光子晶体光纤光栅反射谱及时延特性研究

利用多极法对包层空气孔为正六边形对称结构光子晶体光纤的模式场进行了分析,计算出不同波长下基模的有效折射率,结合使用模式耦合理论和传输矩阵法对基于光子晶体光纤的布拉格光栅特性进行了计算和仿真,对比了常规单模光纤所成光栅与相同光栅周期的光子晶体光纤布拉格光栅反射谱及时延特性之间的差异.在此基础上,对光纤光栅的切趾特性进行了研究,选择不同的切趾函数,得出最佳切趾函数下光栅传输谱.理论计算和仿真结果表明,随波长增加,基模有效折射率下降,光栅谐振波长出现蓝移,采用啁啾化处理后,10 cm长光子晶体光纤光栅可以提供1 200 ps以上的线性时延.     

相位掩模版接缝相差对光栅反射峰的影响

电子束刻蚀啁啾相位掩模版采用的是分步啁啾的方法,而掩模版制造过程中分步之间的接缝误差是啁啾光纤光栅反射峰不平坦的一个重要因素.本文以不同分步步长,总长度140mm的相位掩模版为例,理论分析和比较了不同接缝误差对啁啾光纤光栅反射峰的影响.分析表明,最大相位误差为3°和7°时,光栅反射峰波动的统计平均分别为0.98%和2.31%.进行相关试验研究以上相位掩模版写入光栅的反射特性,得出结论与理论分析一致.     

啁啾莫尔光纤光栅的多层薄膜分析新方法

将啁啾莫尔光纤光栅看成一多层薄膜体系,每层薄膜用界面传输矩阵和膜层传输矩阵表示,将每层的传输矩阵相乘后得到光栅的传输谱。数值计算结果表明,啁啾莫尔光纤光栅的传输谱的通道数取决于啁啾莫尔光纤光栅的长度、两线性啁啾光栅的中心波长的差值;通道间隔和带宽取决于光栅的啁啾系数和折射率调制幅度。该模型的精度满足设计要求。     

啁啾光纤光栅色散的几种测量方法

简要分析啁啾光纤光栅的原理和色散特性,着重介绍了啁啾光纤光栅色散的几种测量方法,对它们采用的光源等设备、测量速度和精度方面作了比较.     

啁啾光纤光栅色散的几种测量方法

简要分析啁啾光纤光栅的原理和色散特性,着重介绍了啁啾光纤光栅色散的几种测量方法,对它们采用的光源等设备、测量速度和精度方面作了比较.     

啁啾光纤光栅的传感性能及测量方法研究

介绍了啁啾光纤光栅的物理结构和传感原理,引入参考光栅,采用调制光强的方法实现了啁啾光纤光栅的传感信号解调,测试了它的应变和温度传感性能,测试数据显示其应变和温度传感曲线的线性度分别为0.9991和0.9989,表明啁啾光纤光栅具有较好的线性传感特性。为了解决长期检测时测量结果受光源衰减影响的问题,提出了一种新型的基于光强比值的解调处理算法并进行了实验验证,结果表明,该方法不仅极大地提高了啁啾光纤光栅用于长期检测的测量精度,还具有温度自补偿功能,提高了抗干扰能力,满足长期测试需求。     

取样光纤布拉格光栅特性的研究

用传输矩阵法从理论上计算了取样光纤布拉格光栅的反射谱特性。这种方法将光栅视为多层均匀薄膜的叠加,利用每一层的传输矩阵相乘获得了光栅的反射谱特性。研究表明,随着光栅长度的增加和采样率、折射率调制深度的减少,反射峰的均匀性得到了改善,旁瓣的反射率变小,带宽明显变窄,而反射峰间隔保持不变。反射峰的间隔由光栅周期决定,与采样率无关,而某些文献则要求采样率小于10%。这与频谱分析所得结论相吻合。     

基于结构性改变的光子晶体光纤光栅研究

利用多极法结合耦合模理论对一种基于结构性改变的光子晶体光纤光栅进行了研究,建立了其结构模型,理论分析了此种成栅工艺原理.计算了七层三角形对称排布空气孔包层有效折射率随波长变化情况,比较了不同光子晶体光纤结构成栅效果的差异.研究结果表明,光子晶体光纤包层中空气孔周期性塌缩可以形成光栅,空气孔排布层数,空气孔占空比、空气孔塌缩层数和塌缩程度等参数对光子晶体光纤光栅的传输特性有重要影响,得出了谐振波长和谐振带宽与上述参数之间的变化关系,并给出这种变化关系的解释.     

