Analysis and enhancement of the detection performance of the PMF-FFT acquisition algorithm for spread spectrum communication systems

针对扩频通信系统部分匹配滤波结合快速傅立叶变换(PMF-FFT)捕获算法由于FFT对频偏补偿不完全而引起相关能量衰减从而导致检测概率降低的问题,研究了检测器的输出特性,利用剩余频偏存在时检测器输出相关能量扩展的特点,提出了将相邻检测单元输出值累加作为检测变量的相邻bin联合检测方案,理论推导了该方案的虚警概率、检测概率.仿真结果表明,与原检测方案相比,该方案不仅能够提高检测概率,而且在不同剩余频偏条件下的检测具有良好的鲁棒性,适用于高动态低信噪比条件下扩频信号的快速捕获.     

一种用于自动检测的非参量检测器——用于二维雷达的改进的广义符号检验处理器

这个改进的广义符号检验处理器是一个用于二维雷达的非参量的自适应检测器.这个检测器通过和邻近的采样比较来把待检验的采样符号化(即求“秩”),并用双极点滤波器来作脉间积累(即作“秩和”运算),累积的输出超过两个门限时判为有目标.第一个门限是固定的,当相邻的采样是独立的和同分布时,其虚警概率为10^-6.第二个门限是自适应的,当采样是累积相关的或背景是非均匀的(如:有附加目标)时候,它保持一个低的虚警率.用蒙特卡罗技术给出了这个检测器的虚警概率的结果、检测概率曲线和角精度曲线.这个检测器已经制成了,PPI(平面位置显示)照片显示了雷达工作在地物杂波背景时它的性能.     

合成孔径雷达图像的恒虚警率目标检测

目的　对合成孔径雷达 (SAR)图像实施恒虚警率 (CFAR)目标检测 .方法　利用 K-Gamma和Weibull分布的杂波模型分别对海面和陆地的人造目标实施检测 ;同时 ,对不同杂波背景下 CFAR检测方法进行比较 .结果与结论　通过检测结果的比较 ,证实了 K-Gamma分布和 Weibull分布分别适合于海面和陆地杂波背景下的目标检测 ;在非均匀杂波背景中 ,有序统计量 (OS)较单元平均 (CA)方法具有优越性     

基于小波分解的 K-分布 SAR 图像舰船检测

舰船目标检测是合成孔径雷达海洋应用的一个重要组成部分. 通过对合成孔径雷达图像中舰船目标和海杂波背景的结构差异特点进行分析,提出了一种利用小波分解技术和 K-分布海杂波模型的恒虚警率舰船目标检测方法,并对实际 SIR-C C 波段 SAR 图像进行了实验. 实验结果表明,该方法能够在复杂相干斑和海杂波背景中大幅增强舰船目标,并且有效保证了检测结果的准确性.     

基于自制小波的EBPSK信号检测器

针对全新的高速高效调制方案——扩展的二元相移键控(EBPSK)调制的微小调制差别检测难题,在研究EBPSK调制波形及简单的冲击幅度检测的基础上,提出了一种基于自制小波的EBPSK检测器,其中自制小波是基于通过冲击滤波器后产生的冲击波形包络来构造的.通过仿真实验进行了与一些经典的小波检测器的比较,结果表明在加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)信道下,基于自制小波的EBPSK检测器性能更佳,在较低的信噪比条件下,仍能较好地检测出信号的位置和尺度,且算法实现复杂度较低.     

高频地波雷达目标的识别检测方法

由于高频地波雷达的检测背景十分复杂,目标信噪比特征不明显,使得常规恒虚警检测不能很好地得到背景和目标的估计,针对高频雷达中目标和噪声在三维谱图中的不同特征,应用模式分析策略,提出了基于识别的混合检测结构的检测器（PDPA方法）,并给出了一定的实验结果。     

非平稳环境下主动声呐检测器研究

针对在水下存在多途、混响及噪声边缘等非平稳背景条件下主动声呐检测器的检测性能,给出了一种变异指数的恒虚警率(Variability Index Constant False Alarm Rate,VI-CFAR)检测器。VI-CFAR结合了单元平均恒虚警率、最大选择恒虚警率和最小选择恒虚警率的检测算法,它在均匀平稳环境和非平稳环境下都具有较强的自适应性。理论分析和仿真结果表明,该检测器在均匀平稳背景下的检测性能与单元平均恒虚警率检测器相似,在多途、混响等干扰背景条件下具有较强的抗干扰能力,在噪声边缘背景下有较好的虚警概率控制能力且运算量小,是一种稳健的检测器。     

一种高速目标检测算法研究及实现

为了实时有效的实现雷达跟踪高速运动目标检测,研究了小波检测器的算法和硬件实现。小波检测器的快速算法并对其作了优化设计构成检测系统的软件基础,采用ADSP21160DSP芯片开发出恒虚警检测并行处理系统。仿真结果和检测性能分析表明,该系统能有效检测低信噪比下高速运动目标,并且有很好的实时性。     

可见光遥感图像中舰船目标检测方法

本文提出了一种基于标准差特征平面Contrast box滤波的可见光遥感图像舰船目标检测方法.选用局部统计方差作为目标检测特征,实现对不同亮度舰船的统一特征描述,并消除海面平均亮度变化的影响.然后在二维检测特征平面上通过Contrast box滤波自适应确定局部目标检测阈值,并结合目标的空间结构信息完成疑似目标定位.最后借助先验舰船特征模型对疑似目标集合进行验证以去除虚警,输出最终目标检测结果.实验结果表明,该方法对于可见光遥感图像中的舰船目标能够达到99.5%的目标检测准确率,同时目标检测虚警率为5%.     

