影响碳纤维表面镀铜速率的因素

在碳纤维表面先化学镀铜再电镀铜可获得具有一定厚度且均匀的铜镀层.研究了甲醛、配位剂、稳定剂等用量、pH值、温度、电流密度、电解时间等对碳纤维增重率的影响,确定了镀铜的最佳配方,并用扫描电镜验证了镀铜效果.结果表明,最佳化学镀铜配方为16 g/L CuSO-4·5H-2O,25 g/L EDTA·2Na,15 g/L酒石酸钾钠,15 g/L NaOH, 5 mg/L 2,2′-联吡啶,15 mg/L K-4Fe(CN)-6,6 mL甲醛(分析纯).本法既较好地解决了碳纤维束的黑心问题,又可获得较厚的镀层,且镀层与碳纤维的结合更牢.     

无钯催化铜包覆纳米炭纤维新方法的研究

纳米炭纤维表面包覆上金属铜,可获得新型纳米复合功能材料.研究了利用化学方法,以Cu2 为单质铜来源,锌粉为还原剂,不用贵重金属钯做催化剂,直接在硝酸处理后的纳米炭纤维上包覆铜的新方法.初步分析了镀液中加入引发剂T在纤维表面镀铜的机理;探讨了CuSO4·5H2O的用量、锌粉浓度、施镀温度、施镀时间、配位体种类、用量及引发剂等因素对纤维表面铜包覆层质量的影响,得到了优化的工艺条件:CuSO4·5H2O 6.5 g/L,锌粉1.7 g/L,甘油133 mL/L,乙二醇90 mL/L,酒石酸钾钠8.5 g/L,引发剂T 3.5 g/L,于室温下反应1 h.SEM观察发现,纳米炭纤维表面包覆层较为均匀;EDS表征证实,包覆层确实为铜.     

化学镀方法制备铜空腔工艺

激光试验装置中的整体式铜腔靶精度要求高,现有机加工方法不能满足要求.为此,在预处理芯轴(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)表面采用化学镀法制备铜空腔,研究了镀液中甲醛含量、pH值、温度等对镀速和镀液稳定性的影响.确定了适宜的化学镀铜工艺为:10 g/L 硫酸铜,10～20 mL/L 甲醛,40 g/L 酒石酸钾钠,20 g/L 乙二胺四乙酸二钠,0.1 g/L 稳定剂(2,2-联吡啶),pH值12.0～13.0,温度40～70 ℃.制备的铜空腔壁厚达25 μm,表面无砂眼、裂纹等缺陷,刻蚀芯轴后空腔能自持.     

铁鳞还原铁粉表面置换镀铜的添加剂优化

采用铁鳞还原铁粉制备铜包铁复合粉末时,添加剂的配方对复合粉末综合性能影响较大。在铁鳞还原铁粉表面化学镀铜制备复合粉末,通过正交试验研究了添加剂对铁鳞还原铁粉表面置换镀铜包覆层综合性能的影响;采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等对铜包覆层的表面形貌和断面形貌以及成分进行表征,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)检测包覆粉末的物相结构,并利用红外光谱仪(FT-IR)测试其表面的添加剂残留情况;分析了各类添加剂对包覆层质量的影响规律,得到的最优添加剂配方为0.160 0 g/L乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA·2Na),0.001 0g/L 2-巯基苯并咪唑(M),0.003 5 g/L乙烯硫脲(N),0.450 0 g/L聚乙二醇(PEG),0.120 0 g/L十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)。最优添加剂配方条件下制备的复合粉末的铜包覆层均匀、连续、包覆效果良好,只含有铁和铜两相,包覆层中仅有微量添加剂成分残留。     

