Characterization of the material elongation in the deep drawing of paperboard

In this paper, deep‐drawn paperboard cups are characterized in terms of their elongation along the cup wall. For this purpose, a method for the non‐destructive determination of the elongation was developed and tested. Using the presented method, a parameter study of the process parameters blank holder force, forming temperature, material moisture content, drawing velocity, and clearance ratio was performed. The influence of the process parameters on the cup wall elongation was determined by statistical design of experiments. Using the determined relationships between the process parameters, it was possible to achieve a shape‐specific characterization of the elongation along the cup wall. The parameter study showed a significant influence of the blank holder force, the forming temperature, and the material moisture content to the elongation along the cup wall.     

New Quality Level of Packaging Components from Paperboard through Technology Improvement in 3D Forming

Three‐dimensional forming is a key technology for the application of sustainable materials, like paperboard, in packaging technology. Until now, deep drawing is not considered as a suitable process for manufacturing of packaging components with advanced geometrical design because of the sensitive process and a large number of failure mechanisms. To better understand and apply the physics of deep drawing, the process was studied by experimental investigations. Therefore, an evaluation strategy for formed parts was developed to describe their quality by measurable values. The influence of the technological parameters temperature configuration, moisture content of material and blank holder force on the quality of formed parts was described by a statistic regression model. This model gives an indication of the quantity and the direction of effects that parameter changes have on the quality of 3D‐formed parts. An optimization of the process according to quality criteria showed that, in a first step, the quality of cylindrically drawn paperboard parts was increased drastically compared with that of the state of the art. Furthermore, the existing limits in the height of formed parts were exceeded, and the geometrical shape of the base offered far more opportunities for packaging design than expected. The process turned out to be suitable for a flexible manufacturing of packaging components for multipart packages from paperboard, which are highly sustainable in terms of recycling and reuse of fibres and thereby able to compete in the marketing‐oriented packaging sector. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

3D Forming of Paperboard: The Influence of Paperboard Properties on Formability

Paper and paperboard are widely used in various types of packaging. Paper‐based packaging is a recyclable, biodegradable, renewable and sustainable product, which gives it certain advantages over most plastic‐based packaging materials. Although paper‐based packaging, in some areas, lacks attractiveness in terms of visual appearance, 3D forming is an important method for producing advanced shapes from paper and paperboard, suitable, for instance, for modified atmosphere packaging. That said, very little is known about the deformations experienced by paper‐based materials in 3D forming. Understanding the role played by the mechanical properties of paper and paperboard in the 3D forming process is key to improving performance. This paper presents experimental results obtained using three different forming devices designed to be used with paper‐based materials and links the formability data with specific mechanical properties of the paperboard samples. Paperboard properties that were found to correlate with formability were as follows: compressive strength and strain, tensile strain, paper‐to‐metal friction and out‐of‐plane stiffness. The requirements for formability are different for the fixed blank forming process and sliding blank forming process. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Bending stiffness loss of paperboard at conversion — predicting the bending ability of paperboard

The ability of paperboard to resist bending has been investigated. Paperboard is often bent in converting and packaging machines. The paperboard is bent over rolls and thus formed to certain curvatures. If the roll diameter is small the paperboard will be highly curved. This means that high tensile stresses occur on the convex side and high compression stresses on the concave side. If these stresses are too high the paperboard will be damaged by fractures and wrinkles on the surfaces. The bending stiffness of the board will also be reduced. The importance of certain parameters, such as roll diameter, angle of wrap, board thickness, board compression strength and others, have been investigated. In this study seven qualities of paperboard were investigated. It has been shown that the bending force–bending angle curve can be used to obtain information about the ability of different board qualities to be bent to certain curvatures without being damaged. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Process cycle optimization in press forming of paperboard

