海洋微藻产生的不同粒级溶解有机物质的三维荧光光谱

通过过滤(0.7μm)和切向超滤(100kDa、10kDa、1kDa)技术将实验室内培养的赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻藻液分离成100kDa-0.7μm、10～100kDa、1～10kDa的胶体浓缩液和＜1kDa的超滤液,利用激发-发射矩阵荧光光谱技术测定了不同粒级溶液中有机物的荧光性质,分析了三维荧光光谱图中的荧光峰位置、数量及荧光强度的变化情况.结果表明,两种微藻产生的类腐殖质荧光物质主要是＜1kDa的小分子物质.赤潮异湾藻产生的类蛋白荧光物质中,15%是100kDa-0.7μm的大胶体,8%是10～100kDa的中胶体,而大部分是＜1kDa的小分子物质.赤潮异弯藻各级超滤截留液的类蛋白荧光峰的发射波长与过滤液相比,发生蓝移,而超滤液的则发生红移,表明赤潮异湾藻产生的类蛋白荧光物质随着粒径的增大极性减弱.     

浮游植物活体三维荧光光谱特征提取

测量了6种东海常见的浮游植物在两个温度(20℃,15℃)、三个光照(7000Lux,4100Lux,1100Lux)下的不同生长期的三维激发／发射荧光光谱,研究了光谱特征提取方法。对去除散射干扰后的三维光谱进行了奇异值分解,得到的相应于激发光谱的第一主成分具有区分藻种的能力,可作为三维光谱的特征光谱。分析结果表明,实验条件下,等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、岛国大扁藻(Platymonas helgolanidica)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatuma)的特征光谱相似度高,塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum dentatum)和尖刺拟菱形藻(Pseudo—nitzschia pungens)光谱相似度稍差。     

激发-发射矩阵荧光光谱用于鉴别百合掺假的研究

为了能够快速判别百合是否掺假,利用激发-发射矩阵（EEM）荧光技术对纯百合和掺假百合样品进行了荧光光谱分析,并构建了百合及其掺假百合的荧光指纹特征图谱;然后借助主成分分析-线性判别分析（PCALDA）和偏最小二乘-判别分析（PLS-DA）两种化学模式识别方法,对百合中掺假粉末的种类进行了快速鉴别和分类。实验结果表明：两个分类模型均能根据百合样本的EEM荧光光谱数据准确识别掺假百合样本,且正确分类率均高达95%。利用PCA-LDA和PLS-DA成功建立了快速判别百合掺假的新方法,同时完善了百合荧光指纹特征图谱,有望为建立更全面、更准确地评价百合药材的质量标准体系打下基础。     

组合MBR系统处理北运河河水的三维荧光分析

在采用三维荧光技术分析组合MBR工程系统处理北运河受污染河水过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)变化的基础上,结合膜组件运行及污染状况、系统对DOC、UVA的去除效果,进行系统对溶解性有机物的去除研究.结果表明,受污染河水DOM中主要的荧光物质有芳香族蛋白质(荧光峰A和B)及类腐殖酸(荧光峰C),其中,A峰与B峰的中心位置分别位于240/380 nm及230/340 nm;经系统处理后,荧光峰的强度降低了21%～59.8%,同时部分芳香族蛋白质的结构也发生了变化.此外,经A段、O段、和膜过滤后的COD、DOC、UVA等值均呈现逐步降低的趋势,且膜的截留作用贡献相对较大.     

通过DOM的光谱特性对长江源头典型高原深水湖泊进行评价

天然溶解有机质(dissolved organic matter,DOM)研究在水体生态环境系统的修复研究中扮演着重要的角色,是近年来水环境研究领域的一个热点和难点。目前,紫外?可见光谱和分子荧光光谱在天然溶解有机质是表征天然溶解有机质的重要有效的手段,也是研究天然溶解有机质的主要手段。红枫湖为贵阳市5个主要饮用水源地之一,对贵阳市社会发展具有重要作用。采用紫外?可见光谱和分子荧光光谱相结合的研究方法,对采自红枫湖中10个点的水样中天然溶解有机质的光谱特性研究。研究结果表明,红枫湖水体光谱特征主要表现为紫外?可见吸光值参数E3/E4的变化范围是1.70~8.77。除后五火电厂外,水下10 m比水下5 m的E3/E4值要高。此外,荧光指数f450/500的变化范围是1.38~1.52。初步认为红枫湖目前的主要有机物污染是陆源性的。后五火电厂,北湖湖心和张官三点水样的光谱特征与其他地方不同。同时还表明溶解有机质的腐殖化程度与水深具有一定的相关性。     