一种无氰碱性光亮镀铜新工艺

为了解决无氰碱性镀铜存在的镀液不稳定、抗杂质能力弱、与工件间结合力差以及镀液排放的废水中含有磷或有机膦等问题,推出了一种新的无氰碱性光亮镀铜新工艺:以柠檬酸(C6H8O7)为Cu2+的主配位剂、丁二酰亚胺(C4H5O2N)为Cu2+的辅助配位剂;使用了超分子化学物质葫芦脲(CB-n)作为防止铜在钢铁件上产生置换的添加剂以及含有聚氨脲、吲哚类、乙氧基醇类等物质的光亮剂。通过小槽试验、Hull Cell试验、阴极极化曲线、机械弯曲、锉刀等方法考察了电镀效果。结果表明:镀液的性能稳定,可得到阴极电流效率在70%~85%、深镀能力为100%的光亮、均匀、结合力好的铜镀层;推荐的溶液组成和操作条件为25~30 g/L Cu SO_4·5H_2O,75~90 g/L C6H8O7,8~10 g/L C4H5O2N,2~5 g/L KNa C4H4O6·4H2O,25~30 g/L H3BO3,90~120 g/L KOH,0.01~0.05mg/L化学置换铜抑制剂CB-n,8~20 m L/L光亮剂,p H值9.0~11.0,Jc=0.2~3.0 A/dm2,温度45~55℃,阳极为纯铜。     

三乙醇胺和EDTA·2Na盐双络合体系快速化学镀铜T艺研究

系统研究了以三乙醇胺(TEA)为主络合剂、EDTA·2Na盐为辅络合剂的二次镀铜体系.实验结果表明镀速随EDTA·2Na盐浓度增加而减慢,随TEA浓度、硫酸铜浓度、甲醛浓度、溶液pH值和镀液温?快;添加剂亚铁氰化钾、α.α′-联吡啶和2-MBT均能使镀速减慢且浓度较低时均能使镀层外观变好;PEG-1000对镀速影响较小,但能使镀层质量变好.其二次化学镀铜最佳条件是:CuSO4·5H2O为16g/L,EDTA·2Na盐为6g/L,TEA为21.5g/L,pH值为12.75,甲醛(37%～40%)为16ml/L,亚铁氰化钾为100mg/L,α,α′-联吡啶为20mg/L,PEG-1000为1g/L,2-MBT为0.5mg/L及镀液温度为50℃.在最佳条件下镀速达到10.57μm/h,SEM分析镀层表面光滑、结晶均匀.     

SiC颗粒化学镀铜工艺研究

化学镀铜在生产中应用比较广泛,但是在化学镀铜过程中的活化工艺所需试剂有毒,并且价格较为昂贵。探讨了取消化学镀铜过程中的活化工艺后,其他工艺条件对Si C镀铜效果的影响规律。经实验分析,获得了化学镀铜实验优化工艺参数为:化学镀铜溶液温度为35℃,溶液p H值用氢氧化钠调节至12~13,硫酸铜加入量为12 g/L,甲醛加入量为28 ml/L,酒石酸钾钠加入量为40 g/L,经过一定时间在碳化硅表面得到了良好的铜镀层。通过X射线衍射仪及扫描电镜检测,结果表明:取消了活化工艺后,在碳化硅表面仍然得到了较好的铜包覆层。     

水合肼化学还原硫酸铜制备纳米铜粉的研究

为了制备颗粒尺寸在纳米级、大小分布均匀的纳米铜粉,采用水合肼化学还原硫酸铜的方法,并利用扫描电镜(SEM),Image-Pro Plus软件、铜离子浓度测定仪等测方法测量纳米铜粉的颗粒尺寸和铜离子的转化率。结果表明,碱性条件下,水合肼化学还原硫酸铜制备纳米铜粉满足化学反应的热力学和动力性条件;制备纳米铜粉最佳的实验参数,水合肼浓度为1.5 mol/L、CuSO_4·5H_2O的浓度为0.5 mol/L、EDTA和PVP质量比为3∶2(EDTA浓度为30 g/L、PVP浓度为20 g/L)、反应溶液的pH值为12、反应温度为60℃、反应时间为30 min;在此条件下,获得颗粒大小均匀、颗粒尺寸为50.2 nm的纳米铜粉,Cu~(2+)的转化率达到98.2%。     

用1-(2-苯并噻唑)-3-(3,5-二溴吡啶)-三氮烯荧光光度法测定电镀废水中的微量铜(Ⅱ)

目前,利用1-（2-苯并噻唑）-3-（3,5-二溴吡啶）-三氮烯（BTPYBT）与铜的荧光反应测定铜的研究未见报道。合成了BTPYBT,依据其与铜（Ⅱ）的荧光反应,建立了一种测定微量铜（Ⅱ）的新的荧光光度法。结果表明:在pH值9.2的Na₂B₄O₇-NaOH缓冲溶液中,该试剂与铜（Ⅱ）形成2:1稳定的配合物,体系的激发波长和发射波长分别为359 nm和401 nm;铜含量在0⁸0.0μg/L内与荧光响应值△F（配合物溶液和空白试剂荧光强度之差）呈良好的线性关系,其线性回归方程为△F=一0.177+1.19ρ,相关系数r=0.998 6,检出限为0.2μg/L,本方法用于测定电镀废水中的微量铜,与原子吸收光度法（AAS）结果相符,6次测定值的相对标准偏差小于3%,加标回收率为98.8%¹03.0%。     

