弹性球壳声散射对矢量水听器测向影响研究

以平面波在弹性球壳上声散射理论为基础,建立了弹性球壳近场声散射对矢量水听器目标定向性能影响计算模型,分析了入射声波信号频率、入射角度以及矢量水听器安装位置对目标定向的影响。计算和理论分析结果表明．弹性球壳声散射对矢量水听器测向性能的影响与壳体散射特性和水听器安装位置密切相关,在低频和高频段测向误差相对比较小,而在中频段则测向误差比较大,可通过选择工作频段,或者采用声学处理,降低壳体声散射强度,减小对矢量水听器测向性能的影响。研究结果为矢量水听器工程应用奠定了理论基础。     

球形壳体障板声散射近场矢量特性

为了实现矢量水听器在水面或水下载体上的工程应用,研究了球形壳体障板声散射近场矢量特性。采用弹性薄壳理论结合边界条件导出了球形壳体障板声散射的声压和质点振速表达式,给出相应的声强表达式。数值计算了球形壳体障板声散射的近场特性,重点关注其近场矢量特性。理论分析和数值计算结果表明,由于球形壳体障板的散射作用,声压场和质点振速场表现为复杂的干涉结构;质点振速方向和声源方位不一致;声压和质点振速不再同相;声强方向也不再反映声源方位。本文结果为矢量水听器在球形载体和球形障板条件下的工程应用提供理论依据。     

球形障板对矢量水听器接收性能的影响

矢量水听器可以同步共点测量声场空间一点处的声压和质点振速的各个分量,因此其被广泛应用于水声测量、探测、通信等领域。矢量水听器在水声测量的应用中会受到安装载体散射声场的影响,而这种载体可以看作为障板,由于障板的存在使散射声场的分布发生改变,以及矢量水听器的接收性能下降。仅以绝对硬边界为例,对球形障板的散射声场进行了理论计算和仿真分析。并且对带障板条件下矢量水听器的接收指向性的变化进行了仿真研究。结果显示,从散射声场分布图可以直观看出声场发生的变化,矢量水听器的接收性能变化与障板的尺寸、与障板距离远近、声波发射频率等因素有关。     

弹性球壳声散射对矢量传感器测向精度的影响

由无指向性的声压传感器和具有偶极子指向性的振速传感器组成的矢量传感器,被应用于水声技术的各个领域;在实际应用过程中,常常把矢量传感器固定在某个水下平台上,而平台产生的散射场会使矢量传感器的接收声场发生畸变,进而影响其测量结果。本文以实际应用为背景,建立了弹性球壳障板的声散射场对矢量传感器测向性能影响的模型,并通过仿真分析了不同入射频率、不同观察距离、不同球壳厚度和半径条件下障板对矢量传感器测向精度的影响,研究结果为矢量传感器在水声测量中的应用提供理论支撑。     

舷侧矢量水听器在线声性能预报

提出了大面积薄板掣舷侧矢量水听器方案，用有限元建模分析了障板前声场的改变，预报了矢量水听器在线声性能与障板的厚度、水听器布放位置等参数问的关系，并与湖试得到的矢量水听器在线声性能测试结果进行了比较和分析。     

耐压反声障板的反声特性及其对水听器指向性的影响

本文给出带障板的水听器指向性图的表示式,并与实测值进行了比较;阐述了高静水压下声障板的反声性能。水听器指向性的理论模型与实测图(基元因子)相当吻合,为基阵的布阵设计提供了理论依据。     

水听器的在线性能

水听器的在线性能包括水听器的在线指向性和在线灵敏度,所谓“在线”性能是指包括了基阵架在内的整个水听器基阵的实际工作性能。基阵架的结构和障板配置的一同会得到不同的在线性能。本文分析和计算了圆柱阵一个单条水听器的指向性和灵敏度。     

障板对于平板声辐射特性的影响分析

采用单层势和双层势求解和比较有障板和无障板的声辐射特性。由边界积分方程,分别推导有障板和无障板的声压积分方程,根据交界相容性条件,获取二重积分形式的平板表面声压和振速。进一步将结构的动力方程代入有障板和无障板形式的振速方程中,离散声压差值和板的位移为振动模态叠加的形式,获得二重积分形式的声辐射阻抗,从而求解振动模态系数,确定声辐射特性参数。以水下简支矩形板为例计算对比了声辐射参数,分析障板对薄板声辐射特性的影响。     