宁波东钱湖水体冬季溶解性有机质的三维荧光光谱特征分析

为了给东钱湖的环境保护提供数据支持,该文以东钱湖原水为分析对象,分析其溶解性有机物的变化特征及来源。试验研究结果表明,调查期间2020年12—2021年01月东钱湖水体中DOM主要有4类荧光峰,分别为紫外区类富里酸A峰、可见区类富里酸C峰、类蛋白B峰、类蛋白D峰,4类荧光峰强度顺序为峰A>峰D>峰C>峰B;通过计算r(A,C)、f450/500值和BIX值,得出东钱湖水体的DOM中至少含有两种类型的富里酸荧光基团,具有陆源和内源的双重特征,微生物来源的DOM较多。     

基于LLE-RF的中药三维荧光光谱分类识别

针对中药三维荧光光谱信号非线性问题,应用局部线性嵌入算法(LLE)对补虚类中药三维荧光光谱信号进行特征提取。使用荧光光谱仪测得不同浓度的24味补虚类中药的三维荧光光谱和等高线光谱图,并利用总体平均经验模态分解(EEMD)算法进行降噪处理,在此基础上,采用LLE算法对经过降噪处理后的三维荧光光谱数据进行特征提取;然后,应用随机森林(RF)算法对提取的特征向量进行分类识别。为了验证LLE算法的有效性,将其与主成分分析(PCA)算法进行比较。实验结果表明:LLE-RF组合算法分类准确率达95%,比PCA-RF算法分类准确率高,从而验证了该算法的有效性。     

时间序列三维荧光光谱数据的压缩预测

针对时间序列三维荧光光谱数据量大及非平稳的特点,从光谱维和时间维利用小波变换对数据进行了压缩。结果表明二维压缩重构前后的失真率均小于0.1,相似度都超过0.99,荧光区域一维压缩后重构失真率均小于0.2,相似度超过0.9,压缩效果较好。在小波压缩的基础上,进一步利用自回归移动平均模型对多元时间序列光谱数据进行了预测,探讨了6种不同压缩情况下的预测能力,并与小波神经网络预测方法进行了比较。相关的数值实验表明预测模型不仅对数据进行了有效的压缩,而且具有快速准确的预测能力。     

凝胶中罗丹明6G的荧光性质

用溶胶—凝胶法将不同浓度的罗丹明6G(Rhodamine 6G,R6G)染料掺入硅凝胶块和涂层薄膜中,用倍频 YAG 激光(0.53μm)做激发光源研究其荧光性质。对凝胶块、凝胶薄膜和乙醇溶液中 R6G 的荧光光谱进行了比较,研究了温度和 R6G 浓度对荧光性质的影响。实验结果表明,当R6G/SiO_2摩尔比高达 10~(-4)时,凝胶薄膜中的 R6G 分子仍不发生聚集现象;在475K 以下,积分荧光强度随温度的变化表现出很好的重现性;当温度高于600K 时,荧光消失,表明染料 R6G 已完全分解。     

南黄海有色可溶有机物日变化分析

用高时间分辨率的韩国静止海洋水色仪(GOCI)影像,分析了2015年10月2日及2016年9月22日南黄海有色可溶有机物(CDOM)的时空分布特征及影响因素。结果表明,南黄海近岸CDOM浓度高于中央海域,江苏沿岸含量最高;近岸水体以陆源输入为主,远岸水体以微生物现场生产为主。结合叶绿素(chl-a)浓度采样数据分析发现,CDOM日变化时间、空间特征与chl-a日变化一致,回归分析的R2高于0.88,验证了二者时空变化的正相关关系。在深水区,CDOM随悬浮物浓度增加而增加,且线性趋势明显。与提取的潮汐、潮流数据的对比分析发现,潮流是近岸水体(山东半岛南岸与江苏沿岸)表层CDOM变化的主要动力因素。     

