器采用R404A，R22和R134a时的换热和流动性能进行模拟比较。结果表明，在空调工况范围内，新型中低温混合制冷剂R404A具有R134a换热性能好和R22压降小的特点，能够很好地适用于冷藏车系统空调侧层叠式蒸发器。     

汽车空调冷凝器性能模拟与试验研究

建立了R134a平行流式和管带式冷凝器的稳态分布参数模型,分析对比了两种冷凝器制冷剂侧换热和压降沿流程的变化情况,讨论了迎面风速和环境温度变化对两种冷凝器换热和流动性能的影响;模拟和试验结果表明,平行流式冷凝器换热能力较管带式提高约30%,而制冷剂侧压降是管带式的20%～30%。模拟结果为汽车空调冷凝器的设计和优化提供依据。     

冷冻冷藏用制冷剂R404A的替代品对比分析

基于现有的R404A涡旋式压缩机,模拟分别采用R404A,R407A,R407F,R134a和R1234ze制冷剂时的压缩机性能,计算5种制冷剂系统的理论循环COP,并对各典型工况进行对比分析。计算结果表明,R407A和R407F可直接应用于R404A压缩机,而R134a和R1234ze替代R404A时压缩机设计变更较大,4种制冷剂系统能效均较R404A系统有较大提高。     

流程布置对R410A冷凝器性能的影响研究

本文基于效率-传热单元法,建立了空冷式冷凝器的分布参数模型.以R410A为工质,运用该模型详细分析了四种不同流程布置两排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性,并与以R22为工质的冷凝器进行了性能比较.结果表明采用R410A为工质时,四种流程布置中,无论是随着管内制冷剂流量的变化,还是随着冷凝器迎风面风速的变化,逆流布置换热效果最好,换热量比顺流高约5～15%,压降比顺流高约3～20%,其次是错流布置,顺流布置最差.在与以R22为工质的冷凝器性能比较中,无论是随着管内制冷剂流量的变化,还是随着迎风面风速的变化,R410A冷凝器换热量都比R22高约6～15%,压降低约30～50%.本研究结论为冷凝器流程布置的优化和设计提供了一定的理论基础和指导方向.     

R134a与R410A在空调工况下的性能比较

传统制冷剂R22的替代已是大势所趋.本文着重对R22的替代制冷剂R134a与R410A的传热、阻力压降特性进行实验比较研究,认为R410A在传热、阻力压降特性方面比R134a优良,作为R22的替代制冷剂,R410A应比R134a更有竞争力.     

流路布置对R22替代工质冷凝器性能的影响研究

基于相关文献提出的冷凝器分布参数模型,分别以R22的3种替代产品（R407C,R410A,R134A）为工质,分析了4种不同流路布置的2排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性,并与以R22为工质的冷凝器进行了性能比较。结果表明：采用R22的3种替代工质时,冷凝器性能的变化规律基本一样,4种流路布置中,在随着管内冷媒流量的变化和随着冷凝器迎风面风速的变化两种工况下,逆流换热效果最好,其次是错流,顺流最差;在与R22为工质的冷凝器性能比较中,采用3种替代工质的冷凝器换热量及进出口压降的变化趋势基本一样;在3种替代工质中,R410A性能较好,换热量最大、压降最低,但其冷凝压力比R22高出60%左右,R134A压降较大,这两种都不是理想替代物,而R407C与R22在换热量及压降方面最为接近,是其理想的替代工质。     

采用新制冷剂R134a和混合制冷剂R410A的板式蒸发器性能研究

采用分布参数法对波纹型通道板式蒸发器建立数学模型,并进行了数值模拟.通过计算板内局部蒸发传热系数和压降可以简化板式蒸发器内复杂三维网状流动的传热特性.针对应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂来比较和分析板式蒸发器在小的温差下的传热性能.在3种不同的计算工况下简要分析了各种热力参数的变化对蒸发器整体传热性能的影响.不同的制冷剂,其传热系数和压降差别较大,相同工况下采用R410A替代R22,板式蒸发器的传热性能可提高8.5%～10.0%,且压降可大幅降低.     

R22替代工质冷凝器的性能研究

本文基于传热单元法,建立了冷凝器的稳态分布参数模型.分别以R22及其3种替代产品(R407C,R410A,R134A)为工质,运用该模型详细比较了在流量变化及风量变化两种情况下2排管冷凝器的换热和流动特性.结果表明:无论是随着管内冷媒流量的变化,还是随着迎风面风速的变化,换热量及进出口压降的变化趋势基本一样.四种工质中,R410A性能较好(换热量最大,压降最低),但其冷凝压力比R22高出60%左右,R134A由于压降较大,两者都不是R22的理想替代物.R407C与R22在换热量及压降方面最为接近,是其理想的替代工质.     

R404A制冷剂在商用制冷设备中的应用分析

R404A制冷剂是由R125、R143a和R134a组成的近共沸制冷剂，它主要应用在温度为-20～-50℃的商用制冷设备中，是替代R502的首选制冷剂。但目前它在商用制冷中还没有得到广泛应用。本文首先简要介绍了R404A制冷剂的组成及其性质，然后分析了它在当前市场中的应用情况，结合R404A发展的驱动力分析，指出了R404A在未来有着广阔的市场前景。     

Flow-boiling of R22, R134a, R507, R404A and R410A inside a smooth horizontal tube

Flow boiling heat transfer coefficients of R22, R134a, R507, R404A and R410A inside a smooth horizontal tube (6 mm I.D., 6 m length) were measured at a refrigerant mass flux of about 360 kg/m² s varying the evaporating pressure within the range 3–12 bar, with heat fluxes within the range 11–21 kW/m². The experimental data are discussed in terms of the heat transfer coefficients as a function of the vapour quality. The experimental results clearly show that the heat transfer coefficients of R134a are always higher than those pertaining to R22 (from a minimum of +6 to a maximum of +45%).     

