超细碳化钨-钴硬质合金的原子力显微镜研究

以液相复合-连续还原碳化方法制备的纳米碳化钨-钴复合粉末为原料,采用低压烧结制备了性能优良的超细碳化钨-钴硬质合金.运用原子力显微镜(AFM)对超细碳化钨-钴硬质合金的表面形貌进行了观察、缺陷和粒度分析,同时对合金的力学性能进行了测试.结果表明,采用低压烧结获得的烧结试样的洛氏硬度HRA≥93.5,抗弯强度TRS≥3300MPa,平均晶粒度＜220nm.制备了具有高强度、高硬度的超细碳化钨-钴硬质合金.纳米碳化钨-钴复合粉末制备的超细硬质合金组织结构均匀,但局部仍然存在着组织缺陷,分析了产生缺陷的机理.     

铸铁基—碳化钨粒子表面复合层性能的研究

本文就铸铁基一碳化钨粒子表面复合层性能进行了研究。试验表明,复合层的磨损速度取决于基体的磨损速度,后者与其硬度有较好的对应关系,但复合层内基体的磨损速度比单一材料小。碳化钨粒子的溶解速度在铸铁中低于钢,它导致界面区成分的变化。可用合金元素来增强粒子与基体的结合,提高复合层的寿命。文中并对试验结果进行了较深入的理论分析。     

废旧硬质合金短流程回收技术的研究现状

随着硬质合金主要应用领域的增长和新应用领域的拓展,中国硬质合金产量逐年提高,而硬质合金消费量也已超过钨消费量的50％,因此废旧硬质合金的量逐年增加,如何有效回收废旧硬质合金逐渐成为国际上备受关注的研究课题.硬质合金的高效回收利用不仅具有很高的经济价值,而且将很大程度上缓解钨资源的需求压力,实现硬质合金工业的可持续发展.短流程回收技术因其工艺简短、回收效率高、经济低耗的特点而被研究者广泛关注.综述了锌熔法、机械破碎法、高温处理法、电化学法、氧化还原法等这些短流程回收工艺及其装配的研究现状,对于硬质合金短流程回收的研究进行了展望,提出要加大利用废旧硬质合金制备超细及纳米级复合粉的短流程回收工艺的研究力度.     

等离子喷涂碳化钨涂层的静摩擦性能

叙述了等离子喷涂碳化钨(WC)涂层与不同材料组成摩擦副的静摩擦性能.结果显示,摩擦副的静摩擦系数与偶件的表面粗糙度和显微硬度相关.与WC涂层配对的偶件材料的显微硬度越低,摩擦副的静摩擦系数越高;提高WC涂层的粗糙度以及降低与WC配对的偶件材料的粗糙度可有效地提高摩擦副的静摩擦系数.     

碳化钨对复合惰性阳极材料电化学性能的影响

为寻找一种适合锌电积用Pb-Ag合金阳极的替代材料,在铝合金基体表面采用脉冲电沉积从镀液中制备了Al/Pb/α-PbO2-WC复合惰性阳极材料,研究了制备镀液中WC添加量对复合惰性阳极材料在锌电积模拟溶液中电化学性能的影响,测试了阳极极化曲线、塔菲尔极化曲线和循环伏安曲线.结果表明:复合惰性阳极材料在锌电积模拟溶液中的析氧过电位随制备镀液中WC颗粒添加量的增加先降低后升高,WC颗粒的质量浓度控制在30 g/L时,制备的复合惰性阳极材料析氧电催化活性最好;测试电流密度为500 A/m2时,Al/Pb/α-PbO2-WC复合惰性阳极材料的析氧过电位比Al/Pb/α-PbO2降低67 mV,比Pb-1.0%Ag合金降低126 mV;复合惰性阳极材料在锌电积模拟溶液中的腐蚀电位较高,腐蚀电流密度较低,耐腐蚀性较好.     