Effect of bromide ion on isolated fractions of dissolved organic matter in secondary effluent during chlorination

The role of bromide ion in the trihalomethane (THM) formation and structure of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during chlorination of the secondary effluent taken from the Wenchang Wastewater Treatment Plant (Harbin, China) was investigated. DOM was fractionated using XAD resins into five fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO-N), transphilic acid (TPI-A), transphilic neutral (TPI-N) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The patterns of individual THM species with increased bromide concentrations were similar for all DOM fractions. The THM speciation as well as halogen fraction for these five fractions followed similar trends with the Br(-)/Cl(2) ratio. Chlorination resulted in decreased ultraviolet (UV) absorbance across wavelengths from 250 to 280 nm for DOM fractions whether bromide ions existed or not, and bromide addition led to lower differential UV absorbance values. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) results indicated that chlorination, whether bromide ions existed or not, resulted in the near elimination of aromatic CH and amide peaks, increased CO absorption intensity and occurrence of CO and CCl peaks for HPO-A, HPO-N, TPI-A and TPI-N. Furthermore, bromide addition in chlorination led to the occurrence of CBr peak for all four fractions.     

有机材料DCJTB在分层点粉中对白光LED发光特性的影响

通过在LED芯片上涂敷有机材料DCJTB,然后点YAG荧光粉的方法来研究白光LED分层点粉的激发光谱,其中DCJTB的混合质量分数分别为0、1%、2%、3%、5%、10%。结果表明,随着DCJTB混合浓度的增加,550～750nm波段的黄光、红光区域峰值明显增加且在600nm附近达到最大值,光谱色坐标从白光区域（0.2856、0.2883）向红光区域（0.4373、0.3377）移动,其LED的显色指数达到峰值88.2。因此采用分层点粉的方式可以使LED芯片发出的能量激发有机材料DCJTB,使得到的红光与芯片剩余能量激发YAG荧光粉的黄光组合得到显色指数较好的白光。     

Toxicity assessment and long-term three-photon fluorescence imaging of bright aggregation-induced emission nanodots in zebrafish

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogen displays bright fluorescence and has photobleaching resistance in its aggregation state. It is an ideal fluorescent contrast agent for bioimaging. Multiphoton microscopy is an important tool for bioimaging since it possesses the ability to penetrate deep into biological tissues. Herein, we used AIE luminogen together with multiphoton microscopy for long-term imaging of zebrafish. A typical AIE luminogen, 2,3-bis(4-(phenyl(4- (1,2,2-triphenylvinyl) phenyl)amino)phenyl) fumaronitrile (TPE-TPA-FN or TTF), was encapsulated with 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanola-mine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-mPEG2000) to form nanodots that exhibited bright three-photon fluorescence under 1,560 nm-femtosecond (fs) laser excitation. The TTF-nanodots were chemically stable in a wide range of pH values and showed no in vivo toxicity in zebrafish according to a series of biological tests. The TTF-nanodots were microinjected into zebrafish embryos, and the different growth stages of the labeled embryos were monitored with a three-photon fluorescence microscope. TTF-nanodots could be traced inside the zebrafish body for as long as 120 hours. In addition, the TTF-nanodots were utilized to target the blood vessel of zebrafish, and three-photon fluorescence angiogram was performed. More importantly, these nanodots were highly resistant to photobleaching under 1,560 nm-fs excitation, allowing long-term imaging of zebrafish.

Open image in new window

     

Chlorophyll biomass in the global oceans: airborne lidar retrieval using fluorescence of both chlorophyll and chromophoric dissolved organic matter

For three decades airborne laser-induced fluorescence has demonstrated value for chlorophyll biomass retrieval in wide-area oceanic field experiments, satellite validation, and algorithm development. A new chlorophyll biomass retrieval theory is developed using laser-induced and water Raman normalized fluorescence of both (a) chlorophyll and (b) chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM). This airborne lidar retrieval theory is then independently confirmed by chlorophyll biomass obtained from concurrent (1) ship-cruise retrievals, (2) satellite inherent optical property (IOP) biomass retrievals, and (3) satellite standard band-ratio chlorophyll biomass retrievals. The new airborne lidar chlorophyll and CDOM fluorescence-based chlorophyll biomass retrieval is found to be more robust than prior lidar methods that used chlorophyll fluorescence only. Future research is recommended to further explain the underlying influence of CDOM on chlorophyll production.     

