基于谱单元方法的平板冲击流固耦合研究

假设流体无粘且无旋,计及流体中的气穴现象,采用谱单元方法建立水下爆炸瞬态流固耦合的三维数值模型,探讨了水下爆炸瞬态流固耦合作用的机理,用经典的平板冲击问题对数值模型进行验证,数值结果与解析解吻合良好,并根据数值结果绘制了流体中的气穴区域,对气穴效应进行分析,分析显示,气穴效应会对结构响应产生很大影响,在计算中应予以考虑。基于本文建立的数值模型,在不同网格细化的条件下,分别采用谱单元方法和有限元方法对弹簧——平板模型进行水下爆炸瞬态流固耦合问题的求解,并在此基础上对谱单元方法和有限元方法进行对比研究,研究发现,谱单元方法在提高精度的同时能大量节省计算时间,可较好地应用于水下爆炸流固耦合问题的求解中。本文旨在为相关水下爆炸瞬态流固耦合的研究提供参考。     

含非贯穿直裂纹管道的振动特性分析

摘 要：根据线性断裂力学理论和应变能释放原理,推导了管道在轴力、剪力和弯矩等荷载作用下由非贯穿直裂纹引入的附加局部柔度,利用适应性Simpson数值积分编写了局部柔度计算程序,克服了当前方法仅针对特定的荷载模式或非空心截面的缺陷,通过与Naniwadekar等人试验结果进行对比验证本文局部柔度系数的合理性。建立了裂纹管结构的有限元模型,对悬臂裂纹管和简支裂纹管的自由振动特性进行了分析。研究结果表明：裂纹位置、裂纹深度对裂纹管类结构的自振频率影响明显。     

钢箱梁桥面板爆炸冲击响应数值模拟研究

大跨度缆索承重桥梁遭受恐怖爆炸袭击的风险比一般桥梁大。运用LS-DYNA非线性有限元软件,研究了箱包炸弹和小轿车炸弹（TNT当量10kg-500kg）桥面爆炸冲击作用下缆索承重桥梁钢箱梁正交异性桥面板的塑性变形、开裂与破口及耗能。结果表明：桥面板的主要耗能机制为盖板和加劲肋的塑性变形耗能,占爆炸输入能量的70%以上;加劲肋和横隔板对桥面板破口有约束作用,TNT当量为300kg-500kg时,纵桥向破口尺寸小于等于横隔板间距,并小于横桥向破口尺寸     

不同温度下泡沫铝压缩行为与变形机制探讨

利用Hopkinson杆与MTS实验装置分别研究泡沫铝在不同温度下的动态与静态力学性能,实验结果表明,泡沫铝有很强的温度软化效应,坍塌应力与平台应力和“应力降”的大小均随温度的升高而降低。动态高温下应力应变曲线与静态低温下应力应变曲线类似,反映材料应变率与温度之间的等效关系。低温下泡沫金属强度较高,脆性较强,泡沫结构易脆性坍塌,并伴有脆性裂纹,随着温度的升高,基体材料逐渐软化,泡沫金属强度降低,胞孔结构在压缩过程中从低温下脆性失稳逐渐变成以胞壁屈曲与塑性变形为主,且在不同温度段,应变率敏感度不同。     

贯穿裂纹管局部柔度系数的理论与试验研究

根据线性断裂力学理论和应变能释放原理,推导了考虑裂纹张开状态的圆周贯穿裂纹管的附加局部柔度方程,利用自适应的Simpson数值积分方法计算裂纹引起的局部柔度系数,并根据得到的局部柔度系数,建立了以扭转弹簧模拟裂纹行为的裂纹管模型。进行了裂纹管的动力模型试验,通过裂纹管模型固有频率的试验值与理论值对比分析验证局部柔度系数的正确性。研究结果表明:裂纹管固有频率的试验值与使用"弹簧铰"裂纹管模型求得的理论值基本吻合,验证了贯穿裂纹管局部柔度系数的合理性。     