黏弹性阻尼器温度软化效应补偿控制

提出新型黏弹性阻尼器温度软化效应的补偿与控制策略,通过控制试验检验智能控制器精度及温度软化效应补偿控制效果。据此研制出基于脉宽调制技术的温度补偿智能控制器,结果表明,智能控制器精度较高,所提出的温度补偿控制策略可以很好地补偿黏弹性阻尼器温度软化效应,控制器精度与补偿效果均能满足阻尼器实际工作要求。     

不同碳化钨含量对等离子弧熔覆镍基碳化钨涂层组织及性能的影响

采用等离子弧粉末熔覆技术在Q345钢表面熔覆镍基碳化钨涂层,研究了粉末中不同碳化钨含量对镍基碳化钨熔覆层组织及性能的影响.借助光学显微镜、扫描电镜及X射线衍射仪分析镍基碳化钨熔覆层的组织形貌,用显微硬度计和摩擦磨损实验机分别测量镍基碳化钨熔覆层的硬度和耐磨性.结果表明:镍基碳化钨熔覆层与基层之间呈冶金结合,涂层表面无气孔缺陷.镍基碳化钨涂层组织主要由碳化钨颗粒和镍基粘结相构成,碳化钨是WC和W2 C,镍基粘结相中包含SiC、Cr23 C6 、Ni3 Si、γ-Ni等物相.随着粉末中碳化钨含量从15% (质量分数,下同)增加至50% ,熔覆涂层组织中硬质相数量增多,其硬度和耐磨性显著提高.当碳化钨含量为50%时,熔覆涂层硬度高达1 024HV10且耐磨性最好.     

微量合金元素对硬质合金性能的影响

为改善金属-陶瓷复合材料的物理、化学及机械性能,通常会在其中添加微量合金元素,然而如果添加方法不同、或后续处理方法不当,则合金元素的功效无法完全发挥,甚至会出现负面效应。而这些最终都可归结到对微量元素的精确控制。硬质合金属于金属-陶瓷复合材料中最重要的材料之一。详细概括了常见的微量合金元素对硬质合金的制备、组织结构和性能的影响。分析研究了微量合金元素的来源、在硬质合金中的作用机理,及其精确控制难点。根据其作用机理,提出一些可能的有效措施,用于精确控制微量合金元素在硬质合金中的含量、相组成、存在状态、分布等,以期能为硬质合金的生产实际提供一些理论指导。     

硬质合金刀具材料的抗氧化性能研究

选用牌号为YG6,YG6X,YT15和YS8四种硬质合金刀具材料,利用电阻炉对刀具材料加热保温,进行刀具材料的抗氧化性能实验.结果表明:氧化实验中,刀具材料表面的WC被部分氧化成WO3;Co元素被氧化成Co3O4,而刀具材料中的TiC非常稳定,在温度达到1300K时才发现其氧化产物TiO2;含有TiC的刀具材料比不含TiC的刀具材料具有更好的抗氧化性能,晶粒小的刀具材料比晶粒粗大的刀具材料有更好的抗氧化性能;四种刀具材料的高温抗氧化性能好坏顺序为:YS8>YT15>YG6X>YG6.     

The formation of tungsten carbide in cobalt-base wear-resistant coating alloys

Tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys cannot be produced by melting because of a peritectic reaction in the W-C system; they are produced by sintering. Tungsten carbide-cobalt powders (mixed, agglomerated, sintered) can be plasma sprayed or deposited by other techniques but they cannot be fused afterwards without decomposition of the tungsten monocarbide that provides the best mechanical properties for many applications.Wear-resistant cobalt alloys were developed 60 years ago and are based on cobalt-chromium-tungsten-carbon. During studies of the CoCrWC system with various carbon concentrations and at various temperatures we identified MC, M₂C, M₇C₃, M₂₃C₆, M₆C, M₁₂C and M₂₈C carbides. The solidifying M₆C carbide is unstable over a certain concentration range of chromium and decomposes to form tungsten carbide (WC). On heat treatment the tungsten-containing M₆C forms WC in a cobalt-chromium matrix if the chromium content is less than 5 wt.%. It is therefore possible to produce a sprayed and fused or welded layer of WC-cobalt alloy. The rate of WC formation depends on temperature and time. Time-temperature-decomposition diagrams have been established for four alloys. The structures of the heat-treated alloys are similar to those of sintered tungsten carbide-cobalt alloys.     

Stress induced cavitation in cobalt bonded tungsten carbide

Tensile stress-strain curves of three grades of Co-bonded WC composite have been obtained near 1200° C. Extensive void formation is observed in specimens extended to failure. A qualitative model for deformation based on atomic migration of Co in the bonding Co phase is proposed to account for the observations.     

