爆炸应力波在含层理介质中传播规律的实验研究

采用超高速数字图像相关实验系统,进行了爆炸应力波在含层理结构的PMMA试件中的传播试验,分析了全场应变的演化过程和相关测点的应变时程变化。实验结果表明:爆炸应力波在含有层理的介质中传播时,层理远区的应力波衰减幅度比层理近区的应力波衰减幅度大。通过应变云图的演化过程发现,应力波遇到层理后会发生反射,入射拉伸波与反射拉伸波叠加形成了较强的拉伸集中区,并沿着层理向两端扩展逐步减弱。此外,通过数据拟合得到了层理内、外侧的应变峰值衰减规律,应变峰值的衰减随距离基本是线性的,且层理内侧的应变衰减速度大于层理外侧的。     

超高韧性水泥基复合材料的层裂试验研究

层裂是材料遭受冲击、爆炸等高速荷载时的一种常见破坏方式。该文利用直径80 mm的霍普金森杆实验装置,研究了超高韧性水泥基复合材料UHTCC （Ultra High Toughness Cementitious Composites）中应力波的传播特性和材料的层裂强度。通过在试件表面粘贴5组应变片,获得了在0.2 MPa、0.3 MPa、0.4 MPa、0.5 MPa打击气压下,UHTCC中应力波的传播曲线。利用高速摄影机记录层裂试验,观测了UHTCC的层裂破坏过程。由试件表面应变片测得的应力波曲线,计算了材料中的应力波波速、动态弹性模量,分析了应力波在该材料中传播的衰减规律,并计算出不同打击气压下材料的层裂强度及应变率。试验结果显示: UHTCC的层裂过程相比混凝土具有更多的韧性特征; UHTCC中的应力波峰值在0 mm~500 mm范围内衰减迅速;在同等应变率下,UHTCC与静态抗拉强度相近的混凝土相比,层裂强度高出10 MPa左右,且UHTCC的层裂强度具有明显的应变率敏感性。     

煤矿泥岩冲击动态力学特性与破裂破碎特征分析

煤矿巷道围岩在采掘过程中受多种动载作用,为了研究动载对围岩破坏变形的影响,通过直径50 mm分离式Hopkinson试验装置开展不同冲击气压下煤矿常见泥岩在冲击荷载作用下的动态力学特性和破裂破碎特征试验,研究了不同冲击气压状态下试件应力应变特征、破坏形态和试件动态强度随应变率增长规律,分析了试验过程中应力波传播与试件裂纹扩展的关系。结果表明:在设定的试验条件下,泥岩试件的加载率、应变率和峰值应变均表现出随冲击气压的增大而增大;试件的动态单轴抗压强度随着应变率的增加呈现指数型增长,表现出强应变率效应;试件在反射应力波与透射应力波共同作用下,产生环向拉裂破坏和轴向劈裂破坏。     

混凝土材料层裂强度的实验研究

利用f74大尺寸Hopkinson压杆和混凝土长杆试件研究了混凝土材料的层裂强度及其应变率效应。入射的压缩波通过压杆透入试件并反射成拉伸波而形成层裂。实验中采取在试件上多点贴应变片,讨论了应力波在混凝土试件中传播的波形弥散和幅值衰减,并在考虑了损伤演化影响的基础上确定了试件材料的层裂强度。对某种普通混凝土在不同应变率下的测试显示层裂强度受应变率影响明显。结果表明,本文提出了一种测定混凝土层裂强度的有效方法。     

喷层混凝土-围岩组合体波动特性及动力特性研究

针对早龄期喷层混凝土与围岩黏结面近区介质的动态冲击问题,利用Φ75 mm SHPB试验装置,分别对龄期为3 d,7 d,10 d喷层混凝土-围岩组合体试件进行SHPB试验,对其应力波传播规律及其动态力学特性进行了研究。试验结果表明:透射系数与冲击速度和混凝土龄期密切相关,随冲击速度的增大,不同龄期试件透射数均呈减小的变化趋势,相同冲击速度下,透射系数随试件龄期的增大而增大;随着应变率的增大,试件混凝土破坏模式由张应变破坏向压剪破坏转变,岩石呈现出张拉破坏特征;组合体动态抗压强度及动态强度增长因子随应变率的增大而增大;应变率大于80 s~(-1)时,3 d龄期试件表现出塑性特性,7 d和10 d龄期试件则表现出脆性特性。     