基于Anderson—Darling检验的恒虚警检测

提出一种基于Anderson-Darling检验的恒虚警检测方法(AD-CFAR),根据输入杂波特性,实现干扰杂波块删除、杂波分布检测,具有参考单元数可变、检测策略可变的特点,提高了检测器复杂杂波环境下的鲁棒性.检测算法应用K样本Anderson-Darling假设检验对输入杂波单元进行分块筛选,输出同分布杂波块,再经过单样本Anderson-Darling分布检验判断杂波分布类型,综合现有的检测技术,选择合理的检测策略.性能分析表明,在均匀杂波条件下,AD-CFAR具有近似CA-CFAR的检测性能,在多干扰目标、杂波边缘以及两者同时存在时具有良好的虚警性能和检测性能.     

Real gas choked flow conditions at low reduced-temperatures

Real gas choked mass flux is calculated for a frictionless stream expanding isentropically until it reaches the speed of sound and without phase changes. The other parameters associated with the choked state are the pressure, density, temperature ratios, and the speed of sound. Departure of the choked mass flux from the ideal gas model is discussed first in absolute terms and then in relative terms, using the Principle of Corresponding States, for gases with boiling points in the low temperature range. Reduced-stagnation pressures are examined up to values of 30 for hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, argon, methane, krypton, xenon, and R-14 and up to 100 for ⁴He. The corresponding reduced-stagnation temperatures go down to 1.4 and in some cases down to 1.2 for nitrogen and argon. Also discussed are the limiting values of stagnation parameters for which no phase change occurs in the choked state. Compared to the ideal gas, the mass flux may almost double and the critical pressure ratio may decrease by an order of magnitude. The relevance of results is discussed qualitatively and quantitatively for Joule-Thomson cryocooling.     

As-cast microstructures and behavior at high temperature of chromium-rich cobalt-based alloys containing hafnium carbides

Hafnium is often used to improve the high temperature oxidation resistance of superalloys but not to form carbides for strengthen them against creep. In this work hafnium was added in cobalt-based alloys for verifying that HfC can be obtained in cobalt-based alloys and for characterizing their behavior at a very temperature. Three Co–25Cr–0.25 and 0.50C alloys containing 3.7 and 7.4 Hf to promote HfC carbides, and four Co–25Cr– 0 to 1C alloys for comparison (all contents in wt.%), were cast and exposed at 1200 °C for 50 h in synthetic air. The HfC carbides formed instead chromium carbides during solidification, in eutectic with matrix and as dispersed compact particles. During the stage at 1200 °C the HfC carbides did not significantly evolve, even near the oxidation front despite oxidation early become very fast and generalized. At the same time the chromium carbides present in the Co–Cr–C alloys totally disappeared in the same conditions. Such HfC-alloys potentially bring efficient and sustainable mechanical strengthening at high temperature, but their hot oxidation resistance must be significantly improved.     

Chitosan-collagen/organomontmorillonite scaffold for bone tissue engineering

A novel composite scaffold based on chitosan-collagen/organomontmo-rillonite (CS-COL/OMMT) was prepared to improve swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio, biomineralization and mechanical properties for use in tissue engineering applications. In order to expend the basal spacing, montmorillonite (MMT) was modified with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and was characterized by XRD, TGA and FTIR. The results indicated that the anionic surfactants entered into interlayer of MMT and the basal spacing of MMT was expanded to 3.85 nm. The prepared composite scaffolds were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM. The swelling ratio, biodegradation ratio and mechanical properties of composite scaffolds were also studied. The results demonstrated that the scaffold decreased swelling ratio, degradation ratio and improved mechanical and biomineralization properties because of OMMT.     

Capacitance based mass metering for cryogenic fluids

This paper describes a method for measuring the mass of cryogenic fluids in on-board rocket propellant tanks or ground storage tanks. Linear approximations to the Clausius-Mossotti relationship serve as the foundation for a capacitance based mass sensor, regardless of fluid density stratification or tank shape. Sensor design considerations are presented along with the experimental results for a capacitance based mass gage tested in liquid nitrogen. This test data is shown to be consistent with theory resulting in a demonstrated mass measurement accuracy of ±0.75% and a deviation from linearity of less than ±0.30% of full scale mass. Theoretical accuracies are also shown to be ±0.73% for hydrogen and ±1.39% for oxygen for a select range of pressures and temperatures.     

