一种新型测距仪的研制

介绍了一种在中，小范围内，采用激光定位，超声测距的新型测量仪器，该仪器以单片微处理器为核心，对不同的测量距离，采用不同频率的超声波，结合信号处理方法，从而实现０．６～１４ｍ范围内高精度实时测量目标距离，其测量相对误差优于１％。     

超声波传感器在智能汽车系统中的应用

主要阐述超声波传感器的测距原理,以及利用超声波距离模块、传感器和单片机一起构成超声波测距系统,并介绍该超声波测距系统的软件流程及超声波测距系统在智能汽车系中的多种应用。因超声波具有的独特的特性,使得超声波传感器越来越在生产生活中对保障行车安全,提高汽车智能化水平有重要意义。     

一种高精度卷简纸印刷机振动测试系统的设计

目的为了解决卷筒纸印刷机高速运转时带来的纸带横向振动问题,设计一种高精度卷筒纸印刷机振动测试系统。方法把纸带的横向振动转化为距离测量,采用超声波测距的方法对纸带横向振动量进行测量,利用MSP430单片机自带的AD进行模数转换,把超声波探头输出距离的模拟量转化成数据量输出,显示在液晶屏上,并在PC端设计上位机软件,通过串口通信把测量的数据进行实时显示。结果通过对测试系统的实验,得到了实时的振动数据,经测试,该系统对振动纸张进行检测的精度达到了0.1 mm。结论通过超声波测距方法设计出一套卷筒纸印刷机纸带横向振动测试系统,减小了测量误差,提高了测量精度。     

移动机器人超声波测距和避障系统的设计及实现

本文介绍了移动机器人的超声波测距和避障系统的设计方案,以及系统的软、硬件组成.该系统的硬件电路以DSP-TMS320LF2407A作为核心处理器,包括超声波测距模块,以及外围辅助电路.系统采用了多路超声波传感器共同作用来完成整个机器人系统的避障和路径规划.在移动机器人的360度的方向上等角度每隔45度安装1个超声波传感器,共8个.各个方向上的超声波传感器循环工作,使得移动机器人实时获取距障碍物的距离和方位信息.样车实验表明,该系统可以满足移动机器人室内避障的要求.     

基于时差的超声波测距研究

本文提出了一种基于时差的超声波测距原理，该原理不需记录超声波的具体发射时间，而是通过测量超声波到达不同位置时的时间差，来计算超声波发射源到接收器的距离。这不仅对超声波测距提供了新的理论依据，对于无线电与光学测量也有一定的借鉴作用。     

基于汇编语言的超声波测距系统

介绍了用AT89C2051单片微机来设计超声波微机测距仪，并在分析了超声波测距原理的基础上，介绍了设计超声波测距仪的思路，指出了设计测距仪所需考虑的问题，给出了用汇编语言实现超声波测距方案的设计思想、流程图和部分程序。该设计系统经过校正调试后，在空气中其精度可达±2cm。     

基于AT89S51单片机的超声测距

介绍一种基于AT89C51单片机的脉冲式超声波反射测距系统。该系统以空气中超声波的传播速度为确定条件,利用反射超声波测量待测距离。概述了超声波测距基本原理,对影响测量系统的主要参数进行讨论;并在介绍超声波测距基本功能的基础上,提出系统的总体构成,论证系统发射、接收、检测、显示部分的设计方案,分析系统软硬件的实现方法。     

基于单片机的超声波测距系统设计

利用超声波测量距离是一种有效的非接触式测距方法,本文结合超声波精确测距的需要,分析了超声波测距的工作原理和系统构成,给出了软件控制流程,并在数据处理中采用了温度补偿修正,来有效提高超声波测距系统的精度。     

基于AT89C51单片机的超声波测距系统设计

本文介绍一种基于AT189C51单片机的超声波测距系统，阐述了超声测距系统的构成、工作原理，给出了硬件电路框图和软件编程的设计方法。该系统具有硬件结构简单、工作可靠、测量误差小等特点。     