深海波导中目标低频声散射特性研究

针对深海环境中目标的主动探测问题,建立了深海波导中目标低频声散射仿真的简正波耦合边界元理论模型。首先仿真了深海波导中Munk声速剖面条件下的声传播特性,然后根据深海波导中的声传播特性,仿真计算了声源位于不同深度时,波导中目标低频散射回波强度随声源与目标之间水平距离变化的特性。仿真结果表明,当声源深度为100 m(近海面)与1 400 m(声道轴)时,受完全声道的影响,在会聚区附近范围内散射回波强度较大;声源深度为4 900 m(近海底)时,受直达波与一次海面反射波的影响,在中近距离(小于40 km)范围内散射回波强度较大;对于接收水听器而言,置于临界深度以下时主动探测的距离更远。     

具有障板的宽带接收换能器

当水听器置于障板前时，它接收到的声波是直达波和反射波的叠加，而反射波是频率的函数，因此要在宽带内得到平坦的接收响应是很困难的问题。本文设计了两种障板平面障：和圆锥形障板，可以在相当的带宽内得到平坦的接收响应。特别是用圆锥型障板可以在更宽的频带内得到平坦的接收响应     

声场分解的均匀圆阵实值MUSIC算法

经典方位角估计算法中未考虑阵列安装支架对阵列接收信号的影响,实际中阵列安装支架必然会对阵列接收信号产生影响。以环绕在刚性球上的均匀圆阵为阵列模型。在对声场特性的分析中将声学原理和阵列信号处理技术相结合,探讨了存在刚性球形障碍物时的声源方位角估计问题。首先从声学理论出发,分析了刚性球体散射声场及声场分解,讨论了刚性球体对圆阵响应的影响;进而结合阵列信号处理技术,在对声场分解所得到的特征波束空间,利用实值MUSIC算法实现了声源方位角估计。计算机仿真表明,该算法能较好地估计出空间多个声源的方位角,且计算量小,估计精度高,具有解相关声源的能力。     

The development of the pFFT accelerated BEM for 3-D acoustic scattering problems based on the Burton and Miller's integral formulation

The precorrected-FFT acceleration technique is successfully applied in the boundary element method for the simulation of 3-D acoustic scattering problems. The composite Helmholtz integral equation presented by Burton and Miller is employed to overcome the nonuniqueness problem occurring in the simulation of exterior acoustic problems by the boundary element method. Since the triangular constant element is employed, the hypersingular boundary integral equation is reduced into a weakly singular boundary integral equation with the application of a modified Burton and Miller's formulation. The computational cost, the consumed memory and the convergence of the current method are demonstrated and analyzed through the simulation of a plane acoustic wave scattering from a rigid sphere and from an axisymmetrical rigid structure.     

Langevin acoustic radiation force of a high-order bessel beam on a rigid sphere

The acoustic radiation force of Langevin type resulting from the interaction of a high-order Bessel beam with a rigid immovable sphere in an ideal fluid is theoretically investigated. The analysis is based on applying the generalized Rayleigh series used in the near-field acoustic scattering problem to calculate the force. With appropriate selection of specific Bessel beam parameters, results for the rigid sphere unexpectedly reveal a negative radiation force caused by the Lagrangean energy density. Specifically, the negative force on the rigid sphere arises when the kinematic energy density is larger than the potential energy density. This condition provides an impetus for further designing acoustic tweezers operating with high-order Bessel beams of progressive waves for potential applications in particle entrapment and manipulation.     

CramÉr-Rao Bounds for Direction Finding by an Acoustic Vector Sensor Under Nonideal Gain-Phase Responses, Noncollocation, or Nonorthogonal Orientation

An acoustic vector-sensor (also known as vector-hydrophone in underwater applications) is composed of two or three spatially collocated but orthogonally oriented acoustic velocity sensors, plus possibly a collocated acoustic pressure sensor. Such an acoustic vector sensor is versatile for direction-finding, due to its azimuth-elevation spatial response's independence from the incident source's frequency, and bandwidth. However, previously unavailable in the open literature is how the acoustic vector sensor's far-field direction-of-arrival estimates may be adversely affected by any unknown nonideality in the acoustic vector sensor's gain response, phase response, collocation, or orthogonal orientation among its constituent velocity sensors. This paper pioneers a characterization of how these various unknown nonidealities degrade direction-finding accuracy, via CramÉr-Rao bound analysis.      