Three‐dimensional forming of paperboard is commonly done by a press forming process, which has been widely researched. However, the process cycle of the press forming of paperboard trays has not yet been completely optimized due to limited adjustability and unsophisticated mechanical structure of commonly used forming equipment. The object of this study is to optimize the force curve of stroke to improve product quality without compromising the production rate using LUT Adjustable Packaging Line prototype for practical evaluation of formability and multibody dynamics software MSC Adams for simulation. Several process parameters were investigated with different process cycles to study their effect on the quality of the formed products. With optimized male mould speed, acceleration and speed of the blank could be reduced, which led to significantly reduced rupturing tendency without compromising the production speed. It was also found that a constant blank holding force should be used to achieve acceptable tray quality, although this results in a significantly increased surface pressure applied to the formed substrate. It was also discovered that a novel male mould attachment, which included a pressing force adjustment system that utilized a spring set with an adjustable preload, made it possible to control the force distribution between different forming tools during the dwelling phase of the process cycle in an improved way. Utilization of the method used in this paper leads to a better tray quality without compromising the production efficiency. Furthermore, this can increase the number of possible package applications for sustainable materials, such as paperboard.     

铝合金汽车顶盖充液成形的数值模拟

目的研究铝合金汽车顶盖拉延工序的充液成形工艺。方法基于有限元分析软件Dynaform,利用带局部刚性凹模整形的被动式充液成形工艺,通过建立有限元分析模型,优化成形过程中的关键工艺参数,分析变形规律并进行质量控制。结果成形过程中的液室压力加载路径、压边力、拉延筋,以及坯料形状等工艺参数对成形影响较大。液室压力不宜过早加载。液室压力过大或压边力过小不利于顶部产生充分塑性变形。压边力过大极易造成顶盖圆角处的破裂。结论该成形工艺可行,且数值模拟的准确性及适用性较高,采用该成形工艺可得到表面质量良好,未出现起皱、破裂缺陷的合格零件。     

PLC在YA32-315四柱式万能液压机改造中的应用

对四柱式万能液压机进行了PLC改造,通过开关量控制方式实现液压机的基本动作,将控制定压边力的普通溢流阀改为比例溢流阀,并结合模拟量控制方式实现了变压边力,满足了变压边力的工艺要求。     

An experimental investigation of forming load and side-wall thickness obtained by a new deep drawing die

Deep drawing is an important process used for producing cups from sheet metal in large quantities. The deep drawing process is affected by many variables such as blank shape, punch and die radii, material’s formability characteristics, and many more. In order to obtain optimal process parameters with regard to part geometry, the blank and die geometry are particularly important factors. In this study, we investigated the effects of blank holder and die shapes, using six different blank holder and die shapes. We measured the distribution of blank holder force (BHF), the forming load at different drawing depths as well as thickness reduction of cup wall thickness for each set of die and punch geometries. The experimental study shows that the angle of blank and die surface influence the forming load and blank holder force distribution. Deep drawing dies with matrix and blank holder angle designed in this study provided deep drawing ratios that are about 25 % larger than those that usually can be obtained by a conventional die.     

方盒形件混合分块压边拉深工艺研究

目的 提高盒形件拉深成形过程中的成形件质量及成形极限。方法 提出混合分块压边方法,即将法兰区的4个直边区和4个圆角区沿周向分开进行压边,并在每个圆角区分别采用径向分块压边。采用有限元方法,结合正交试验,对压边圈的分块位置及压边力的分配方案进行优化设计,并通过实验比较分别采用混合分块压边方法和整体压边方法时方盒形件拉深成形的抑制起皱效果及成形极限。结果 有限元模拟和实验结果表明,采用混合分块压边方法,成形件皱纹最大幅值及最大减薄率显著减小,板料最小厚度增加,有效降低了成形件的起皱和破裂风险。结论 新方法抑制起皱的效果显著优于普通压边方法,在合理的工艺条件下,板料的成形极限也得到明显的提高。     

Moisture content of polyethylene coated solid fibreboard after industrial lamination

Solid fibreboard is used mainly in highly demanding packaging applications. One solid fibreboard quality having six paper and paperboard layers, a thickness of 1.7 mm and polyethylene coating was studied. Several material tests on liquid water and water vapour penetration were done to assess the environmental moisture sources that change the material moisture content after the lamination process. The in‐plane diffusion coefficient of the combined board was determined based on an integrated unsteady state moisture transport equation and moisture sorption measurements. The transverse diffusion coefficient of the polyethylene coated kraft paper and the solid fibreboard medium were based on water vapour transmission rate measurements. The original moisture content of the solid fibreboard sheet was measured gravimetrically 2 days after the lamination at the mill. The results show that high relative humidity (RH) conditions during the transportation (4°C/90% RH) change the moisture content of the transportation box made from a solid fibreboard sheet very little in 8 days. Local moister (or drier) areas are created near the sheet edges due to in‐plane moisture transport through open material edges. The in‐plane diffusivity for the solid fibreboard grade in question was 5.87 × 10^?10 m²/s. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

