微波辅助制备掺铁纳米TiO2溶胶及其性能研究

为了进一步提高纳米二氧化钛溶胶的光催化活性,采用微波辅助胶溶的方法制备了不同铁掺杂量的纳米二氧化钛(Fe-TiO2)溶胶,并以偶氮染料活性艳红X-3B为目标物,分别考察不同铁掺杂量对纳米Fe-TiO2溶胶光催化活性的影响,研究表明原子数分数为0.05%的Fe3+掺杂量最佳;对Fe-TiO2溶胶、TiO2溶胶及P25(Degussa纳米TiO2)悬浮液的光催化活性进行对比,结果表明:TiO2溶胶与P25悬浮液光催化活性相当,而Fe-TiO2溶胶较前两者具有更高的光催化活性.采用XRD、DLS、AFM和DRS的分析方法对溶胶进行表征,结果表明:微量铁掺杂对纳米TiO2的晶型及粒径分布无显著影响;但铁掺杂可以使纳米TiO2对紫外光的吸收有较大程度的增强,同时吸收边带发生了较明显的红移.铁掺杂对于提高纳米TiO2溶胶的光催化活性和拓展其光吸收范围均具有显著的积极的作用.     

双微乳液法制备掺杂Fe~(3+)的纳米TiO_2及其光催化性能

为了研究双微乳液法在制备纳米级光催化剂的应用,以TiCl4和NH3.H2O为原料,采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-正丁醇-环己烷-水微乳体系制备Fe3+掺杂纳米TiO2,对粉末的晶体结构进行X射线衍射表征,并以其对p-甲酚的降解考察其光催化活性。结果表明,在较小的掺杂量时,Fe3+掺杂量的提高可以提高TiO2的光催化活性,进一步提高掺杂量将引起光催化活性的降低;掺杂Fe3+可导致纳米TiO2的粒径减小;Fe3+的半径较小以及Fe2O3的熔点较低均有利于TiO2从锐钛矿向金红石的相变;当Fe3+掺杂摩尔分数为0.06%,煅烧温度为550℃时,纳米TiO2的光催化活性最高,此时形成TiO2的锐钛矿和金红石相的混晶;乳液中含水量也会影响晶相的组成和粒径大小,随着含水量增加产物中出现了一定比例的金红石相。     

Eu3+和Sm3+共掺杂TiO2光催化剂的协同效应

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯TiO2和Eu3+/Sm3+共掺杂TiO2复合粉体,采用XRD,DRS和SEM等技术进行表征,以亚甲基蓝(methylene blue,MB)的光催化降解为目标反应,评价了其光催化活性,探讨了Eu3+/Sm3+共掺杂对TiO2粉体光催化的影响机制.结果表明,Eu3+/Sm3+共掺杂可以显著提高TiO2粉体光催化活性,Eu3+/Sm3+共掺杂在TiO2粉体中产生协同作用,可以抑制TiO2由锐钛矿相向金红石相转变,使TiO2的粒径减小.Eu3+/Sm3+共掺杂增大了TiO2粉体的晶格畸变,使TiO2粉体吸收带边蓝移.当Eu3+/Sm3+的掺杂量分别为0.05%和0.1%,TiO2光催化活性最高,光催化降解率达到84.8%.     

硫掺杂TiO_2光催化剂的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了硫掺杂二氧化钛粉体(S-TiO2),采用XRD、Nano-series Sizer、FT-IR、UV-Vis、PL等方法对其进行表征和分析。结果表明,S掺杂抑制了TiO2从锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变,减小了粒子间的团聚,拓展了TiO2对可见光的吸收范围,有效地抑制了光生电子-空穴对的复合。光催化降解亚甲基蓝(MB)的实验表明,n(S)∶n(Ti)=0.14,450℃烧结的S-TiO2粉体具有最佳光催化性能,在普通日光灯下对亚甲基蓝的降解率3h达74.12%,明显优于德国Degussa公司生产的P25纯TiO2光催化剂对亚甲基蓝的降解率31.89%。     

