超声波灭菌技术的研究进展

超声波是一种有效的辅助灭菌方法,已经成功用于废水处理、饮用水消毒等领域,在液体食品灭菌中的应用也有较多的研究,如啤酒、橙汁、酱油等。介绍了超声波灭菌机理,认为超声波具有的杀菌效力主要由其产生的空化作用所引起的。介绍了超声波及其协同其它灭菌技术（如超声分别与臭氧、微波、激光、紫外线、热力、压力等方法联合使用）的研究进展情况,指出了超声作用参数、微生物特性以及介质等因素对其灭菌效果的影响。展望了超声波灭菌技术的发展趋势。     

建筑工程施工中节能技术应用探讨

在建筑工程施工中会消耗大量的能源,随着建筑业的发展对能源的消耗将会越来越多,能源的消耗对于环境将会造成的一定的破坏。在我国大力倡导节能的政策号召下,如何实现节能和经济可持续发展是我国面临的一个重要议题。在建筑工程施工中,要使用科学的施工方法,实现节能技术。文章对于建筑工程施工中节能技术的应用进行了分析,对建筑工程的节能施工提供了基础。     

热泵技术及其在火电厂节能中的应用

当前,我国经济的快速发展,离不开能源的大量消耗,这与日益枯竭能源资源和日趋严重的能源浪费不相适应。基于此,国家提出了节能减排方针政策,特别是在以煤炭消耗为主的火电厂运行。本文着重介绍了一种节能减排措施——在热泵技术的基础上,分析其在火电厂节能中的实践应用,并提出了热泵技术在火电厂节能中潜在应用建议。     

超声联合臭氧用于废水处理的研究进展

臭氧（O3）是一种强氧化剂，具有良好的杀菌消毒和降解污染物的能力，但臭氧与有机物的反应是选择性的。超声降解水体中有机污染物是近年来兴起的一项极具发展前景的新型水处理技术，能有效地降解废水中的难降解有机污染物。将超声与臭氧进行联合使用，可以提高降解有机物的效率。文章介绍了超声／臭氧联用技术降解有机物的机理．综述了国内外超声／臭氧联用技术在废水处理中的研究进展。并指出超声联合臭氧技术今后需解决的问题和发展方向。     

我国绿色建筑给排水节能新技术的应用新探

当前全球范围内对于节能减排的重视程度不断的上升,而我国随着经济快速发展对于能源的消耗量持续的增大,因此,国家对于节能减排也十分的重视。今年来我国的建筑行业得到飞速的发展,每年都有大量的民用建筑投入建设,这些建筑在建设以及后期的使用过程当中需要消耗大量的能源。建筑给排水系统在建筑中占有十分重要的地位,能源消耗也十分的巨大。文章在我国大力发展绿色建筑的大背景下,对给排水节能技术的应用进行了探讨。     

超高压保鲜包装技术的研究进展

目的研究超高压保鲜包装技术的保鲜机理、现状和未来的发展方向。方法超高压技术(UHPP)是一种新型的非热加工技术,它主要通过破坏微生物的细胞壁、细胞膜及细胞间隙的结构,使蛋白质等成分发生变性,使酶活性降低来达到杀菌的目的。从超高压技术在水产品工业、肉制品工业及果蔬、其制品工业等方面,阐述了超高压杀菌技术的应用现状及进展。结论超高压保鲜包装技术还处于起步阶段,目前的研究主要集中在技术工艺方面,对于保鲜机理的研究相对较少。随着对超高压保鲜包装技术研究的不断深入,关于其相关机理的研究会越来越深入。     

浅议五日生化需氧量快速测试的探讨

生活污水与工业废水中含有大量各类有机物。当其污染水域后，这些有机物在水体中分解时要消耗大量溶解氧，从而破坏水体中氧的平衡，使水质恶化。水体因缺氧造成鱼类及其它水生生物的死亡。     

鲜切即食果蔬冷杀菌技术研究进展

目的为保证鲜切即食果蔬的品质和安全,需要在低温条件下去除果蔬携带的微生物和农药残留。方法对鲜切即食果蔬的物理杀菌、化学杀菌及其联合杀菌等冷杀菌技术的研究进行综述。结果目前,杀菌剂与物料的质量比为5:1,鲜切果蔬以质量浓度为100 mg/L和150 mg/L的次氯酸钠(NaClO)溶液结合物理鼓泡式清洗的方式,分阶段杀菌为主,对比各种研发的新型杀菌方法,发现质量浓度为30 mg/L的弱酸性电解水对鲜切果蔬杀菌效果较好,且对人体无毒副作用,将其与物理杀菌方法相结合,将会成为未来鲜切果蔬加工杀菌的趋势,并且具有成本低的优势。结论将化学方法与物理方法联合使用,可以显著降低化学杀菌剂使用量,减少残留危害,并能对鲜切果蔬保鲜产生更好的杀菌效果,保证鲜切果蔬的品质安全。     