Sound shielding by a piezoelectric membrane and a negative capacitor with feedback control

The design and realization of an adaptive sound-shielding system based on a method to control the effective elastic stiffness of piezoelectric materials are presented in this paper. In this system, the sound-shielding effect is achieved by a sound reflection from the piezoelectric curved membrane fixed in rigid frame and connected to an active analog circuit that behaves as a negative capacitor. The acoustic transmission loss through the curved membrane was measured for the incident sound of frequency 1.6 kHz and of acoustic pressure level 80 dB. When the negative capacitor in the system was properly adjusted, the acoustic pressure level of the transmitted sound was reduced from the initial 60 dB to 15 dB by the action of the negative capacitor. Then the system was exposed to naturally changing operational conditions, and their effect on sound-shielding efficiency was studied. It is shown that the acoustic transmission loss of the system dropped by 35 dB within 30 min from the moment of negative capacitor adjustment. Therefore, a self-adjustment of the system has been implemented by appending an additional digital control circuit to the negative capacitor. It is shown that the aforementioned deteriorating effect has been eliminated by the adjusting action of the control circuit. The long-time sustainable value of 60 dB in the acoustic transmission loss of the adaptive sound shielding system has been achieved.     

水下刚硬体声散射场计算及分析

针对水下任意形状刚硬体,建立了其声散射T矩阵法计算模型。利用物体的几何对称性,提出了各种简化计算Q矩阵的方法。以两端有半椭球顶的有限长圆柱体为例,分别计算了具有不同长宽比或者是不同端部几何形状的有限长圆柱体的反向散射和前向散射函数。深入讨论了有限长圆柱体的镜反射波和Franz波的干涉物理模型,以及其圆柱体中段长度对散射场的影响,并对得到的计算结果给出了合理的物理解释。计算结果同时也表明T矩阵法是一种很简便实用的计算水下物体远场散射的方法。     

船体曲面柔性敷设块的展开

以船体外表面敷设矩形柔性块的三维仿真设计为背景,在四边形网格等面积曲面展开法的基础上进行了扩充,修正了该算法展开轴对角线上存在的不合理拉伸和压缩变形,在MDT平台上研制出一套曲面展开系统。测试表明该系统可适用于可展和其他不可展复杂曲面,包括含有内轮廓的曲面,对可展曲面的展开与数学展开能保持一致,同时可进行曲面局部区域的展开,实现曲面与展开面上任意点之间的相互映射,能较好的应用于矩形块三维仿真设计。     

室内声场模拟中的界面声散射

室内声场模拟中引入扩散反射对提高模拟的准确性具有重要意义,但采用单值散射系数无法完整表示界面的扩散反射特性。受几何声学中扩散反射模拟方法的限制,界面有效散射系数存在不确定性。通过改变一个矩形房间中的吸声量、吸声布置方式及表面几何复杂程度等声场条件,对混响时间的模拟值与实测值进行比较,分析了由界面散射系数不确定性产生的模拟偏差与房间内声场扩散的关系。     

Effects of multi-scattering on the performance of a single-beam acoustic manipulation device

The effects of multiple scattering on acoustic manipulation of spherical particles using helicoidal Bessel-beams are discussed. A closed-form analytical solution is developed to calculate the acoustic radiation force resulting from a Besselbeam on an acoustically reflective sphere, in the presence of an adjacent spherical particle, immersed in an unbounded fluid medium. The solution is based on the standard Fourier decomposition method and the effect of multi-scattering is taken into account using the addition theorem for spherical coordinates. Of particular interest here is the investigation of the effects of multiple scattering on the emergence of negative axial forces. To investigate the effects, the radiation force applied on the target particle resulting from a helicoidal Bessel-beam of different azimuthal indexes (m = 1 to 4), at different conical angles, is computed. Results are presented for soft and rigid spheres of various sizes, separated by a finite distance. Results have shown that the emergence of negative force regions is very sensitive to the level of cross-scattering between the particles. It has also been shown that in multiple scattering media, the negative axial force may occur at much smaller conical angles than previously reported for single particles, and that acoustic manipulation of soft spheres in such media may also become possible.     

近场声全息测量阵架的设计与分析

全息测量系统设计的关键是测量全息面测点复声压(幅值和相位)的真实数据,介绍了自行设计的近场声全息(NAH)测量的传声器线阵扫描系统.利用边界元法计算了传声器线阵架结构表面声散射对阵上传声器测量全息复声压的影响,提出了敷设吸声材料以提高测量精度的措施;对在线阵架表面敷设吸声材料后的声散射效应仿真结果表明,吸声材料能够有效...