铁掺杂TiO2光催化剂的制备及光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备铁掺杂纳米TiO2光催化剂。通过XRD、FT-IR、UV-Vis、PL等对Fe-TiO2样品进行表征和分析,并以亚甲基蓝（MB）作为目标降解物,考察经不同热处理温度及不同掺铁量Fe-TiO2样品对MB的降解效果。结果表明所制备的Fe-TiO2样品的晶型为锐钛矿相与金红石相的混晶相,铁掺杂抑制了晶粒的生长和晶型的转变,样品的吸收阈值波长向可见光红移约68nm,提高了TiO2的光催化活性。在普通日光灯下,经500℃热处理、掺铁量与TiO2摩尔比为1∶200条件下制备的催化剂其光催化活性明显高于Degussa P25。     

掺Fe3+附银二氧化钛光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性研究

采用酸催化溶胶-凝胶法和光化学沉积法相结合制备出了掺Fe3 附Ag纳米TiO2复合粒子,用TEM、XRD、XPS、UV-vis等技术进行了表征.结果表明:纳米粒子粒径约为10～15nm;Fe3 的掺杂能促进TiO2由锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变;改性后的TiO2对光的吸收发生红移,吸收强度明显增大;XPS分析表明附载在TiO2表面的银以Ag0形式存在.以紫外光为光源,甲基橙为目标降解物,评价了催化剂的光催化活性,实验表明,掺Fe3 附Ag的TiO2比纯TiO2及仅掺Fe3 或仅附Ag的TiO2能显示出更高的光催化活性;且掺Fe3 0.4%、附银1%(摩尔分数)的催化剂的光催化活性最高.     

Sm3+和Gd3+共掺杂TiO2粉体的制备和性能表征

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯TiO2,1%Sm3+或2%Gd3+单掺杂和1%Sm3+/2%Gd3+共掺杂TiO2复合粉体,采用XRD和SEM/EDAX等技术进行表征。以对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解为目标反应,评价了TiO2复合粉体的光催化活性,探讨了Sm3+/Gd3+共掺杂、亚甲基蓝初始浓度和粉体投加量对TiO2粉体光催化活性的影响机制。结果表明,Sm3+/Gd3+共掺杂可以显著提高TiO2粉体的光催化活性;Sm3+/Gd3+共掺杂在TiO2粉体中产生协同作用,抑制了TiO2由锐钛矿相向金红石相转变,使TiO2粒径尺寸减小,增大了TiO2的晶格畸变。当亚甲基蓝初始浓度为4mg/L和粉体投加量为2g/L时,TiO2复合粉体的光催化活性最高,对亚甲基蓝光催化降解率达99.71%;降解亚甲基蓝反应符合Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学方程。     

铁掺杂二氧化钛光催化剂的性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了铁掺杂二氧化钛粉体(Fe-TiO2),采用XRD、UV-Vis、PL、纳米粒度分析仪等方法对其进行表征和分析。结果表明,Fe掺杂降低了TiO2的相转变温度,拓展了TiO2对可见光的吸收范围,有效地抑制了光生电子-空穴对的复合。光催化降解亚甲基蓝(MB)的实验表明,Fe-TiO2粉体在普通日光灯下对亚甲基蓝的降解率达90.36%,明显优于德国Degussa公司生产的P25纯TiO2光催化剂对亚甲基蓝的降解率43.58%。     

氧化钛基光催化材料的离子掺杂和酸化改性

本文基于光催化反应的机理分析,采用了金属离子掺杂和表面酸化相结合的改性方法对TiO2颗粒做了优化处理.对改性后的样品利用XRD、FTIR和PL等测试技术对样品进行了表征并以亚甲基兰为模拟污染物进行了光催化降解实验.结果表明包覆在粉体表面的新相以金红石为主;Fe离子掺杂降低了光生电子和空穴的复合几率;表面酸化增加了TiO2表面以双齿桥方式配位的羟基,此种羟基对TiO2光催化活性有重要影响;铁离子掺杂和表面酸化协同的改性方法可以明显提高TiO2粉体的光催化活性.     

铁掺杂纳米TiO2的制备及其光催化性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂Fe3 的纳米TiO2微粒,采用X光衍射仪对粉体进行了表征.以甲基橙为目标降解物,研究了Fe3 掺杂纳米TiO2光催化性能.结果表明,掺杂适量Fe3 能够提高TiO2的光催化活性,当Fe3 的掺入量为摩尔比0.41%时催化活性最高.以紫外灯为光源,降解初始浓度为20mg·L-1的250mL甲基橙溶液,催化剂0.41%(摩尔分数)Fe3 -TiO2投加量为0.5g时,甲基橙的光催化降解效果最好.     