提高能源效益

“绿色”是很好的想法,尤其是,当“绿色”也可以省钱时。半导体工业在降低能耗与节省制造成本方面具有特殊的地位。当全世界认识到数据服务器和其它电子设备需要消耗太多能源时,耗能小的芯片需求就越来越强烈。     

浅谈臭氧在气调包装中的应用

气调包装技术的使用越来越普及,它的应用能够有效延长食品货架期。在气调包装前对内容物进行杀菌消毒的预处理能够显著改善因微生物影响导致食品变质的问题,使食品的货架期更长。臭氧杀菌技术是近年来发展快速的一种非热杀菌技术,具有高效、安全、杀菌范围广和使用便捷等突出特点,臭氧杀菌技术结合气调包装的方法将在食品加工业中广泛应用[1]。     

Local Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy (LARS) for Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Applications

Polymer composite materials combine high strength with low weight. This makes composites an interesting material for different industrial applications. In the aerospace industry, the use of composites is already common practice, while in the automotive industry carbon fiber-reinforced polymers have begun to replace metal in some parts. However, the nature of damage within composites is different from that within metal parts, so common techniques available for damage detection in metal may not work for composites thus new techniques for damage detection need to be developed. A technique that is often used but requires experienced technicians is the so-called coin tapping test where changes in sound waves generated by the impact of a hard object are detected. LARS is a (new) technique that avoids the errors due to variations in operator technique by using a instrumented impact device to generate controlled sound signals. If a hammer is used as an impact device it could be equipped with a dynamic force sensor to measure and record the excitation force of the sound signal. The force and the excited sound signal are related to the contact stiffness between the hammer and the test part. Flaws such as voids and delaminations affect the contact stiffness and can be detected under certain conditions. To the knowledge of the authors, no such technique has appeared in the literature. In regard to the frequencies, LARS is operated at much shorter wavelengths than in vibration analysis techniques (making it “local”) and at much larger wavelengths than in ultrasound. The material is excited to frequencies that are recorded by a microphone. To demonstrate the method, it is applied to the inspection of wind turbine rotor blades.     

超声技术在食品工业中的应用

超声作用的物理机制有热机制、机械机制和空化机制。它能加速质量、热量传递，缩短单元操作时间，提高操作效率；还能促进结晶成核、控制晶粒体粒径分布，改善食品的品质等。超声技术不仅可应用于食品的加工过程，如食品的提取、干燥、过滤、结晶、乳化、灭菌，还可应用于食品体系的检测、分析。文章简要介绍了超声作用的物理机制，重点论述了超声技术在食品加工及食品检测分析中的应用。     

Sterilization Matters: Consequences of Different Sterilization Techniques on Gold Nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (NPs) can offer many advantages over traditional drug design and delivery, as well as toward medical diagnostics. As with any medical device or pharmaceutical drug intended to be used for in vivo biomedical applications, NPs must be sterile. However, very little is known regarding the effect of sterilization methods on the intrinsic properties and stability of NPs. Herein a detailed analysis of physicochemical properties of two types of AuNPs upon sterilization by means of five different techniques is reported. In addition, cell viability and production of reactive oxygen species are studied. The results indicate that sterilization by ethylene oxide seems to be the most appropriate technique for both types of NPs. It is concluded that it is crucial to test several methods in order to establish the specific type of sterilization to be performed for each particular NP.     

Residual Stress Distributions in Glass/Metal‐Joints produced by Ultrasonic Torsion Welding

The development and industrial application of efficient methods to join glass with metals which combine the individual advantages of both material groups are a great technological challenge. One research field of the Institute of Materials Science and Engineering is the production of glass/metal joints by means of ultrasound. Industrial applications are for example the sealing of glass vessels, fixtures in the vacuum technique or lens mounts. For this reason an industrial ultrasonic torsion welding system normally used for metal weldings was modified to be suitable for the demands of high sensitive glass/metal‐joints. With the developed welding system helium‐tight joints of glass and metals can be realized. In comparison to the conventional welding techniques [1] for glass like diffusion welding or adhesive bonding, ultrasonic torsion welding is characterized by very short welding times (< 1s) as well as low welding temperatures (< 450°C). Further advantages of this joining technique are the high automation potential and the environmental compatibility. Furthermore this technique can be applied under normal or specific atmospherical conditions. In spite of the low joining temperatures thermal residual stresses occur during the cooling of the joints due to the different coefficients of thermal expansion of the used materials [2]. In the present paper the measurement and calculation of the temperature distribution and the development of thermal residual stresses are described.     