矩形盒拉深变压边力加载规律及预测

目的解决板料拉深过程中出现拉裂、起皱、拉深不充分等缺陷的问题。方法利用专业分析板料成形的软件Dynaform,研究分析了非轴对称件矩形盒,在几种典型的变压边力下的拉深成形性能,获得了成形效果较好的加载模式,进而利用仿真软件Dynaform获取了样本数据。结果建立了矩形盒拉深成形变压边力网络模型并对其学习训练,最后对神经网络预测结果及仿真结果所得到的变压边力加载曲线进行多项式拟合,获取了最佳压边力控制曲线。结论在板料拉深过程中,通过控制压边力的大小,能够较好地发挥材料的流动性,改善制件的最终成形效果。     

Modelling Steady‐State Moisture Transport Through Corrugated Fibreboard Packaging

A steady‐state finite element model of moisture transport in corrugated fibreboard is presented and solved using experimentally determined values of moisture permeability in Kraft and recycled paperboard. The model shows reasonable agreement with experimentally measured moisture fluxes. The model also demonstrates that the majority of moisture flux occurs through the air phase. Simplified models based on the sum of resistances in series are shown to be in good agreement with the more complex finite element model and may have some practical utility in the design of packaging for specific applications where the internal moisture environment and/or structural integrity of the packaging is important. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Influence of Low‐Intensity Repeated Impacts on Energy Absorption and Vibration Transmissibility of Honeycomb Paperboard

Packaging products in logistics typically will receive multiple low‐intensity repeated impacts, fewer moderate to high‐intensity impacts and vibration. As a result of low‐intensity repeated impacts, local buckling and fold will be formed in honeycomb paperboard, and its cushioning performance will be weakened. This paper investigates the influence of low‐intensity repeated impacts on the cushioning performance of honeycomb paperboard. The low‐intensity repeated impacts with dropping height 5 cm were conducted at first. Then, the moderate‐intensity impact with dropping height 80 cm and vibration experiment were, respectively, conducted. The results show: (a) honeycomb paperboard absorbs the energy produced by low‐intensity repeated impacts through layer upon layer folding of honeycomb structure. The highest buckling peak turns up in low‐intensity impact, followed by a series of buckling in intact honeycomb paperboard. However, the buckling is not obvious in repeated impacts; (b) the load carrying capacity of honeycomb paperboard after low‐intensity repeated impacts declines significantly. Three deformation stages are observed in the load–displacement curve. Most of impact energy is absorbed in the plateau stage. The absorbed energy of damaged honeycomb paperboard under moderate‐intensity impact decreases with the increasing of low‐intensity impact repetitions; and (c) the low‐intensity repeated impacts have an obvious influence on the resonance frequency of packaging product and stiffness of honeycomb paperboard. To confirm vibration properties of product using honeycomb paperboard cushioning, it should be considered in a designing process that honeycomb paperboard changes soften more in logistics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于变压边力的侧围外板成形研究

目的 为了提高侧围外板成形裕度,降低拉延开裂风险。方法 运用CATIA软件设计了侧围外板精细化工艺模面,并借助AutoForm软件对侧围外板拉延成形过程进行了有限元分析。结果 在恒定压边力加载的工况下,侧围外板在后三角窗及后门洞区域发生轻微开裂,无法满足成形要求。基于恒定压边力工况条件,对压边力加载方式进一步研究,提出变压边力工况条件,并模拟了9种变压边力加载方式下的成形效果,从中筛选出最优变压边力工况条件,改善了侧围外板拉延成形性,消除了开裂风险。将最优仿真数据用于侧围外板实际试模,试模结果与仿真结果基本一致,零件成形良好,最大减薄率为19.8%,最大增厚率为6.7%,符合产品质量需求,证明了变压边力工艺方案的可行性。结论 变压边力工况条件可以提高零件成形裕度。     

新型送纸架的设计与控制分析

在蜂窝纸的加工生产线中,送纸架用来安装纸筒并不断给后续设备提供纸张.由于原有纸架自动化程度低,性能较差,降低了生产效率,并有可能破坏纸张输送.为此借助虚拟分析软件进行送纸架的运动学仿真,以保证整体动作的协调性;同时对设备关键部位的合理性进行动力学分析,以检验是否符合要求;在此基础上完成设备的LOGO程序控制和接线图.目前该新型送纸架应用到了蜂窝纸生产线中,并取得了良好的效果.     