检定和校准证书的异同与应用

本文介绍了检定和校准以及证书的两点相同、五点不同之处,说明了对检定证书和校准证书的正确应用。     

Heat and Mass Transfer and Modeling and Prediction of Environmental Catastrophes

Basic definitions and concepts of the physicomathematical theory of natural catastrophes are given. Possibilities of mathematical modeling of natural and technogenic catastrophes are discussed in the context of the theory of heat and mass transfer and the mechanics of reacting media. The importance of taking into account conjugate heat and mass exchange in modeling catastrophes is emphasized. A formula for evaluating the probability of a collisional catastrophe is given.     

Multi-ferroic and magnetoelectric materials and interfaces

The existence of multiple ferroic orders in the same material and the coupling between them have been known for decades. However, these phenomena have mostly remained the theoretical domain owing to the fact that in single-phase materials such couplings are rare and weak. This situation has changed dramatically recently for at least two reasons: first, advances in materials fabrication have made it possible to manufacture these materials in structures of lower dimensionality, such as thin films or wires, or in compound structures such as laminates and epitaxial-layered heterostructures. In these designed materials, new degrees of freedom are accessible in which the coupling between ferroic orders can be greatly enhanced. Second, the miniaturization trend in conventional electronics is approaching the limits beyond which the reduction of the electronic element is becoming more and more difficult. One way to continue the current trends in computer power and storage increase, without further size reduction, is to use multi-functional materials that would enable new device capabilities. Here, we review the field of multi-ferroic (MF) and magnetoelectric (ME) materials, putting the emphasis on electronic effects at ME interfaces and MF tunnel junctions.     

CellML and associated tools and techniques

We have, in the last few years, witnessed the development and availability of an ever increasing number of computer models that describe complex biological structures and processes. The multi-scale and multi-physics nature of these models makes their development particularly challenging, not only from a biological or biophysical viewpoint but also from a mathematical and computational perspective. In addition, the issue of sharing and reusing such models has proved to be particularly problematic, with the published models often lacking information that is required to accurately reproduce the published results. The International Union of Physiological Sciences Physiome Project was launched in 1997 with the aim of tackling the aforementioned issues by providing a framework for the modelling of the human body. As part of this initiative, the specifications of the CellML mark-up language were released in 2001. Now, more than 7 years later, the time has come to assess the situation, in particular with regard to the tools and techniques that are now available to the modelling community. Thus, after introducing CellML, we review and discuss existing editors, validators, online repository, code generators and simulation environments, as well as the CellML Application Program Interface. We also address possible future directions including the need for additional mark-up languages.     

Synthesis and luminescent properties of alkali-metal and ammonium fluorosulfatozirconates and fluorosulfatohafnates

We have synthesized a variety of alkali-metal and ammonium fluorosulfatometallates (titanates, zirconates, and hafnates). The alkali fluorosulfatozirconates and fluorosulfatohafnates have been shown to exhibit efficient roentgenoluminescence (RL) in the UV through visible spectral region, with a maximum at 390–440 nm. Their RL spectra depend significantly on their composition (cation, anion, and water content), coordination of KF and K₂SO₄, and relative amounts of fluorine and SO₄ groups. We have examined the effect of heat treatment on the RL of these compounds. The rubidium and cesium fluorosulfatozirconates Rb₃Zr₂F₉SO₄ · 2H₂O, Cs₂ZrF₂(SO₄)₂ · 2H₂O, Cs₈Zr₄F₂(SO₄)₁₁ · 16H₂O, and Cs₂ZrF₄SO₄ offer the most efficient RL.     

热交换器的分类及优缺点分析

热交换器是将不同温度介质之间的热量通过热传导的形式,由高温介质传递给低温介质,使介质达到生产所需温度的工艺设备,也可作为一种节能设备使用.通过对不同热交换器的结构分析,总结不同热交换器的优缺点、适用环境,为生产工艺设计人员及设备制造单位在选择可降低能耗、提高效率的设备上提供参考.