板式蒸发器换热性能的数值模拟Ⅱ:结果及分析

在已建立的数学模型的基础上,对板式蒸发器换热能力进行了数值模拟.针对应用较广的R134a和R410A制冷剂来比较和分析板式蒸发器在小的温差下的换热性能.在三种不同的计算工况下简要分析了各种热力参数的变化对蒸发器整体换热性能的影响.不同的制冷剂,其换热系数和压降差别较大,相同工况下采用R410A替代R22,板式蒸发器的换热性能可提高8.5%～10.0%,且压降可大幅降低.     

Refrigeration system performance using liquid-suction heat exchangersPerformance d'un système frigorifique utilisant des échangeurs liquide-vapeur à l'aspiration

Heat transfer devices are provided in many refrigeration systems to exchange energy between the cool gaseous refrigerant leaving the evaporator and warm liquid refrigerant exiting the condenser. These liquid-suction or suction-line heat exchangers can, in some cases, yield improved system performance while in other cases they degrade system performance. Although previous researchers have investigated performance of liquid-suction heat exchangers, this study can be distinguished from the previous studies in three ways. First, this paper identifies a new dimensionless group to correlate performance impacts attributable to liquid-suction heat exchangers. Second, the paper extends previous analyses to include new refrigerants. Third, the analysis includes the impact of pressure drops through the liquid-suction heat exchanger on system performance. It is shown that reliance on simplified analysis techniques can lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the impact of liquid-suction heat exchangers on refrigeration system performance. From detailed analyses, it can be concluded that liquid-suction heat exchangers that have a minimal pressure loss on the low pressure side are useful for systems using R507A, R134a, R12, R404A, R290, R407C, R600, and R410A. The liquid-suction heat exchanger is detrimental to system performance in systems using R22, R32, and R717.     

Experimental investigation on minichannel parallel flow condenser performance with R22, R410A and R407C

A performance evaluation of minichannel parallel flow (MCPF) condenser in residential/commercial refrigeration system has been carried out in calorimeter room with wind tunnel in this paper. The heat rejection and pressure drop characteristics for heat exchangers were compared using R22, R410A and R407C as working fluids. The experimental results showed that heat rejection of MCPF condenser with R410A was higher than that of R22 and R407C by 15.6~26.3% and 12.3~22.7% under full and partial load conditions, respectively. The refrigerant side pressure drop trend of R410A in MCPF condenser was smaller than that of R22 and R407C under the same mass flow rate.     

R404A和R407C在水平强化管外的凝结换热实验研究

实验研究了近共沸制冷工质R404A与非共沸制冷工质R407C在水平强化换热管管外的凝结换热性能。采用"Wilson图解法"对实验数据进行处理。结果表明:对于R404A和R407C,强化管外的凝结换热系数随着壁面过冷度的增加而增大,呈现出与纯工质冷凝时不同的变化趋势,这主要是近共沸或非共沸工质凝结过程中,某些组分的凝结会遇到其它组分的凝结气膜热阻所造成的;随着过冷度增加,易挥发组分开始凝结,气膜变薄,冷凝传热系数增大。R407C在强化换热管管外的凝结换热系数比R404A要小70%左右,这是由于R407C的温度滑移较R404A要大,管外形成的凝结扩散气膜造成的影响更大。R407C在高热流密度工况下的换热效果提升明显,故应尽量工作在高热流密度区域。     

Thermal Conductivity of the Refrigerant Mixtures R404A, R407C, R410A, and R507A

New thermal conductivity data of the refrigerant mixtures R404A, R407C, R410A, and R507C are presented. For all these refrigerants, the thermal conductivity was measured in the vapor phase at atmospheric pressure over a temperature range from 250 to 400 K and also at moderate pressures. A modified steady-state hot-wire method was used for these measurements. The cumulative correction for end effects, eccentricity of the wire, and radiation heat transfer did not exceed 2%. Calculated uncertainties in experimental thermal conductivity are, in general, less than ±1.5%. All available literature thermal conductivity data for R404A, R407C, R410A, and R507C were evaluated to identify the most accurate data on which to base the thermal conductivity model. The thermal conductivity is modeled with the residual concept. In this representation, the thermal conductivity was composed of two contributions: a dilute gas term which is a function only of temperature and a residual term which is a function only of density. The models cover a wide range of conditions except for the region of the thermal conductivity critical enhancement. The resulting correlations are applicable for the thermal conductivity of dilute gas, superheated vapor, and saturated liquid and vapor far away from the critical point. Comparisons are made for all available literature data.     

Replacement of R22 in tube-and-shell condensers: experiments and simulations

An investigation of the change in condenser overall heat transfer coefficient when replacing R22 with one of the three mixtures R407C, R404A and R410B was made, both experimentally and theoretically. Measurements have been carried out on a full-scale test plant consisting of a horizontal shell-side condenser. According to the measurements the decrease in overall heat transfer coefficient for the non-azeotropic mixture R407C was very large, up to 70% compared to R22, while for the near-azeotropic mixture R404A the decrease was less than 15%. Simulations of the condenser were done with a comprehensive computer program, calculating the condensation heat transfer with an approximate method including a correction for mass resistance. The calculation model was not able to predict this large degradation for the non-azeotropic mixture, while the predictions agreed rather well with the measurements for the pure fluid and the near-azeotropic mixtures.