Test of a prototype of the ZEUS backing calorimeter

We have studied the performance of a high resolution uranium-scintillator calorimeter followed by a much coarser backing calorimeter, made out of iron plates interleaved with planes of limited streamer tubes. The test results, obtained at the CERN-SPS hadron beam, show that the backing calorimeter can be used either to veto events with significant energy leakage from the uranium calorimeter or to correct for the energy. In both cases the energy resolution of the combined calorimeters improves significantly compared to the uranium calorimeter alone.     

Laser‐Induced Graphene Formation on Wood

Wood as a renewable naturally occurring resource has been the focus of much research and commercial interests in applications ranging from building construction to chemicals production. Here, a facile approach is reported to transform wood into hierarchical porous graphene using CO₂ laser scribing. Studies reveal that the crosslinked lignocellulose structure inherent in wood with higher lignin content is more favorable for the generation of high‐quality graphene than wood with lower lignin content. Because of its high electrical conductivity (≈10 Ω per square), graphene patterned on wood surfaces can be readily fabricated into various high‐performance devices, such as hydrogen evolution and oxygen evolution electrodes for overall water splitting with high reaction rates at low overpotentials, and supercapacitors for energy storage with high capacitance. The versatility of this technique in formation of multifunctional wood hybrids can inspire both research and industrial interest in the development of wood‐derived graphene materials and their nanodevices.     

二次蒸汽加热系统在真空冷冻干燥设备中的应用研究

为有效降低真空冷冻干燥设备运行能耗，在两套SZDG75型大型食品真空冷冻干燥设备上，分别采用了水作为载热流体的加热系统和二次蒸汽作为载热流体的加热系统，进行了冻干加工实际生产应用对比实验。实验结果表明，当进行小葱冻干加工时，在相同的实验条件下采用二次蒸汽加热系统的冻干设备的加工时间，比采用水加热系统的冻干设备缩短了1个小时，设备运行电耗降低11％，综合效果明显。     

A 100-MHz ultrasound imaging system for dermatologic and ophthalmologic diagnostics

A major design problem concerning high-frequency broad-band ultrasound imaging systems is caused by the strong dispersive attenuation of the tissue, which gives rise to images with inhomogeneous resolution and poor signal to noise ratio (SNR). To address the noise problem, strongly focused transducers with high energy density in a narrow focal region are utilized, which also provide more isotropic images due to improved lateral resolution. To account for the short depth of the focal area two suitable imaging conceptions are used: 1) synthetic aperture concept and 2) B/D-scan concept. To avoid the inhomogeneity of the images, different transmitter signals for each depth are applied, which are pseudoinversely prefiltered according to the transfer function of the tissue. To gain signal energy required for inverse filtering, a pulse compression technique with nonlinearly frequency modulated chirp signals is utilized. These procedures have been implemented in an ultrasound imaging system, which has been developed in the authors' laboratory for eye and skin examinations, It can be used with transducers in a frequency range from 20 to 250 MHz.     

A method for radiation-force localized drug delivery using gas-filled lipospheres

We have developed a method using ultrasound and acoustically active lipospheres (AALs) that might be used to deliver bioactive substances to the vascular endothelium. The AALs consist of a small gas bubble surrounded by a thick oil shell and enclosed by an outermost lipid layer. The AALs are similar to ultrasound contrast agents: they can be nondestructively deflected using ultrasound radiation force, and fragmented with high-intensity ultrasound pulses. The lipid-oil complex might be used to carry bioactive substances at high concentrations. An optimized sequence of ultrasound pulses can deflect the AALs toward a vessel wall then disrupt them, painting their contents across the vascular endothelium. This paper presents results from a series of in vitro and ex vivo experiments demonstrating localization of a fluorescent model drug. In experiments using a human melanoma cell (A2085) monolayer, a specific radiation force-fragmentation ultrasound pulse sequence increased cell fluorescence more than 10-fold over no ultrasound or fragmentation pulses alone, and by 50% over radiation force pulses alone. We observe that dye transfer is limited to cells that are in the region of ultrasonic focus, indicating that the application of radiation force pulses to bring the delivery vehicle into proximity with the cell is required for successful adhesion of the vehicle fragments to the cell membrane. We also demonstrate dye transfer from flowing AALs, both in a mimetic vessel and in excised rat cecum. We believe that this method could be successfully used for drug delivery in vivo.