分层介质动态力学性能的实验研究

采用Φ75mm分离式霍普金森压杆实验装置,对由普通混凝土与泡沫混凝土组合的分层介质的动态力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,应力波通过普通混凝土时的衰减仅为其原来峰值的5%~10%,应力波通过泡沫混凝土时其峰值衰减为原来的1/5。由此说明在含泡沫混凝土与普通混凝土的分层介质中,泡沫混凝土提供削波与延缓应力波作用时间的作用,普通混凝土则为其提供较高强度。通过对分层介质应力衰减和动量变化的分析表明,分层介质在动态力学行为上表现为较大的塑性和应变率相关性,其应力衰减主要取决于泡沫混凝土材料。     

早强地质聚合物混凝土3h动力学性能

利用直径100mm的分离式霍普金森压杆试验系统,研究了养护龄期3h时地质聚合物混凝土(GC)的动态力学性能。结果表明:地聚物混凝土(GC)的动压强度、均值应变随应变率增大而增大,表现出明显的应变率效应;同时,试件峰值应变随应变率增大并无显著变化。由于养护龄期3h时GC试件内部水化反应不完全,薄弱环节较多,在承受较大冲击荷载时,导致GC试件应力应变曲线在峰值应力处出现一个持续的平台区域。     

钢纤维混凝土动态抗拉强度的实验研究

基于线弹性和一维应力波假定,采用Φ75mmSHPB对钢纤维体积率Vf分别为0、0.75%和1.50%的三种混凝土材料进行了一维杆层裂实验,考虑了应力波在混凝土材料内传播时的波形弥散效应和应力幅值衰减,通过计算应变片记录的应力信号确定了材料的动态抗拉强度。结果表明,钢纤维混凝土的动态抗拉强度受应变率和钢纤维体积率的影响,本文为测试脆性材料的动态抗拉强度提供了一种有效方法。基于微观扫描技术,对钢纤维增强机理进行了分析。     

分层介质动态力学性能的实验研究

采用Φ75mm分离式霍普金森压杆实验装置,对由普通混凝土与泡沫混凝土组合的分层介质的动态力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,应力波通过普通混凝土时的衰减仅为其原来峰值的5%¹0%,应力波通过泡沫混凝土时其峰值衰减为原来的1/5。由此说明在含泡沫混凝土与普通混凝土的分层介质中,泡沫混凝土提供削波与延缓应力波作用时间的作用,普通混凝土则为其提供较高强度。通过对分层介质应力衰减和动量变化的分析表明,分层介质在动态力学行为上表现为较大的塑性和应变率相关性,其应力衰减主要取决于泡沫混凝土材料。     

引水工程水下钻孔爆破水击波特性

为了深入研究水下钻孔爆破荷载作用下的水击波传播特性，以桂林市第二水源工程-引水工程项目为背景，采用动力分析软件COMSOL多物理场耦合模拟方法，建立水下钻孔爆破数值分析瞬态求解模型，研究爆炸荷载作用下的水击波等值面、水击波峰值应力及振动速度传播规律，并结合现场监测结果进行评价。研究表明：水下钻孔爆破荷载作用产生的水击波实质是以爆破点为中心向四周传播，水击波等值面随时间推移由规则圆球形向非规则椭球形演化；水击波在水中传播过程中快速衰减，随水介质速度阈值增加，水击波作用区域影响范围较小；水击波应力传播在爆破分段延时情况下的不同位置具有叠加效应，存在多个峰值，随爆心距的增加呈指数衰减规律，当爆心距越小，水击波峰值应力下降速度越明显；水击波振动速度随爆心距的增加呈指数衰减，当爆心距从28 m增加到108 m,水击波峰值振动速度衰减率达到96.3%,对构筑物影响甚小，同时水击波达到峰值速度出现的时间随爆心距的增加逐渐增大，表现出同步性。研究成果对理解水下钻孔爆破振动响应以及为类似工程经验积累及其爆破安全预防提供指导。     

基于核磁共振和超声波探伤技术的混凝土耐久性分析

针对核磁共振试验过程中试件尺寸受限问题,采用超声波探伤技术对混凝土内部孔隙率的变化进行表征.采用冻融循环试验加速混凝土的退化,结合超声波探伤技术测得的超声波波速和核磁共振技术测得的T2谱对试件内部孔隙率的变化进行表征.研究结果表明:混凝土在冻融循环退化过程中,T2谱中有三个波峰,其中表示试件内部微细小裂缝的主峰面积占总...     