基于单片机的超声测距系统

介绍并设计一种基于单片机的超声测距系统。该系统以超声波的传播速度为确定条件.利用发射超声波与反射回波时间差来测量待测距离。概述超声波检测的基本原理。并且在介绍超声测距系统功能的基础上,提出系统的总体构成。     

High-resolution ultrasound displacement measurement using coded excitations

Resolution of displacement measurements based on ultrasound pulse-echo techniques is limited by the center frequency of the transmitted wave, echo sampling rate, quantization errors, and electronic noises in the measurement system. We developed a new method utilizing the clutter signal in coded excitations to determine the displacement of an object or a desired region of an object with much improved resolution. The method includes transmitting a pair of Golay complementary sequences, receiving echoes from the object or a region of the object, compressing the pulse, eliminating the main lobe, and determining the object displacement between the two transmissions from the residual clutter signal around the main lobe of the compressed pulse. Results of computer simulations showed that the new method improved the resolution by several orders of magnitude and was more robust to noise than traditional pulse-echo methods. The new method was also evaluated using an experimental ultrasound system (10 MHz center frequency, 100 MHz sampling rate, and 8-bit sampling precision). A high precision in the displacement measurement was achieved with a measurement error of ?5.76 nm ±36.27 nm (mean ± standard deviation). The method has the potential to be applied in biomedical and industrial measurements of distance, displacement, and thickness.     

Velocity measurement by vibro-acoustic Doppler

We describe the theoretical principles of a new Doppler method, which uses the acoustic response of a moving object to a highly localized dynamic radiation force of the ultrasound field to calculate the velocity of the moving object according to Doppler frequency shift. This method, named vibro-acoustic Doppler (VAD), employs two ultrasound beams separated by a slight frequency difference, Δf, transmitting in an X-focal configuration. Both ultrasound beams experience a frequency shift because of the moving objects and their interaction at the joint focal zone produces an acoustic frequency shift occurring around the low-frequency (Δf) acoustic emission signal. The acoustic emission field resulting from the vibration of the moving object is detected and used to calculate its velocity. We report the formula that describes the relation between Doppler frequency shift of the emitted acoustic field and the velocity of the moving object. To verify the theory, we used a string phantom. We also tested our method by measuring fluid velocity in a tube. The results show that the error calculated for both string and fluid velocities is less than 9.1%. Our theory shows that in the worst case, the error is 0.54% for a 25° angle variation for the VAD method compared with an error of -82.6% for a 25° angle variation for a conventional continuous wave Doppler method. An advantage of this method is that, unlike conventional Doppler, it is not sensitive to angles between the ultrasound beams and direction of motion.     

超声波测振信号的能量算子解调方法

连续超声波束遇到振动物体表面会产生多普勒效应,反射超声波信号是受振动信号调制的非线性调相信号。对反射波信号求导获得调幅调频信号,再采用能量算子对称差分法,求取该调幅调频信号的瞬时幅值及瞬时频率。鉴于超声波反射回波信号存在幅值衰减现象,而超声波频率不易受外界干扰,故通过调幅调频信号的瞬时频率提取被测物体的振动速度,并由振动速度求导得到振动加速度。同时,从幅值及频率两个方面探讨振动测量范围。仿真及实验结果表明:基于能量算子的超声波测振信号解调方法能有效地提取振动信号,与传统的相位解调方法相比,具有更大的测量范围。     

基于声学法测温的声波飞渡时间研究

声波飞渡时间的准确测量是声学法测温中影响温度场测温准确性的主要因素。采用互相关分析法计算单一频率声波信号及宽带频率声波信号的声波飞渡时间,仿真结果表明宽带频率信号由于具有较强的抗噪能力在计算声波飞渡时间时不受声波信号周期、信号延时时间等因素的限制,可用于工程实践。同时采用频率为40kHz的正弦波超声波探测器在均匀温场条件下对超声波信号的衰减程度进行试验研究,试验结果表明40kHz的正弦波超声信号在不经过放大处理条件下,其可测温场的距离仅为160mm。     

