基于关键链的项目风险管理

关键链项目管理方法是约束理论在项目管理上的应用,是近年来项目管理领域的重要创新。与传统的项目管理方法相比,该方法强调在制定项目计划时考虑现实存在的资源约束,在项目执行过程中的动态管理,以及整个项目管理流程的持续改进。文中讨论基于关键链的软件项目管理方法。基于软件过程工作分解结构,预测各项工作在理想工作条件下的工期,考虑人力资源的约束与冲突,建立项目的关键链。通过对各项工作的风险分析,为关键链、非关键链分别设置项目缓冲、输入缓冲,通过对缓冲区的监控来进行风险的控制和管理。     

多项目关键链进度优化算法分析

针对多项目进度优化问题,综合应用关键链和社会认知优化算法,保证了多项目计划在不确定环境下的稳定运行。文章首先在保证进度工期最短的前提下,进行了多项目的排序,进而确定对后续项目的影响。通过实例应用于多项目进度管理中,为工程决策与管理者全面而准确地进行多项目管理、掌握项目进度、保证项目如期完工,以及对后续项目进行合理地预测提供了依据。并讨论了应用关键链方法进一步研究的方向。     

基于Project 2003的关键链启发式算法

介绍了关键链项目管理的基本方法;针对资源受限项目调度问题,提出了资源冲突时的资源分配原则;以项目工期最小化为目标,以Proiect 2003为辅助工具,提出了一个确定关键链的启发式算法,即在找出关键路径的基础上,从后往前遍历,对发生资源冲突的活动,依资源分配原则修改紧前关系,然后再确定关键链,进而得到了基于关键链项目管理方法的项目调度算法.对算法进行了验证,结果表明算法是有效的.     

建筑工程项目中的成本、工期、质量控制

建筑施工项目要提高工程质量,保证在规定的时间内完工,同时使成本得到有效控制,就必须在施工管理的过程中投入精力,正确认识和处理质量、工期、成本三者之间的关系,通过有效的策略和措施进行管理;以便使工程质量满足客户的具体要求,同时避免工期拖延的问题,在成本管理上也有明显效果,只有这样,建筑项目管理才能达到预计的各项目标;施工企业因此才能获得应有的经济收益。本文从四个方面,探讨了建筑项目管理中的工期及质量和成本的控制。     

浅析工程项目管理

现代工程项目管理已经日益提升到了和工程项目施工建设同等重要水平，项目管理要素中的目标管理、成本管理和风险管理在项目建设和管理过程中起着举足轻重的作用，本文主要从以上三个方面的发展历史和相关理论体系以及国际最前沿的管理模式，我国管理现状来阐述项目管理的基本理论和在项目过程中的具体操作办法。     

面向快速产品开发服务的项目管理

快速产品开发服务组织模式是一种基于项目的动态联盟,项目的管理过程要支配多个分布企业组织、协调复杂的工作流和合理配置资源.快速产品开发服务的项目管理强调信息集成、强调过程管理,基于此特点,论文提出了快速产品开发服务项目管理系统的结构模型和基于资源拥有者、资源使用者、项目管理员、超级项目管理员角色的功能模型,并对项目管理主要过程项目定义、项目计划、项目控制、项目评价和管理进行了研究.其中任务模板的设计实现了快速设计、快速成型、快速制模任务的精确描述.项目计划过程采用序贯决策原理分为项目分解、资源配置、确定任务工期三个阶段进行.     

知识管理理论在现代工程项目管理中的应用探讨

项目管理已普遍应用于现代生产与管理领域,这使得项目管理中所涉及的知识内涵变得丰富,知识管理对项目管理的影响也日趋显现。本文基于此考虑,在对项目以及项目管理进行分析认识的基础上,研究了知识管理的特点以及其与工程项目管理相结合的可行性,最后探讨了知识管理在现代工程项目管理中的三个应用途径进行了分别阐述。     

公路工程项目管理的若干思考

现代公路工程项目管理的特点是全面控制进度、成本和质量,它是企业生存和发展的关键。针对公路工程项目管理中存在的不足和缺陷,在正确认识工程项目成本管理的对象和目标的基础上,提出了项目管理的任务、项目管理的流程及项目管理的措施,以确保公路工程项目管理效益、质量、工期、安全等目标的实现。     

浅析影响公路工程项目管理的几个主要因素

文章指出了公路工程项目管理的概念和管理目标，分析了公路工程项目管理中的几个主因素。     

基于多项目关键链的ETO型企业计划管理方法

在ETO型制造企业计划管理中存在着多项目环境、工期不确定性、项目延迟以及人为因素影响等问题.根据多项目关键链原理,提出了包含以计划模板建立、计划编制、控制三个部分的计划管理流程;每个部分又划分为若干个步骤;针对步骤分别详细设计了具体应用方法.最后构造了以某大型变压器制造企业为背景的3个产品并行的多项目环境,并采用Crystal Ball软件模拟了该环境,评估结果显示优化后产品平均周期时间比优化前缩短了2.7d.     

