绿色产品的群灰色关联分析评价方法研究

分析了绿色产品评价的特点,建立了群灰色关联分析评价方法.绿色产品评价的方法应体现绿色产品功能性、均衡性、差异性和广泛性的特点.通过把属性指标权重和评价者权重引入灰色关联分析,建立了群灰色关联分析方法,不但充分利用了评价指标的客观数据,而且综合考虑了属性指标和评价者之间的相对重要性.实验研究表明,该方法完全适用于绿色产品的评价,为类似绿色产品评价需体现功能性、均衡性、差异性和广泛性特点的多属性综合评价问题提供了一种有效的方法.     

改进BASS模型应用于短生命周期产品需求预测

总结了目前国内外文献对短生命周期产品需求预测的研究,分析了短生命周期产品需求相关的特点.介绍了BASS模型及其发展,通过可行性分析,将BASS模型应用于短生命周期产品预测.利用类似产品补充预测所需信息,并对模型进行了季节性修正.算例预测结果表明,改进后的BASS模型应用于短生命周期产品的需求预测在MAD、RMSE、MAPE等各项误差指标方面都优于其他方法.     

从生命周期谈绿色包装

生命周期分析是一种定量分析（评价）某一个产品在其原材料提取、生产制造、消费使用乃至回收复用到最终废弃的全过程中环境影响的方法。绿色包装制品是否符合绿色的标准和要求，需对其生命周期全过程进行绿色分析和评估。将生命周期理论应用于包装（含包装产品、包装材料、包装技术）从包装产品的整个生命周期即原材料的提取、生产加工、运输、销售、使用、废弃、回收直至最终处理的全过程，主要采用量化比较，     

基于生命周期评价的智能电表碳足迹研究

采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法研究智能电表整个生命周期的碳足迹.研究结果表明,智能电表在其生命周期内产生的碳足迹总量为315.321 kg,产品生产制造阶段、运输阶段、使用阶段和废弃物处理阶段产生的碳足迹分别为2.281 kg、0.167 kg、313.608 kg和-0.735 kg.根据生命周期各阶段的碳足迹数据,提出了准确的碳减排措施,使得产品更加绿色环保.研究结果能够为企业的产品碳足迹评估提供参考.     

产品生命周期成本概念及分析方法

随着人们成本意识的增强,生命周期成本日益引起设计者和用户的重视。对产品生命周期和产品生命周期成本概念进行了论述,介绍了参数模型、类推模型和详细模型3种生命周期成本分析模型,最后以某厂计划购买自动包装生产线为例,说明如何利用生命周期成本概念进行投资决策分析。     

基于产品生命周期的汽车供应商动态选择模型

针对电子商务环境下汽车行业供应商的评价和选择,结合产品生命周期导入、成长、成熟及衰退期等不同阶段的供应链设计研发能力、服务水平及成本产品策略属性,综合考虑供应商的研发、质量、成本、服务和响应能力供应行为,利用模糊关系函数构建基于模糊语言评估的OWA算子的供应商动态选择多属性决策模型,选出模糊环境下不同产品生命周期阶段符合汽车供应链产品策略的供应商.     

绿色制造评价指标体系构建

本文综合分析了国内外绿色评价指标研究现状以及我国绿色制造评价工作存在的问题,遵循全面系统、科学合理和先进适用原则,从产品生命周期绿色属性(资源能源、生态环境和健康安全属性)和绿色属性管理两个方面构建了绿色制造评价指标体系,并对指标体系进行了简要的说明和分析,针对目前绿色评价工作和相关标准研究制定中存在的问题提出有关建议,目的是为绿色制造评价标准的研究制定提供参考。     

《绿色设计产品评价技术规范——用材料》标准编制说明

介绍《绿色设计产品评价技术规范——车用材料》标准的起草背景、主要内容、贯彻实施注意事项以及预期效果。采用生态设计方法,在车用材料产品设计、研制、生产、供货、应用和回收等全生命周期均考虑绿色属性,量化分析材料的产品属性、资源属性、能源属性以及环境属性,建立绿色车用材料评价标准,来加快推进汽车工业的绿色发展,践行汽车制造强国的发展战略。     

采用Norton模型预测短生命周期产品市场需求

介绍了Norton模型的原理和适用范围,结合短生命周期产品生命周期短、市场需求量波动明显的特点,讨论了Norton模型在短生命周期产品预测中的可行性;经过比较各种参数估计方法,决定采用仿真领域的模拟退火法进行参数估计;最后,以2004年到2006年的国内MP3销售为例,说明了Norton模型在多代短生命周期产品的市场需求预测中有很好的效果,并对预测结果进行了分析讨论.     