含圆周非贯穿裂纹悬臂管道的振动分析与裂纹识别

摘 要：根据线性断裂力学理论和应变能释放原理,推导了含圆周非贯穿裂纹管道在轴力、剪力和弯矩等荷载作用下的局部柔度系数方程,利用适应性Simpson方法编写了数值积分程序进行局部柔度系数求解,建立了含裂纹管道的二维有限元模型进行含裂纹悬臂管道的振动特性分析,应用等值线图原理进行了悬臂管道的裂纹识别。研究结果表明：本文裂纹模型克服了当前裂纹模型仅针对特定的荷载模式或非空心截面的缺陷,基于等值线图法能有效识别含裂纹悬臂管道的裂纹位置、深度。     

低速碰撞下复合材料叠层板的微裂纹演化及其对弹性模量的影响

采用双线性特性破坏模型研究了复合材料叠层板各层内部开裂裂纹的演化;通过引入弹性模量的裂纹影响系数表示,推导出裂纹影响系数与应变及应变率之间的微分关系,并得到裂纹耗散功率与裂纹影响系数变化率之间的关系。通过计算不同初始碰撞速度下复合材料叠层板的应变、应变率响应以及裂纹影响系数的演化,得到整个冲击过程中各层内任意点附近裂纹开裂情形及其对弹性模量的影响;通过检查界面各点处的裂纹影响系数是否发生改变,预测了碰撞完成之后复合材料叠层板中各层内微裂纹的分布区域位置与大小;并将该预测结果与其他破坏准则计算结果进行了比较。计算结果表明,在碰撞过程中各层内任意点处的应力值超过其屈服强度后,该点附近的弹性模量开始发生衰减,衰减大小随铁球初始碰撞速度的增大而增大。在四边夹支的边界条件下,复合材料叠层板的裂纹分布区域同样最先出现在碰撞点及边界中点位置,区域面积随初始碰撞速度的增大不断扩大     

旋翼桨叶结构载荷计算方法比较研究

基于有限转角假设,建立了刚柔耦合旋翼动力学模型。该模型考虑了刚体转动与弹性变形之间的耦合效应,相较于基于小转角假设的传统有限元模型具有明显的优势。气动力以广义力形式与桨叶刚体转动及弹性变形耦合组建方程。在方程求解的单步上,分别采用力积分法、反力法以及曲率法计算桨叶剖面结构振动载荷。以BO105模型桨叶及SA349/2小铃羊直升机为仿真对象,比较研究了这三种载荷计算方法的预测精度与适用范围。对于不考虑气动力的纯结构振动载荷,三种计算方法具有相同的精度。在气弹瞬态计算中,力积分法对桨根载荷的预测精度不足。曲率法与反力法在桨叶有限元节点处得到了相近的结果。反力法预测精度取决于有限元建模精度,且只对节点处载荷有效。由于曲率法只计入弹性桨叶的弯曲曲率,该方法需要更高阶次的形函数以满足自由度二阶导数的连续性。此外,为加速收敛及减少累积误差,本文开发了基于外推法的数值积分算法。     

基于本征方程求解复合材料梁几何非线性静力平衡

对基于本征梁理论求解复合材料梁的几何非线性大变形屈曲问题进行了研究,根据材料属性利用渐近变分法确定复合材料梁的刚度矩阵,再根据本构方程和平衡方程求得其静力学行为,结果表明:对单层铺层的复合材料梁来说,刚度矩阵的耦合项可以忽略,其变形构型及梁末端的位移及转角的变化趋势与各项同性材料相同;对一个一般的复合材料梁来说,其刚度矩阵的耦合项不可忽略,耦合项对位移和转角的影响与施加在梁上的载荷大小有关,在载荷小于30 N,以耦合项50%的变化量为界,当变化量小于50%时,位移和转角的变化趋势与初始时相同,当变化量大于50%时,位移和转角的变化趋势发生很大的改变,但与解耦后的变化趋势相似。     

2024-T3铝合金动力学实验及其平板鸟撞动态响应分析

通过电子万能试验机和分离式霍普金森拉杆(SHTB)拉伸试验分别获得2024-T3铝合金材料准静态和高应变率两种应变率下的应力-应变曲线。铝合金材料的本构关系由能够反映材料硬化效应和应变率强化效应的Johnson-Cook材料模型描述,方程中的4个参数通过不同应变率下的应力-应变曲线拟合得到。基于瞬态动力学软件PAM-CRASH,结合材料动态力学性能试验所获得的2024-T3铝合金Johnson-Cook模型方程,耦合光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法和有限元(FE)方法建立2024-T3铝合金平板的鸟撞数值模型,数值计算所得动态响应与鸟撞试验结果吻合较好,表明建立的鸟撞数值计算模型是合理、可靠的,整个分析流程从材料动态力学性能试验、鸟撞数值计算到最终的鸟撞试验验证为飞机结构的抗鸟撞设计与分析提供了有力的参考。     