复合型配位剂无氰碱性光亮镀铜的研究

为了开发无氰碱性光亮镀铜工艺,通过采用复合型配位剂OJ-c进行无氰碱性光亮镀铜,研制了新的光亮剂及整平剂。通过电化学方法测试了阴极极化曲线,并利用旋转圆盘电极研究了镀液的整平性能。结果表明:复合型配位剂OJ-c对Cu~(2+)的配位能力强,镀液稳定,分散能力好,阴极电流效率达80%;所得铜镀层光亮、细致、均匀、整平性好,可直接在其上镀Ni、Cr。推荐的镀液组成及操作条件:Cu_2(OH)_2·CO_335~45 g/L,OJ-c(复合配位剂)80~110 g/L,K_2SO_440~50 g/L,OJ-b(光亮剂)3~5 g/L,OJ-l(整平剂)1.0~1.5 m L/L;CB-n(铜置换抑制剂)0.01~0.05 mg/L,θ35~45℃,pH值8.0~9.5,Jc0.2~2.0 A/dm~2;阳极:Cu或P-Cu板(含P 0.03%~0.05%);空气搅拌。     

Effect of Permeable Crystalline Material on Steel Reinforcement Corrosion of Concrete

Permeable crystalline materialcan permeate into pores and cracks of concrete and catalyze the reaction between Ca(OH) 2and unhydrated cement to generate a great quantity needle non-soluble crystals, which can stop up the pores and cracks of concrete, and increase the impermeability of concrete. This paper reported the results of a study conducted to evaluate steel reinforcement corrosion of concrete specimens uncoated and coated with permeable crystalline material as well as mixed with the permeable crystalline material. The properties evaluated for corrosion test were water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength and potential. The results of water impermeability, water absorption, compressive strength clearly showed that the permeable crystalline material could prohibit water, any soluble salts and moisture from penetrating the concrete to cause corrosion, leaking, and other problems, and it did increase the compressive strength, which was favorable for protection of corrosion of reinforcing steel. Moreover, it was concluded from the potential-time curve that the steel reinforcement of uncoated specimen was in the state of activation whereas that of other specimens coated and mixed with the permeable crystalline material was in the state of inactivation. Above all, it was indicated that the permeable crystalline materialis very effective to protect the steel reinforcement of concrete from corrosion.     

The Research and Application About "Dry Peeling Off" Technology for Airplane Surface Paint Layer

In this paper, the principle of spurting take off lacquer were introduced; and with orthogonal method the unsaturate polyester was prepared ;it was easy to peel airplane paint layer off with this material and equipment.     

Quality Study of Honeycomb Core Shaping Without Wax Stabilization

Sandwich panels utilizing honeycomb cores result in lightweight, high-strength units that are very rigid. Indeed, they give honeycomb panels the best strength-to-weight ratio of any construction type available. Conventionally, the wax is poured into the cell of the core to strengthen the structure and prevent the core from being crushed during milling. Much time and labor is required to wax, mill, and clean the cores. In this study, the process of pouring wax into the core was skipped. In other words, the cutter directly milled the core. Experiments showed that the compressive strength of the core produced without wax stabilization was only 3% lower than that of cores produced using the traditional method. In addition, the drum peel strengths of cores produced without wax stabilization were 38.4% higher than cores produced using the traditional method, in which residual wax seriously polluted the adhesive. It was also found that eliminating the wax process can reduce costs.     