生命周期评价在印刷与包装领域中的应用研究进展

阐述了生命周期评价基本涵义及其方法论,包括生命周期评价的定义、技术框架和实施方法等,并对印刷与包装领域产品或生产系统的生命周期评价典型案例进行分析与比较.最后对生命周期评价方法论的未来发展做出展望,并就印刷与包装产品与生产系统的生命周期评价方法的研究与推进提出建议.     

Design for life-cycle profit with simultaneous consideration of initial manufacturing and end-of-life remanufacturing

Remanufacturing is emerging as a promising solution for achieving green, profitable businesses. This article considers a manufacturer that produces new products and also remanufactured versions of the new products that become available at the end of their life cycle. For such a manufacturer, design decisions at the initial design stage determine both the current profit from manufacturing and future profit from remanufacturing. To maximize the total profit, design decisions must carefully consider both ends of product life cycle, i.e. manufacturing and end-of-life stages. This article proposes a decision-support model for the life-cycle design using mixed-integer nonlinear programming. With an aim to maximize the total life-cycle profit, the proposed model searches for an (at least locally) optimal product design (i.e. design specifications and the selling price) for the new and remanufactured products. It optimizes both the initial design and design upgrades at the end-of-life stage and also provides corresponding production strategies, including production quantities and take-back rate. The model is extended to a multi-objective model that maximizes both economic profit and environmental-impact saving. To illustrate, the developed model is demonstrated with an example of a desktop computer.     

Planning product disassembly for material recovery opportunities

This paper addresses an increasingly important aspect of product design and its relationship to life-cycle costing: disassembly for material recovery opportunities (MRO). MRO is defined as an opportunity to reclaim post-consumer products for recycling, remanufacturing and re-use. The authors have developed a methodology which can be used to identify and assess cost-effective characteristics of disassembly for the recovery of products. The central focus of this paper is aimed at improving the efficiency of the disassembly planning process and generating an optimal disassembly sequence. Four criteria are established to optimize the generation of the disassembly sequence: (1) material compatibility, (2) clustering for disposal, (3) concurrent disassembly operations, and (4( maximizing yield. In this paper we define the ‘disassemblability’ of a product as the ability to optimize the design and disassembly process for removal of specific pans or materials in a manner which will minimize costs. Steps have been taken to incorporate this methodology within a life-cycle analysis software tool (EDIT) to be used at the early concept stage of product design.     

A study on the improvements of new product development procedure performance–an application of design for Six Sigma in a semi-conductor equipment manufacturer

With the pressure of intensive global competition and the trend of shortening product life-cycle, the procedure for new product development (NPD) has become the focus of business concerns and investment of large corporations and the key strategy to upgrade competitiveness of corporations. An effective NPD procedure can meet the demands on quality, time-to-delivery and cost limitations of a corporation. Measuring and analysing the performance of the existing NPD procedure and pinpointing and resolving the problems of the existing NPD procedure is the key to improve the NPD performance to meet a corporation's demands. Six Sigma is a systemic procedure commonly used to improve product quality. This paper proposes a model to evaluate and improve the performance of NPD procedures by following the systemic procedure of Six Sigma and applying criteria defined by application of performance matrix, factor analysis, and theory of constraints. The resulting model is then verified with real life NPD procedures from a certain semi-conductor equipment manufacturer such that corporative competitiveness can be enhanced through the elevating cycle of performance evaluation, problem excavation, causes analysis, and countermeasure determination and execution proposed by this paper.     