An image-shearing Moiré method to record partial slopes of flexed plates

A new Moiré method is proposed to map partial slope contours of laterally loaded reflective plate models. The beam of light reflected by the plate is collected by a field lens and is optically sheared by a thin glass plate at the focus to produce slope modulated gratings at the image plane. No real grating is used. Sensitivities an order higher than those of classical Moiré methods are obtained.     

Growth behavior of internal delaminations in composite beam/plates under compression: effect of the end conditions

The effect of the end conditions, i.e. clamped-clamped vs. simply-supported ends on the initial postbuckling and growth behavior of delaminations in plates in studied. The study does not impose any restrictive assumptions regarding the delamination thickness and plate length. First, a closed form solution for the mode mixity, energy release rate and deformation quantities is derived for the case of a clamped-clamped delaminated plate, which complements the already existing solution for a delaminated simply-supported plate. A perturbation procedure is followed, which is based on an asymptotic expansion of the load and deformation quantities in terms of the distortion parameter of the delaminated layer, the latter being considered a compressive elastica. The additional complication in the clamped-clamped case arises because now the amplitude at the clamped end needs to be expanded in terms of the distortion parameter of the delaminated part, in addition to the amplitude at the common section and the distortion parameter of the base plate. The effects of the end conditions on the growth behavior are found to depend on the relative location of the delamination through the thickness. For the same plate length and thickness and the same delamination length and applied strain, delaminations located closer to the surface exhibit nearly the same energy release rate and mode mixity either in a clamped-clamped or a simply supported configuration. However, in delaminations located further away from the surface, for the same applied strain, the energy release rate is larger and there is also a higher mode II component in the simply-supported case. Moreover, the mid-point transverse displacement of the delaminated layer as well as that of the substrate part, is larger in the simply supported case. The same major trend that has been observed in the simply supported case, i.e. the increased growth resistance of the delaminations located near the surface relative to the ones located further inside the plate, is also observed in the clamped-clamped case.     

Ellipsoidal and parabolic glass capillaries as condensers for x-ray microscopes

Single-bounce ellipsoidal and paraboloidal glass capillary focusing optics have been fabricated for use as condenser lenses for both synchrotron and tabletop x-ray microscopes in the x-ray energy range of 2.5-18 keV. The condenser numerical apertures (NAs) of these devices are designed to match the NA of x-ray zone plate objectives, which gives them a great advantage over zone plate condensers in laboratory microscopes. The fabricated condensers have slope errors as low as 20 murad rms. These capillaries provide a uniform hollow-cone illumination with almost full focusing efficiency, which is much higher than what is available with zone plate condensers. Sub-50 nm resolution at 8 keV x-ray energy was achieved by utilizing this high-efficiency condenser in a laboratory microscope based on a rotating anode generator.     

Curvature contours of flexed plates by a multiple illumination moiré shearing interferometer

A new moiré method is proposed to map partial slope, partial curvature and twist curvature contours of laterally loaded specularly reflecting plate models. Converging HeNe laser light is diffracted by a lens plane cross grating, different combinations of orders are selectively permitted through the Fourier transform plane and collimated to illuminate the plate model. This technique eliminates the difficulties involved in Fourier filtering in the imaging optics, thereby extending the reflection moiré' interferomelry to general plate structures and loading. The slope contours are obtained still by double exposure.     

川渝地区可控震源道路激振效果分析

川渝地区地形地貌复杂,可控震源在其乡村道路激振时存在激发信号畸变较大及激发能量耗散较大等问题。为了解决该问题,建立了可控震源道路激振模型,构建了可控震源道路激振效果评价体系,开展了川渝地区可控震源乡村道路激振效果研究,分析了可控震源道路激振能量耗散。结果表明：构建的激振效果评价体系能够较为全面地对川渝地区可控震源道路激振效果进行评价;相比碎石土路,可控震源在无缺陷水泥道路激振时传地能量减弱48.31%,地表接触中心点振幅下降77.44%,互作用力振幅下降18.18%,信号畸变增大34.69%,激振效果较差;道路缺陷对激振效果具有明显的减弱影响,圆形孔洞道路缺陷对激振效果的影响尤为突出,其中传地能量减弱54.94%,地表接触中心点振幅下降5.57%,互作用力振幅下降21.16%,信号畸变增大36.17%;川渝地区可控震源道路激振时,平板的结构能量耗散较大,约占系统总耗散能量的90%。研究结果可以为川渝地区可控震源乡村道路激振效果的改善提供理论指导。     