Equipment using a “static-analytic” method for solubility measurements in potentially hazardous binary mixtures under cryogenic temperatures

A new apparatus designed to study, at cryogenic temperatures, thermodynamic equilibria of potentially explosive binary systems such as hydrocarbon-oxygen mixtures is described herein. This equipment has an equilibrium cell which was especially designed to minimize hazards while allowing accurate phase equilibrium measurements. Reliability of results, obtained with this equipment has been verified by working on the nitrogen-propane system, for which data are already available in literature, over a large range of compositions and at various temperatures. Four isothermal curves describing liquid phase compositions at 109.98, 113.77, 119.75 and 125.63 K have been determined. Our experimental data are represented within 2% in compositions and in pressures through the Peng-Robinson equation of state implying Mathias-Copeman alpha function and Huron-Vidal mixing rule. Comparisons to literature allow pointing out: good agreement is observed with Kremer and Knapp data (1983) while the three sets of Poon and Lu data (1974) presenting systematic positive deviation are consequently judged as suspicious.     

Gas gap thermal switches using neon or hydrogen and sorption pump

The very low pressure obtained thanks to adsorption phenomenon at low temperature can be used to build cryogenic heat switches, which offer the possibility to make or break thermal contact between two parts of a cryogenic system. The ON (conducting) and OFF (insulating) states of the switch are obtained by varying the gas pressure between two copper blocks separated by a gap of 100 μm. This pressure is controlled by acting upon the temperature of a small sorption pump (activated charcoal) connected to the gap space. For a “high” sorption pump temperature, the gas previously adsorbed in the sorption pump is released to the gap between the two blocks, allowing a good thermal conduction through the gas (ON state). On the opposite, cooling the sorption pump allows a very good vacuum between the copper blocks, which efficiently break the thermal contact (OFF state). Experimental thermal characteristics (Conductance in the ON and OFF state, ON-OFF switching temperature) of such a “Gas Gap Heat Switch” are described using hydrogen or neon as exchange gas and are compared with theoretical calculations.     

Development of No-Vent™ liquid hydrogen storage system for space applications

A number of technological advances required to store and maintain normal-boiling-point and densified cryogenic liquids, including liquid hydrogen, under zero boil-off conditions in-space, for long periods of time, have been developed. These technologies include (1) thermally optimized compact cryogen storage systems that reduce environmental heat leak to the lowest-temperature cryogen, which minimizes cryocooler size and input power, and (2) actively-cooled shields that surround the storage systems and intercept heat leak. The processes and tools used to develop these technologies are discussed. A zero boil-off liquid hydrogen storage system technology demonstrator for validating the actively-cooled shield technology is presented.     

Development of a miniature cryogenic fluid circuit and a cryogenic micropump

This article presents the development of a miniaturized cryogenic fluid circuit for distributed cooling of low-temperature tracking detectors in high-energy physics (HEP). The heart of the circuit is a prototype cryogenic micropump. This volumetric pump is compatible with cooling powers of about 10-100 W, and capable of producing pressure heads of up to around 0.3 MPa. Besides detector and electronics cooling in HEP, potential applications are found in the field of superconductor technology.     

Integrated Resonant Self-Pumped Loop and pulse tube cryocooler for cryogenic cooling distribution

Cooling distribution is a vital technology concerning cryogenic thermal management systems for many future space applications, such as in-space, zero boil-off, long-term propellant storage, cooling infrared sensors at multiple locations or at a distance from the cryocooler, and focal-plane arrays in telescopes. These applications require a cooling distribution technology that is able to efficiently and reliably deliver cooling power (generated by a cryocooler) to remote locations and uniformly distribute it over a large-surface area. On-going efforts by others under this technology development area have not shown any promising results.This paper introduces the concept of using a Resonant Self-Pumped Loop (RSPL) integrated with the proven, highly efficient pulse tube cryocooler. The RSPL and pulse tube cryocooler combination generates cooling power and provides a distributive cooling loop that can be extended long distances, has no moving parts, and is driven by a single linear compressor. The RSPL is fully coupled with the oscillating flow of the pulse tube working fluid and utilizes gas diodes to convert the oscillating flow to one-directional (DC) steady flow that circulates through the cooling loop. The proposed RSPL is extremely simple, lightweight, reliable, and flexible for packaging. There are several requirements for the RSPL to operate efficiently. These requirements will be presented in this paper. Compared to other distributive cooling technologies currently under development, the RSPL technology is unique.     

Helium liquefaction with a commercial 4 K Gifford-McMahon cryocooler

This paper describes helium liquefaction using a commercial cryocooler with 1.5 W cooling power at 4.2 K (Sumitomo model RDK415D with compressor CSW-71D, consuming 6.5 kW electrical power), equipped with heat exchangers for precooling the incoming gas. No additional cooling power of cryoliquids or additional Joule-Thomson stages were utilized. Measurements of the pressure dependence of the liquefaction rate were performed. A maximum value of 83.9 g/h was obtained for 2.25 bar stabilized input pressure. Including the time needed to cool the liquefied helium to 4.2 K at 1 bar after filling the bottle connected to the cold head, and correcting for heat screen influences, this results in a net liquefaction rate of 67.7 g/h. Maintaining a pressure close to 1 bar above the bath during liquefaction, a rate of 55.7 g/h was obtained. The simple design enables many applications of the apparatus.