Metal sorption on soils as affected by the dissolved organic matter in sewage sludge and the relative calculation of sewage sludge application

To evaluate the influences of sewage sludge-derived organic matters on metal sorption and on the resultant sludge loading estimates, a batch experiment was conducted to compare the sorption of Ni, Cu and Pb in sewage sludge filtrates (1:20 sewage sludge to water) on eight soils and the adsorption of metals in a reference solution which had the same matrix as the sewage sludge filtrate except dissolved organic material (henceforth referred to as reference solution). Metal sorption could be well fitted by linear isotherm and the dissolved organic matter in sludge significantly depressed the sorption (p<0.01). The main factor controlling sorption of Ni on different soils was dominated by soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) and sorption of Cu and Pb was by soil organic matter (SOM). The parameters obtained from the sorption isotherm equations were then used to estimate sludge loadings into the soils. When the sorption parameters derived from the reference solution were used for calculation, that is the effect of dissolved organic matter was not considered, the calculated safe application rates are approximately 47.8, 51.4, 34.2, 31.3, 21.7, 46.3, 187.1 and 27.6 t-sludge/ha for the Beijing, Jiangxi, Xiamen, Jilin, Guangdong, Wuhan, Gansu and Xinjiang soils, respectively. However, when the sorption parameters derived from the dissolved organo-metallic complexes are used for calculation, the corresponding application rates are reduced to approximately 6.0, 3.4, 1.9, 10.0, 6.3, 3.6, 7.3 and 3.5 t-sludge/ha, respectively. By this study we can get a conclusion that the effect of sewage sludge derived dissolved organic matter on heavy metal sorption and soil properties should be considered in the course of regulating the safe application rates of sewage sludge to soil.     

Effects of organic complexing ligands and soil organic matter on the metal adsorption/migration in soil

Abstract

The adsorption of heavy metals on soil from the Neihu Landfill Site in Taipei City was investigated in order to assess the ground water pollution problems. The effects of soil organic matter and the behaviors of organic complexing ligands like EDTA and humic acid to the overall adsorption process were studied and discussed. In explaining the results, the pH of soil system and the properties of the soil/aqueous interface were chosen as two significant and interacting factors for discussion. The concept of the specific adsorption mechanism was also demonstrated and discussed. The results showed that the complexing ligands existing in soil liquid phase have more influences than natural organic matter does. The competitive sequences of different organic matter contents indicated that organic functional sites preferentially bind with Cu and Cd. The presence of EDTA and humic acid which formed ligandlike complexes will reduce Cd adsorption efficiency. These effects will induce mobility and the fate of heavy metals in soils, such as bioavailability.     

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy with regional integration analysis for characterizing composition and transformation of dissolved organic matter in landfill leachates

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) obtained from landfill leachates was separated into hydrophobic base, hydrophilic matter (HIM), hydrophobic acid (HOA), and hydrophobic neutral fractions. The composition and transformation of the DOM and its fractions were investigated. The results show that the DOM isolated from young, intermediate, and old landfill leachates were mainly composed of tyrosine-, tryptophan-, and humic- and fulvic-like substances, respectively. The primary fractions of the DOM in leachates were HOA and HIM. The HOA and HIM fractions from young leachates predominantly contained tryptophan- and tyrosine-like materials, respectively. The HOA fractions in intermediate and old leachates were mainly composed of humic- and fulvic-like materials, whereas the HIM fractions were dominated by tryptophan-like materials and humic- and fulvic-like substances. The hydrophobic organic fractions and humic- and fulvic-like substances increased with time, whereas the HIM and the tyrosine-like materials decreased during the landfill process, rendering biological processing of leachates ineffective.