Effect of carbide particles on the ablation properties of tungsten composites

The high temperature ablation behavior of tungsten composites containing carbides produced by vacuum hot pressing is studied as a function of reinforcement chemistry (ZrC and TiC) and content using a self-made oxyacetylene ablation equipment. A dynamic responding multiwavelength pyrometer was employed to measure the temperature of the ablation surface, and a thermocouple was employed to measure the temperature of the back surface during the time that a specimen was being ablated. The mass and linear ablation rates are lower in composites containing ZrC, decreasing with increasing particle content in both composites system. The values of the mass and linear ablation rates were in the order from high to low: W>30TiC/W>40TiC/W>30ZrC/W>40ZrC/W (30TiC/W stands for 30 vol.% TiC particle content in the W matrix, the same below). The important temperature curves of the ablation surfaces of specimens were successfully detected online. Ablated surfaces and vertical sections of the specimens were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermochemical oxidation of tungsten, TiC, and ZrC was the main ablation mechanism of ZrC/W and TiC/W composites. These ablation behaviors are discussed based on the thermophysical and chemical properties of both the composite systems.     

Microstructure and properties of CVD tungsten carbide from tungsten hexafluoride and dimethyl ether

Tungsten carbide was deposited from tungsten hexafluoride, dimethyl ether, and hydrogen using a horizontal, cold-wall reactor. The effects of substrate temperature, reactor pressure, and reagent ratio on the coating growth rate, morphology, composition, and microhardness were studied. Under most conditions, the solid deposit was primarily W₃C with minor amounts of W. The tungsten carbide growth rate data fit an Arrhenius rate expression for temperatures from 425 to 550°C and had an activation energy of 24kcal/mol at 70mmHg total pressure and a WF₆/DME ratio of 6.3. A variety of surface morphologies and microstructures were observed. The microhardness of the coated substrates increased with coating thickness to a maximum value of 2400kg/mm².     

Physicochemical properties of tungsten carbide powders prepared from ionic melts

Fine-particle tungsten carbide powders were prepared by high-temperature electrochemical synthesis, and their physicochemical properties were studied. The ceramics fabricated from these powders showed superior mechanical properties. The powders were found to exhibit high catalytic activity for hydrogen electrogeneration and electrodissolution.     

The effects of substrate bias on phase stability and properties of sputter-deposited tungsten carbide

The effects of substrate bias on phase formation and physical properties of rf magnetron sputter-deposited tungsten carbide films have been investigated in this work. Films were deposited at 275 °C using bias levels ranging from 0 to −150 V and at room temperature and −160 V. At low bias levels, the films were primarily composed of the WC_1−x/W₂(C,O) phases, both of which have the B1 structure, and the fraction of the hexagonal W₂C phase increased with bias level. The increased substrate bias levels also correlated with a reduction in oxygen content, suggesting that reducing oxygen content promotes formation of the W₂C phase. However, the film deposited at room temperature and −160 V bias had an oxygen content of only 3%, yet did not form the W₂C phase, indicating a minimum level of thermal activation is also required to form W₂C. Increasing the bias voltage also resulting in increases in film hardness, modulus and compressive residual stress, while reducing resistivity.     

原料粉末碳、氧含量对无粘结相硬质合金性能的影响

采用放电等离子(spark plasma sintering,简称SPS)烧结制备出了无粘结相硬质合金材料,并结合XRD、SEM、金相显微镜等分析测试手段,研究了原料粉末中碳、氧含量对无粘结相硬质合金的微观组织和性能的影响。结果表明,原料粉末中游离碳含量过高会造成烧结体晶粒的显著长大,氧含量较高会降低烧结体的致密度,从而导致烧结体的性能变差;采用纯度较高的原始粉末时,维氏硬度达到2566kg.f/mm2,断裂韧性为6.2MPa/m1/2。另外,在500℃对原料粉末进行氢气预处理可以明显降低氧含量,在1700℃下可制备出相对密度达98.8%,维氏硬度为2731kg.f/mm2,断裂韧性为6.16MPa/m1/2的无粘结相硬质合金材料。     

Prediction of elastic properties of precipitation-hardened aluminum cast alloys

A methodology is proposed for predicting the elastic properties of precipitation-hardened alloys by combining different modeling techniques: the CALPHAD method, first-principles calculation, and elasticity models. The proposed procedure was applied to conventional aluminum cast alloys to predict their elastic moduli. The predicted Young’s moduli are in reasonable agreement with values reported in the literature, which verifies the potential applicability of the methodology to the development of high-stiffness aluminum cast alloys.