Acoustic microscopy measurement of elastic constants and massdensity

A method is presented to determine the elastic constants and the mass density of isotropic and anisotropic solids and anisotropic thin films. The velocity and attenuation of leaky surface acoustic waves (SAWs) have been obtained for specified propagation directions from V(z) curves measured by line-focus acoustic microscopy (LFAM). The experimentally obtained velocities have been compared to velocities obtained from a measurement model for the V(z) curve which simulates the experiment. Since the measured and simulated V(z) curves have the same systemic errors, the material constants are free of such errors. For an isotropic solid, Young's modulus E, the shear modulus G and the mass density ρ have been determined from the leaky Rayleigh wave velocity and attenuation, measured by LFAM, and a longitudinal wave velocity measured by a pulse-echo transit-time technique. For a cubic-crystalline solid, the ratios of the elastic constants to the mass density (c₁₁ /ρ, c₁₂/ρ, c₄₄/ρ) have been determined from the directional variation of measured SAW velocities, using a preliminary estimate of ρ. The mass density ρ has subsequently been determined by additionally using the attenuation of leaky SAWs in crystal symmetry directions. For a cubic-crystalline thin film deposited on a substrate, the elastic constants and the mass density (c₁₁, c₁₂, c₄₄, ρ) of the film have been determined from the directional variation of the measured SAW velocities, and a comparison of the corresponding attenuation coefficient with the measured attenuation coefficient has been used to verify the results     

Periodic Green's functions analysis of SAW and leaky SAWpropagation in a periodic system of electrodes on a piezoelectriccrystal

A method of periodic Green's functions with a propagation factor exp(iβx), unknown in advance, is used to calculate dispersion curves and attenuation coefficients for Rayleigh- and leaky- waves propagating in a periodic system of thin electrodes on a piezoelectric surface. To describe the charge distribution on the electrodes both a step approximation and Chebyshev polynomials are used, the last being more adequate in most cases. Numerically determined values of the Green's function are used and interpolated either linearly or using a modified variant of Ingebrigtsen's formula. Such basic parameters as stopband width, stopband center frequency, wave velocity and attenuation in the stopband are found. These parameters can be used in the coupling-of-modes (COM) analysis and design of SAW devices. The analysis includes bulk wave radiation and scattering. The dependence of the corresponding attenuation coefficient on frequency is determined. Results obtained allow the determination directly and properly of the COM parameters and the design of SAW devices having large number of electrodes most precisely and rapidly. Numerical results for Rayleigh waves on YZ-LiNbO₃ and leaky waves on 36°YX-LiTaO₃ substrates are presented     

Theoretical and Experimental Identification of Love Wave Frequency Peaks in Layered Structure ZnO/Quartz SAW Device

In this paper, the layered structure ZnO/Quartz (90^deg rotated ST-cut) is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Both waves, Rayleigh and Love, are analyzed. Dispersion curves of phase velocities, electromechanical coupling coefficient (K ²) and temperature coefficient of frequency (TCF) were calculated as a function of normalized thickness ZnO film (kh _ZnO = 2pih _ZnO /lambda) and the optimum value of h _ZnO was determined for experimental study. Experimental results combined with simulation lead to clearly identify the generated waves and their higher modes in this structure except the mode 0 that shows comparable velocity for both Rayleigh and Love waves. The identification of the wave type was performed by studying the frequency response of the device with or without a droplet of water in the wave path. We also demonstrate that the highest elastic velocity is obtained for the mode 1 of the Love wave. This Love wave mode exhibits very interesting electrical characteristics, good K ², high-frequency rejection, low TCF, and very low attenuation in liquid making it very attractive for gas and liquid sensor applications.     