Three-dimensional Displacement Analysis by Windowed Phase-shifting Digital Holographic Interferometry

Abstract:  Phase-shifting digital holography is a new method for measuring the displacement distribution on the surface of an object. The authors previously proposed a windowed phase-shifting digital holographic interferometry (windowed PSDHI). This method provides accurate displacement distributions by decreasing the effect of speckle patterns. In this study, the method is extended to analyse three-dimensional displacement components in a microscope. Three object laser beams in the optical system are used. Four phase-shifted holograms are recorded for each object laser beam. The complex amplitude of each reconstructed light at the object is calculated by the Fresnel diffraction integral of the complex amplitude of the hologram. The reconstructed distance is obtained at the point with the maximum of the standard deviation of the intensities of the object reconstructed with changing the reconstruction distance. The three phase-difference values between before and after deformation provide the three-dimensional displacement components. Theoretical treatment and experimental results of three-dimensional displacement measurement using this method are shown.     

Application of correlation method of processing “boiling” speckle fields for measurement of the transverse shift of an object

Aspects of the application of the method of direct correlation processing of speckle fields for measurement of the movement of diffuse objects in the case of “boiling” speckle fields are investigated. It is shown that this method may be used for measurements of the magnitude and direction of motion of diffuse objects in a plane parallel to the observation plane. An error in the determination of the movement of the object not greater than ±5 μm is obtained within a measurement region in which the distance from the object to all reference points does not exceed the correlation radius.     

基于近场声全息的聚焦换能器声场测量方法研究

高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)被广泛应用于医疗领域,但聚焦换能器焦点处的声强比较大,直接测量容易造成水听器损坏。为了间接获得焦点处声压,将全息测量面近似等效为声源面,结合空间傅里叶变换算法,提出了一种高测量效率的聚焦换能器声场测量方法。以球面自聚焦换能器为对象,进行声场测量方法的仿真研究和实验验证。结果表明,该方法比积分法推算效率提高了1倍,测量误差保持在有效范围内,该方法可以有效用于聚焦换能器声场测量。     

Accuracy verification of a simple local three-dimensional displacement measurement method of DIC with two images coordinates

There are two methods applied for three-dimensional digital image correlation method to measure three-dimensional displacement. One is to measure the spatial coordinates of measuring points by analyzing the images. Then, the displacement vectors of these points can be calculated using the spatial coordinates of these points obtained at different stages. The other is to calibrate the parameters for individual measuring points locally. Then, the local displacements of these points can be measured directly. This study proposes a simple local three-dimensional displacement measurement method. Without any complicated distortion correction processes, this method can be used to measure small displacement in the three-dimensional space through a simple calibration process. A laboratory experiment and field experiment are carried out to prove the accuracy of this proposed method. Laboratory test errors of one-dimensional experiment are similar to the accuracy of the XYZ table; the error in Z-direction is only 0.0025% of the object distance. The measurement error of laboratory test is about 0.0033% of the object distance for local three-dimensional displacement measurement test. Test and analysis results of field test display that in-plane displacement error is only 0.12 mm, and the out-of-plane error is 1.1 mm for 20 m × 30 m measuring range. The out-of-plane error is only about 10 PPM of the object distance. These test and analysis results show that this proposed method can achieve very high accuracy under small displacement for both of laboratory and field tests.     

直接亮度法测量逆反射亮度系数的研究

采用直接亮度法针对逆反射亮度系数测量展开研究。搭建了测试系统,以逆反射标志为测试对象进行了实验测试,并将直接亮度法与直接发光强度法进行了对比。实验结果表明,直接亮度法在暗室杂散光要求、测试对象、测试距离以及结果的准确度等方面均比直接发光强度法有明显优势,而且测试过程简单,结果不确定度为3.27%(k=1.96)。