光频测量用飞秒激光频率梳光谱扩展实验研究

在光频的绝对测量研究中,本研究小组研制了光谱范围为650~950 nm波段、重复频率为350 MHz的"单块"结构钛宝石飞秒激光频率梳。为了实现其对633 nm波长国家副基准频率的绝对测量,本实验分别采用棱镜对和啁啾镜对进行脉宽压缩,然后注入光子晶体光纤进行光谱扩展。实验发现两者均可扩展出短波长方向的光谱,但棱镜对扩谱结构由于具有较长的"光程臂长"容易受到扰动而造成光纤耦合的不稳定,最终表现为光谱中各波长成分的光强不稳定而无法用于光频测量。啁啾镜对结构紧凑、稳定性强,经过脉宽压缩及光子晶体光纤扩谱,最终获得了光谱覆盖600~950 nm波段、各波长成分强度稳定、各光频齿频率稳定度同步于氢原子钟的可用于光频测量的飞秒激光频率梳     

线性啁啾相位掩模的设计

啁啾相位掩模法是啁啾光纤光栅的一种非常重要的制作方法。本文研究讨论了用全息干涉方法制作线性啁啾位相掩模的设计方法,提出用两球面波干涉产生条纹密度随空间距离线性变化的干涉条纹记录啁啾位相光栅,按设定光栅端点空频和端点空频差两种优化设计方法设计了长度100mm、啁啾量1nm/mm的线性啁啾光栅,理论和实验结果给出两种设计方案的非线性系数分别为2.5%和1.6%,理论设计和实验结果相符。     

Reconstruction of fiber grating refractive-index profiles from complex bragg reflection spectra

Reconstruction of the refractive-index profiles of fiber gratings from their complex Bragg reflection spectra is experimentally demonstrated. The amplitude and phase of the complex reflection spectrum were measured with a balanced Michelson interferometer. By integrating the coupled-mode equations, we built the relationship between the complex coupling coefficient and the complex reflection spectrum as an iterative algorithm for reconstructing the index profile. This method is expected to be useful for reconstructing the index profiles of fiber gratings with any apodization, chirp, or dc structures. An apodized chirped grating and a uniform grating with a depression of index modulation were used to demonstrate the technique.     

Spectra of dual-overwritten chirped fiber Bragg gratings

The coupled-mode equations for dual-overwritten chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) are obtained and numerically calculated. By simulating the reflection spectra of dual-overwritten CFBGs, we have investigated the effects of chirp coefficient, period difference, grating length and index modulating coefficient, on the reflection spectrum and its intensity and full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM).     

Numerical simulation of a novel all-optical flip-flop based on a chirped nonlinear distributed feedback semiconductor laser structure using GPGPU computing

A novel all-optical flip-flop based on a chirped nonlinear distributed feedback laser structure is proposed. The flip-flop does not require a holding beam. The optical gain is provided by a current injection into an active layer. The nonlinear wave-guiding layer consists of a chirped phase shifted grating accompanied with a negative nonlinear refractive index coefficient that increases in magnitude along the wave-guide. In the ‘OFF’ state, the chirped grating does not provide the required optical feedback to start lasing. An optical pulse switches the device ‘ON’ by reducing the chirp due to the negative nonlinear refractive index coefficient. The reduced chirp grating provides enough feedback to sustain a laser mode. The device is switched ‘OFF’ by cross gain modulation. GPGPU computing allows for long simulation time of multiple SET–RESET operations. The ‘ON/OFF’ transitions delays are in nanoseconds time scale.     

Simultaneous measurement of stress and temperature with a fiber Bragg grating based on a loop thin-wall section beam

We designed and demonstrated what we believe to be a novel sensor for simultaneous measurement of stress and temperature. A fiber Bragg grating is flatly adhered to the surface of a loop thin-wall section beam. The theoretical analyses and the experimental results show that both the central wavelength shift and the chirped bandwidth of the grating reflection spectrum have a linear relationship with the stress and the temperature, respectively, and the slopes of them are different. Therefore, the temperature and stress can be discriminated by interrogating the chirped fiber grating. Moreover, we also investigated the strain of the loop thin-wall section beam, and the results show that the strain is cosine proportional to the double positional angle.     