考虑风险态度的绿色供应链定价策略及政府补贴政策分析

针对同为风险规避者的零售商与制造商组成的二级绿色供应链系统,基于政府对制造商进行生产成本补贴的政策环境,在零售商与制造商共同进行生态努力的假设下,分别就零售商领导下的博弈以及集中控制型决策下的2种不同的渠道结构,讨论了绿色产品的零售价格、批发价格以及绿色度的均衡结果。同时,进一步分析比较了在零售商占据主导地位的Stackelberg模型中,制造商成本补贴、消费价格补贴以及无政府补贴3种不同的政府策略下各因素均衡结果的变化。最后,通过数值仿真深入分析了政府补贴比例和零售商与制造商的风险规避程度的变动对各均衡结果的影响。结果表明,在零售商主导模式下,制造商的风险规避程度对于各因素均衡影响相对更大。相较于其他策略,政府对绿色消费者实施价格补贴策略能够更好地提高产品绿色质量、降低产品价格、刺激绿色需求、提升社会效用。     

Manufacturer's product choice in the presence of environment-conscious consumers: brown product or green product

Nowadays, the brown products are losing market coverage to their green alternatives due to consumers' increasing environmental awareness. Confronted with this threat, many traditional manufacturers currently producing only brown product are contemplating the launch of green product. Base on this background, this paper explores the optimal product choice for the manufacturer. We first derive the optimal results for each product choice. Then we analyse the optimal product choice for the manufacturer. Next, we study how to induce the production of green product. Finally, the fraudulent behaviour on product's environmental attributes is addressed. Main findings are as follows. First, manufacturer's optimal product choice is to produce green product if the investment-to-value ratio and the unit production cost for green product are low and to produce brown product if the investment-to-value ratio and the unit production cost for green product are high. Second, the two-part tariff contract is applicable to stimulate the manufacturer to produce green product under certain conditions. While exterior intervention is necessary under other conditions. Third, when the manufacturer and the retailer diverge in product preference, the manufacturer has a strong incentive to behave fraudulently, and this type of manufacturer needs strict supervision.     

绿色产品设计的评价方法和评价体系

绿色产品设计的核心是设计方案的评价与优化。探讨了绿色产品的评价模型及其评价方法，提出了评价的基准，准则，目标和评价决策方法，构造了绿色产品的评价体系。     

基于"物尽其用"的包装通用设计及其环保效用研究

绿色包装设计探索进程中,通过提升资源消耗的效用研究,以物尽其用为目标,将通用设计理念导入现代包装设计,拓展商品包装基本功能之外的用途与价值延展,并结合资源的有效利用和生命周期内的能源节约,提出包装的通用设计思考模式,作为绿色包装设计的一个策略方向。     

基于风险规避的绿色供应链定价研究

为了解决风险规避型厂商在不同市场结构下的绿色供应链定价问题,首先以由一个风险规避的制造商和一个风险规避的零售商组成的二级绿色供应链为背景,考虑了消费者偏好、产品绿色度、厂商风险规避度等因素,构建厂商的期望效用函数,然后运用博弈论的方法建立了集中决策模型和三种分散决策模型。比较分析了这四种模型下的批发价格、产品绿色度和零售价格,并进一步分析了四种模型在制造商与零售商风险态度不同时的情况。最后通过MATLAB软件数值仿真研究了集中决策模型下的风险规避度对批发价格、产品绿色度、零售价格和供应链效用的影响以及产品绿色度对供应链效用的影响。仿真结果表明：在一定市场条件下,制造商风险规避对批发价格的影响程度要大于零售商,而对于产品绿色度、零售价格和供应链效用的影响程度是相同的且负向相关;同时,在固定制造商和零售商的风险规避度为0.5时,最优产品绿色度在3.3~3.4之间,最大产品绿色度为7.8。     

Two probabilistic life-cycle maintenance models for deteriorating civil infrastructures

The purpose of this paper is to describe and compare two maintenance models for deteriorating civil infrastructures that can be used to insure an adequate level of reliability at minimal life-cycle cost. These models, referred to Rijkswaterstaat's model and Frangopol's model have been independently developed by the authors of this paper and their associates. The former model has been applied by the Netherlands Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (Rijkswaterstaat). It can be used for justification and optimisation of maintenance measures. The latter model contributed to the further development of the bridge management methodology that has been set up by the UK Highways Agency.     

上海市隧道、道路LED照明应用技术标准研究综述

The paper summarizes the research on the development of standards for tunnels and roads LED lighiing application in Shanghai. analyzes the existing problems on LED road lamps and lighting design, introduces the experiments and testing results, and summarizes current problems of LED street lighting, proposing that LED lighting energy conservation should he ＂systematic energy saving＂ throughout the full life cycle based on the integration of products and applications.