A tutorial on project management from a theory of constraints perspective

Managing projects is a difficult undertaking–a large number of projects fail to be completed on time, on budget, or to specifications. In traditional project management literature, researchers criticise project manager skills and leadership, user involvement, top management commitment, organisation, etc. More recently, research has identified underlying problems with project concepts. We briefly describe the types of failures (late delivery, over budget, less than full specs) of projects. Second, we examine some causes of project lateness. Third, we illustrate the calculations for project completion using traditional and critical chain project methodologies. We then conduct three small simulations of the network using uniform, triangular, and exponential distributions to determine the impact of using the critical chain methodology on project completion dates. Last, we provide some references discussing critical chain project management.     

基于灰色关键链的项目进度管理方法及应用

针对项目或者任务完成时间具有外延确定而内涵不确定的特点,应用灰色系统思想提出了基于灰色关键链的项目进度管理方法.设计的灰色关键链方法通过改进关键链中缓冲时间的取法,以设置合理的输送缓冲时间(Feeding Buffer)及项目缓冲时间(Project Buffer).最后,通过实例给出了该方法的应用步骤,并将计划评审技术、关键链与灰色关键链进行了比较.     

A Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis Technique for Stochastic Task Criticality in Project Management

Inherent in project management is the risk that a project fails to meet planned completion deadlines due to delays experienced in individual tasks. As such, certain critical tasks may be candidates for risk management (e.g., the allocation of additional resources such as labor, materials, and equipment) to prevent delays. A common means to identify such critical tasks is with the critical path method (CPM), which identifies a path of tasks in a project network that, when delayed, result in project delays. This work offers a complementary, stochastic approach to CPM that ranks tasks according to their effect on the project completion time distribution, when the distributions of task completion time are delayed. The new hybrid approach is based on the use of a Monte Carlo simulation and a multi-criteria decision analysis technique. Monte Carlo simulation allows for approximating the cumulative distribution function of the total duration of the project, while the multi-criteria decision analysis technique is used to compare and rank the tasks across percentiles of the resulting project completion time distributions. Doing so allows for different percentile weighting schemes to represent decision maker risk preferences. The suggested approach is applied to two project network examples. The examples illustrate that the proposed approach highlights some tasks as risky, which may not always lie on the critical path as identified by CPM. This is valuable for practicing managers as it allows them to properly consider their risk preferences when determining task criticality based on the distribution of project completion time (e.g., emphasizing median vs. upper tail completion time).     

Information management strategies and supply chain performance under demand disruptions

The operations management literature presents inadequate comprehensive understanding on information management strategies of mitigating supply chain disruption risks. By using control theory modelling and simulation, this study compares the disruption mitigation effects of three information management strategies. From the aspect of stability, the existing stability boundaries are revised by a new method in a two-echelon case. It shows that supply chains (SC) with popular information management strategies are not evidently more stable than traditional ones. From the aspect of disruption recovery time, an innovative two-echelon swiftest response problem under these information management strategies is formulated and solved. Results show that a collaborative planning, forecasting and replenishment (CPFR) SC with complete SC information performs the best. However, in a later operational risk mitigation test, an information sharing (IS) SC with partial information has the smallest bullwhip effect. From the aspect of demand amplification and frequency response, an innovative frequency–response plot of order amplification is proposed in a time-continuous SC with moving average forecasts. It implies the best frequency response for concurrently mitigating both operational and disruption risks coming from a CPFR SC. But for a certain SC structure there is still a balance between mitigating bullwhip effect and quick response. Moreover, it also implies that anti-bullwhip should exist in a certain condition, as realised in our numerical experiments.     