浙江台州发电厂330MW机组锅炉空气预热器密封系统改造

针对台州电厂330MW机组空气预热器存在LCS控制系统故障、扇形板变形、漏风率偏大等问题,根据空气预热器热态变形和多道密封能减小漏风机理,采用双密封结构,将转子24仓格改成48分仓,并作三向密封改造、固定扇形板和弧形板、更换换热元件、减少中心筒和相关部件的漏风量等改造措施。经过改造,漏风率从原16%～19%降到5.5%～6.6%,改造取得预期效果。     

具有初始应力加劲板的非线性动力学特性

针对工程结构中常用的加劲板,研究了其在初始应力作用下的非线性振动特性。将母板与加劲肋分开考虑,其中母板按薄板理论考虑,加劲肋按Euler-Bernoulli梁理论考虑,根据母板与加劲肋的应力与应变关系建立系统的应变能表达式,同时结合系统的动能表达式,并利用Lagrange方程建立系统的非线性动力微分方程。运用椭圆函数求得加劲板单模态的非线性频率,采用同伦分析方法求解加劲板的3∶1内共振。通过参数分析,重点讨论初始应力变化对系统非线性动力特性的影响,并得出初始应力的存在对加劲板非线性动力特性的影响规律。     

FEM prediction of buckling distortion induced by welding in thin plate panel structures

Welding distortion generated during assembly process has a strongly nonlinear feature, which includes material nonlinearity, geometric nonlinearity, and contact nonlinearity. In order to obtain a precise prediction of welding distortion, these nonlinear phenomena should be carefully considered. In this study, firstly, a prediction method of welding distortion, which combines thermo-elastic-plastic finite element method (FEM) and large deformation elastic FEM based on inherent strain theory and interface element method, was developed. Secondly, the inherent deformations of two typical weld joints involved in a large thin plate panel structure were calculated using the thermo-elastic-plastic FEM and their characteristics were also examined. Thirdly, using the developed elastic FEM and the inherent deformations, the usefulness of the proposed elastic FEM was demonstrated through the prediction of welding distortion in the large thin plate panel structures. Finally, the influences of heat input, welding procedure, welding sequence, thickness of plate, and spacing between the stiffeners on buckling propensity were investigated. The numerical simulation method developed in this study not only can be used to predict welding distortion in manufacturing stage but also can be employed in design or planning stage.     

A conforming triangular finite element plate bending solution

A conforming plate bending solution using simple polynomial deflection functions of third-degree inside each triangular element is presented. In order to avoid normal slope discontinuities along the sides of the elements, the plate displacement parameters are subjected to ‘slope continuity conditions’ acting as constraints to the minimum potential energy problem. This is then solved by the classical method of Lagrange introducing multipliers as new auxiliary variables. If a special variational formulation of the problem is used, it can be shown that the Lagrangean multipliers are generalized stress parameters. The suggested solution is therefore basically a ‘mixed’ solution, the unknown variables of the problem being both displacement and stress parameters. Several numerical results are presented.     

纤维增强复合材料三明治板破片穿甲数值仿真

研究破片对(由钢板、纤维增强复合材料板及钢板叠合而成)纤维增强复合材料三明治板穿甲过程中能量转化规律。进行破片模拟弹丸(FSP)对不同结构三明治板高速穿甲数值仿真,获得FSP弹丸对16种三明治板的弹道极限,并与实验结果对比验证数值仿真的可信度。通过分析数值仿真结果,进一步研究破片临界贯穿条件下纤维增强复合材料三明治板各组成部分吸能比率与结构尺寸相关性。结果表明,不同厚度夹层板的吸能比率恒定(芳纶纤维10.41%,玻璃纤维2.68%),夹层板内能随厚度的增加呈二次函数增加。由此获得破片对纤维增强复合材料三明治板弹道极限速度计算方法。