Inverse scattering algorithm for reconstructing lossy fiber Bragg gratings

We demonstrate an inverse scattering algorithm for reconstructing the structure of lossy fiber Bragg gratings. The algorithm enables us to extract the profiles of the refractive index and the loss coefficient along the grating from the grating transmission spectrum and from the reflection spectra, measured from both sides of the grating. Such an algorithm can be used to develop novel distributed evanescent-wave fiber Bragg sensors that measure the change in both the refractive index and the attenuation coefficient of the medium surrounding the grating. The algorithm can also be used to analyze and to design fiber Bragg gratings written in fiber amplifiers. A novel method to overcome instability problems in extracting the parameters of the lossy grating is introduced. The new method also makes it possible to reduce the spectral resolution needed to accurately extract the grating parameters.     

Estimations of fiber Bragg grating parameters and strain gauge factor using optical spectrum and strain distribution information

An inverse approach based on an optimization technique is proposed to characterize a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) and the strain gauge factor (GF) when the FBG is bonded on a structure. By bonding an FBG on a substrate and simply straining this FBG into a chirped fiber Bragg grating with a predesignated strain, the proposed method, based on an optimization technique, can be used to reconstruct seven parameters of the FBG from the corresponding reflective spectrum. The parameters identified are the length of an FBG, the grating period, the average refractive index, the index modulation, the apodization coefficient, the starting point bonded on the plate, and the strain GF. The information from the predesignated strain, as well as the measured reflective spectrum, is used as the objective function during the optimal search. As a result, the design sensitivity for the optimal search is much improved compared with the design sensitivity when only the reflective spectrum is used. In particular, the strain GF, which depends on the adhesive, the bonding layer characteristics, etc., can be determined in order to provide a reference for an FBG used as a strain sensor. Results from numerical simulations and experiments show that seven parameters of an FBG can be obtained accurately and efficiently.     

Wideband true-time-delay beam former that employs a tunable chirped fiber grating prism

A fiber grating prism that consists of four tunable chirped-grating delay lines for wideband true-time-delay beam forming is proposed and demonstrated. The chirped gratings are produced by use of the grating bending technique in which a uniform grating is surface mounted on a simply supported beam. We obtained chirped gratings with different chirp rates by bending the uniform gratings with different beam deflections. Four linear chirped fiber gratings with identical spectral width but linearly increased grating length are fabricated. The spectra and time-delay responses of the tunable chirped gratings are measured. A chirped-grating prism for wideband true-time-delay beam forming by use of four chirped gratings is constructed and tested experimentally. We obtained different time delays by tuning the wavelength of the optical carrier. The proposed true-time-delay beam former with a four-element phased-array steerer is suitable for continuous beam forming at microwave frequencies up to 20 GHz.     

Simultaneous dual free spectral range microwave photonic filter using a high-birefringence chirped grating in a Sagnac loop

We propose a continuously tunable, dual free spectral range (FSR) photonic microwave notch filter configuration using a high-birefringence linearly chirped fiber Bragg grating (Hi-Bi LCFBG) that is connected in a Sagnac loop using a Hi-Bi coupler. The configuration employs double sideband modulation and can generate two FSRs simultaneously. The larger FSR corresponds to the differential time delay of the Hi-Bi LCFBG and the Hi-Bi pigtails of the coupler; the smaller FSR corresponds to the time delay between the arms of the Sagnac loop. Measured results demonstrate dual FSR, a large notch rejection, and that the FSR is easily tunable by tuning the LCFBG. We also present the filter transfer function for the design. Experimental results agree well with the theoretical analysis.     

Analysis of chirped-sampled and sampled-chirped fiber Bragg gratings

We analyze sampled fiber Bragg gratings that have chirp in the grating period, in the sampling function, or in both. In the last-named case the sampling period can be chirped, the sample length can be chirped, or both. We explain the features in the spectral and group-delay (dispersion) responses for gratings that have a single chirp parameter. We then show how the response of sampled gratings that have multiple chirp parameters can be explained in terms of the single-chirp parameter cases.