On the application of Biot's theory to acoustic wave propagation in snow

A fluid-saturated, elastic, porous media model is used to describe acoustic wave propagation in snow. This model predicts the existence of two dilatational waves and a shear wave. In homogeneous, isotropic snow the two dilatational waves are uncoupled from one another but involve coupled motion between the interstitial air and ice skeleton. Dilatational waves of the first kind and shear waves are slightly dispersive and attenuated with distance. Dilatational waves of the second kind are strongly dispersive and highly attenuated. The model also predicts that the wave impedance for snow is close to that of air and that snow strongly absorbs acoustic wave energy.Available experimental phase velocity, impedance and attenuation data support the calculated results. Phase velocity measurements indicate three identifiable categories: fast dilatational waves (phase velocity ? 500 m/s), slow dilatational waves (phase velocity < 500 m/s) and shear waves. Wave impedance and attenuation measurements illustrate the low impedance, highly absorbing characteristics of snow. Additional impedance, attenuation and phase velocity data are required to further test and improve the model.     

Ultrasound attenuation in cylindrical micro-pores: Nondestructive porometry of ion-track membranes

The propagation of ultrasonic waves in the cylindrical micro-pores (pore diam. <1 μm) of ion-track membranes (ITMs) is studied. This membrane fabrication technique provides unique possibilities to obtain cylindrical micro-pores with a very high degree of accuracy in pore shape, size, and orientation. Several ITMs were specially produced having the same pore diameter, orientation, and geometry, but different thickness. Porosity, pore diameter, and shape were determined using scanning electron microscopy, and then the coefficient of ultrasound transmission was measured using air coupling and spectral analysis. These experimental conditions permit us to eliminate the influence of the boundary conditions and to achieve a strong decoupling between the fluid filling the pores and the solid constituent of the membrane. Hence, the velocity and the attenuation coefficient for ultrasound propagation in the pores can be measured. These parameters are compared with the predictions made by conventional theories for sound propagation in porous media and in cylindrical channels. The conclusions of this work provide a better understanding of wave propagation in micro-pores and establish the basis of an ultrasonic porometry technique for ITMs.     

非饱和地基中Love波的传播特性

基于非饱和多孔介质的波动方程,考虑了土中水,气体与土骨架之间的粘性耦合作用,建立了弹性半空间上非饱和土层中Love波的弥散方程。首先分析了饱和度与频率对非饱和孔隙介质中剪切波速的影响。然后运用数值方法得到了不同饱和度下土层中多种Love模态波的弥散特性和位移分布情况,并用图表的形式给出。数值计算结果表明,上覆非饱和土层中Love波的传播速度和衰减系数不仅具有频散性,而且与土层的饱和度有关。在不同饱和度时的高模态(n≥2)的Love波的截止频率值不同。此外,讨论了饱和度对Love波水平位移幅值的影响。     

饱和多孔介质一维瞬态波动问题的解析分析

采用基于混合物理论的多孔介质模型,提出了饱和多孔介质一维动力响应的初边值问题。利用拉氏变换和卷积定理,分别得到了边界自由排水时在任意应力边界条件和任意位移边界条件下瞬态波动过程的解析表达。几种典型的数值算例同时给出了两类边界条件下瞬态波动过程中多孔固体的位移场、应力场和孔隙流体的速度场、压力场。结果表明,饱和多孔介质的波动过程是多孔固体和孔隙流体中以同一速度传播的两种波动的耦合过程,时效特性分析也揭示了饱和多孔介质固有的表观粘弹性性质。     

Non-contact imaging for surface-opening cracks in concrete with air-coupled sensors

Rapid and accurate non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are needed to assess the in-place condition of concrete structures. However the time and effort required to perform NDE tests using conventional surface-mounted contact sensors hinder rapid evaluation of large full-scale structures. The suitability of surface waves and non-contact sensing techniques to detect the presence of concrete defects is examined here. First, the ability to detect leaky surface waves in concrete with air-coupled sensors is demonstrated. Surface waves in a concrete slab specimen are generated by an electrically-controlled impact source. Next, the data and signal processing needed to improve leaky surface wave data, with respect to eventual application to velocity and attenuation images, are demonstrated. Finally velocity and wave attenuation data collected from a concrete slab specimen that exhibits surface cracking are presented. Test results show that the proposed energy ratio (attenuation) criterion is more sensitive to existence of cracks than the velocity criterion.