In-process thermal treatment of polylactic acid in fused deposition modelling

Polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most widely used open source fused filament fabrication materials due to its ease of extrusion, biodegradability, and mechanical strength. The mechanical strength of PLA largely depends on the proper growth of its semi-crystalline structure, which can be severely impaired by a low rate of crystallization, particularly in open source printers. This can be further aggravated by the non-uniform thermal distribution of heat that causes improper curing among the extruded beads of the printing material. As a result, PLA printed on open source printers does not achieve the best mechanical properties. This research, for the first time, proposes an additive-free solution implemented through a detailed set of experimentation to improve the curing rate through in-process temperature variations to cure the joints among the beads. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is used to confirm the improvements in the bead joints. This work is conducted in two phases of experiments. In the first phase, a full factorial ANOVA is used to investigate various process parameters and the important variables are used in the second phase to print test specimens in four different sets.     

Investigation of the Corrosion Behaviors of HVOF-Sprayed Carbide Cernet Coatings in Molten Al-Zn-Si Alloy Bath

In continuous hot-dip galvanization process the corrosion and chemical stability of the sink roll in the galvanizing bath are important problem which effects on the quality and productivity. In order to protect the sink roll the carbide cermet and/or ceramic coatings were deposited on the surface of the sink roll. The WC-, Cr3 C2-cermet coatings were deposited by high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spray, respectively. The coating samples were immersed in molten Zn-alloy containing 50 wt % aluminum at 833 K for 24 hr and 144 hr, respectively. The inter-diffusion and inter-reaction of Zn, Al and elements in coating and corrosion behaviors of these coatings were investigated by XRD, SEM and EPMA etc. The corrosion mechanisms of the carbide cermet coatings and ceramic coatings in molten High Al-Zn-alloy were approached.     

Fundamental study of adhesion of ice to cooling solid surface (Discussion on influence of copper oxide layer on ice adhesion force)

In many situations, ice often adheres to a cooling solid surface, frequently causing serious accidents. It is critical to clarify the mechanism of ice adhesion to the cooling surface in order to prevent ice adhesion. In a past study, the shearing stresses of two kinds of test plates with a copper surface having the higher thermal conductivity were measured. The shearing stress corresponds to ice adhesion force. Both shearing stresses were significantly different; however, the cause remains unclear.Therefore, the present study focuses on an oxide layer as the main factor causing the difference of both shearing stresses; the influence of the oxide layer formed on shearing stress was discussed. And in the removal and reformation processes of the oxide layer, the time variation of the shearing stress was clarified. Moreover, the relationship between the state of the copper surface and the shearing stress was also clarified by surface analysis.     

＂Three Transformations＂ and Standardization

During his inspection in Henan Province in May, Chinese President Xi Jinping stressed to ＂push forward the transformation from China Speed to China Quality, from Made in China to Created in China, and from Chinese Products to Chinese Brand＂. The ＂Three Transformations＂ are the specific requirements and goal of China＇s national development in the context that market should play a decisive role in the allocation of resources.     

重塑标准推行格局 推动LED照明的普及（英文）

正When you are enjoying the green,energy-saving and healthy lighting of IKEA LED luminaire,you may not realize that most of IKEA’s LED bulbs are produced by the LED luminaire smart manufacturing system of Hangzhou Zhongwei Photoelectricity CO.,LTD(ZVISION).No longer enclosed in the laboratory,the product standards are brought into the factory workshop and even to the entire production process.Thus,the standards are promoted and applied in a favorable way by enterprises,benefitting consumers with high quality products.     

Chinese Experts Contribute to ISO＇s New Toy Standards

正The international standard,ISO 8124-6,Safety of toys–Part 6:Certain phthalate esters in toys and children’s products,was officially issued by ISO worldwide on August 15.It was the first time for Chinese experts to lead the ISO standard development in toys industry.The standard was drafted by a group of Chinese experts from SAC/TC for toys and relevant Chinese departments and finally completed by a dedicated international group of experts.ISO 8124-6 makes a substantive breakthrough in the aspects of the scope of toys,limitation of plasticizer types,control of test cost,accuracy of test,operation convenience,etc.,offering the operational guidance for toy manufactures and testing laboratories.     

SAC Delegation Visits AENOR and Signs Cooperation Agreements

正SAC Administrator Tian Shihong led the Chinese delegation to visit the Spanish Association for Standardization and Certification(AENOR)on September 15,2014.Mrs.Begona Cristeto,the Vice-Minister of Industry,Energy and Tourism of Spain,and Mr.Avelino Brito,the President and CEO of AENOR greeted the delegation.The two sides had a deep and friendly discussion on strengthening the cooperation between China and Spain in the standardization field and promoting the standardization work to support the development of economy and trade in the two countries.