Influence of anisotropy and lubrication on wrinkling of circular plates using bifurcation theory

In this research, wrinkling in cylindrical deep drawing of a circular plate in the flange area is studied and the critical blank holder force in the deep-drawing operations has been achieved. Analytical model based on the Hill’s bifurcation method is used with regard to the inner edge of an annular plate that is subjected to tensile stress. The analysis is formulated in the form of large deformation assumption. The friction between the plate and the die, and the strain-hardening parameters are also investigated. The result of this analysis is the critical blank holder force, which is related to the critical wrinkling condition in the flange area. The Abaqus/Explicit is also used for the finite element simulations. Experimental study in order to validate the results of the analytical and finite element simulations has been performed. Analytical method, experimental tests and finite element method have been investigated to obtain critical blank holder force for four materials: ST12, ST14, copper and brass. These results showed that ST12 and copper plates have the highest and lowest compressive instability, respectively. To study the effect of plastic anisotropy of sheet on the wrinkling, some cold work operations and then heat treatment operations was carried out on three different types of plate parts. The results show that by increasing the plastic anisotropy of plate, wrinkling is partially delayed. The effect of lubricant used in the experimental tests, has been also studied. The effect of three various yield functions on the critical blank holder force, has been studied.     

Static and Dynamic Strength of Paperboard Containers Subjected to Variations in Climatic Conditions

The variability in climatic conditions during product distribution, especially across large distances, can be significant and is well known to affect the mechanical properties of many packaging materials. As the use of environmentally friendly materials, such as paperboard and bio‐cushions, increases, the challenge associated with overcoming the effects of extremes in temperature and relative humidity in the distribution chain becomes critical. To date, in the case of paperboard boxes, this is dealt with by accounting for the loss of static (compression) strength with increasing relative humidity. However, no method exists to address the dynamic loads induced by vehicle shocks and vibrations especially for configurations that involve stacked boxes and where the vibration intensity within the stack is influenced by the dynamic characteristic of the boxes themselves. In such scenarios, it is the variation in the stiffness of the box as a function of environmental conditions and dynamic load that needs to be established. This paper describes the evaluation of the fatigue resistance of paperboard boxes subjected to random excitation and compares the results with those obtained from quasi‐static compression tests under various environmental conditions. Results reveal a lack of correlation between the static and dynamic tests. This finding is attributed to changes in internal damping of the paperboard box samples which, when reduced, results in increased dynamic force. The paper concludes that static testing alone is insufficient to establish the fatigue resistance of stacked packaging subject to variations in climatic conditions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mathematical modelling of an experimental‐analytical method for friction coefficient determination in deep drawing

The main aim of this paper is to determine the friction coefficient μ and maximum drawing force in deep drawing process of aluminum alloy EN AW 1050 utilizing strip drawing method. Influence and interaction between lubrication condition, blank holder force and strip surface roughness on maximum drawing force and friction coefficient are investigated. Response surface methodology and D‐Optimal design are utilized in order to create an experimental plan. According to the design, 23 strip drawings experiments are performed and statistical analysis was done. The regression and variance analysis results with 18 significant mathematical models which are derived in order to describe influence of mentioned parameters on friction coefficient and maximum drawing force. Results are discussed according to previous research. Finally, the optimization of processing parameters is performed aiming for lower friction coefficient and maximal drawing force.     

蜂窝纸板在空投包装中的应用

目的研究蜂窝纸板在空投包装中的应用,构建军品绿色包装。方法通过研究蜂窝纸板的性能,并与瓦楞纸板进行比较,来分析蜂窝纸板在空投包装领域的应用效果及前景。结果蜂窝纸板密度小、抗弯刚度大、平压强度高、侧压强度高、缓冲性能好,是低碳可再生的绿色包装材料,可应用于空投平台、无伞空投物资、特殊包装等方面。结论蜂窝纸板可作为空投包装材料。