Building of Post-project Management

Traditional project management often ignores problems arising after project completion such as value changing, functional decline, waste of resources and environmental pollution during the operation and dismantling process. This paper advances the concept of “post-project”, builds a framework for post-project management with case analysis, as the social development and new requirements for project management by environmental protection. Post-project refers to a project which no longer possesses normal value, because of loss after use, inability to adapt to new requirements, artificial destruction, damage beyond control, and deprivation of value after the completion of the project. Post-project management encompasses a series of management and technical activities including updating, reforming, removal, recovery, and recycling. The process of post-project management is composed of classification and characteristics of post-projects, management decisions, implementation, and evaluation. Post-project management can realize the sustainable development of project and society.     

Single-machine scheduling with deteriorating effects and machine maintenance

In this paper, the single-machine scheduling problems with deteriorating effects and a machine maintenance are studied. In this circumstance, the deterioration rates of the jobs during the machining process are the same which reduces the production efficiency. The actual processing time of the job is a linearly increasing function of the starting time. In this process, the machine only performs a maintenance activity, and the maintenance time is a fixed value. After the maintenance work is completed, the machine will be restored to the initial state, and the deterioration of the job will be start again. The goal is to determine the optimal schedule in order to minimise the maximum completion time (i.e. the makespan) and the sum of job completion times. We prove that both problems are polynomial time solvable, and we also provide the corresponding algorithms.     

设备管理及维护信息系统的开发与应用

设备管理及维护信息系统是预防性设备维护的重要基础,对于机械制造企业提高设备管理水平和维护工作效率有重要意义。通过对企业实际情况的深入调查,分析了企业设备管理的信息需求及维护工作业务流程,开发了设备管理及其维护信息系统。该软件系统主要包括系统管理、设备维修资源管理、设备故障信息管理、维修工作管理、维修决策和维修数据分析六部分。该系统已在汽车零部件制造企业中实施。     

高超声速飞行器综合热管理系统方案探讨

高超声速飞行器是当今世界航空航天领域研究的热点,由于其在飞行中遭受的热环境极其严酷,因 而可靠的综合热管理系统是安全飞行的保证。针对不同飞行任务的高超声速飞行器,分别提出了综合热管理系 统方案;对飞行时间短,飞行速度和高度变化快的飞行器,提出了以液氢燃料为主要热沉、相变蓄热材料为辅 助热沉的热管理方案;对飞行时间长,飞行马赫数高的飞行器,提出了以吸热型碳氢燃料为热沉的热管理方案; 分别探讨了两套方案涉及的关键技术,指出了未来研究工作的方向。     

Web-based navigating system for conceptual mould design with knowledge management

Efficiency and quality are essential demands in mould and moulding manufacturing. Most related enterprises have already expanded from 3C (computer, communication, consumer electronics) to 4C (3C, car) products, which is characterised by smaller quantities and more varieties. For many firms, the shortened life cycle of products presents an unprecedented challenge. This research aims at developing a web-based navigating system for conceptual mould design with knowledge management within the computer-aided design (CAD) embedded browser. This system integrates CAD and web-based management seamlessly by the dedicated application programming interface (API). Based on both customised and standardised procedures, not only does the system prevent probable engineering mistakes and accumulate valuable knowledge, but also generates consistent web reports and shortens mould-design processes from 1 ～ 2 days by senior engineers to a couple of hours normally. In the case study of this paper, using the web-based navigating system can result in time savings up to 66%. The results show significant time savings over the conventional design process.     

Project management for uncertainty with multiple objectives optimisation of time,cost and reliability

This research adopts an approach that uses computer simulation and statistical analysis of uncertain activity time, activity cost, due date and project budget to address quality and the learning process with regard to project scheduling. Since the learning process affects the scheduling problem, a Cobb–Douglas multiplicative power model is used to represent the relationship between the dependent variable, which is the standard deviation of activity time, and the independent variables, which are the cumulative trials and the mean of activity time. The mean value and standard deviation are used to randomly generate activity times for project scheduling analysis. Response surface methodology (RSM) is used in order to develop a rationale of the time-cost trade-off problem. The solutions found with RSM are optimised only for a single objective, such as project completion time, total project cost, completion time probability and total cost probability. Thus, multiple objectives for further optimisation become necessary and a limited project budget, restricted completion time, allowable total cost probability and acceptable completion time probability have to be considered at the same time as the learning effect. With response functions from RSM, compromise programming is adopted in order to formulate the proposed project scheduling problem for multi-objective optimisation.